Chapter 3, lecture 1 of 2

Formulas, Equations and Moles

Chemical*Formulas*and*Molecular*
Models*
*Ionic*Compounds*
*Elements*vs*Compounds*
*Formula*Mass*and*the*Mole*
Concept*for*Compounds*
*Composi9on*of*Compounds*

Chemical)Formulas)and)Molecular)Models)
)
Molecule:))A*denite*group*of*atoms*that*are*_________________together.*
)
Molecular)formula:)
)an*abbreviated*descrip9on*of*the*composi9on*of*a*molecule.**Indicates*the*
_________*numbers*and*types*of*atoms*in*a*molecule*
e.g.,*)

Ques5on:))What*do*molecular*formulas*tell*you?**What*do*they*not*tell*
you?*
)
Empirical)Formulas:))Give*the*__________*numbers*and*types*of*atoms*in*a*
molecule*
*
*molecular *H2O2 *H2O *CO2
*C2H4*
*empirical *)
)
Ques5on:))Where*do*we*encounter*empirical*formulas?*
Ques5on:))So*which*is*beKer,*empirical*or*molecular*formulas?*
)

Ionic)Compounds)
Text
Deni5on:**A*compound*consis9ng*of*ca9ons*(_______________)*
and*anions*(_______________________),*associated*to*give*an*
overall*neutral*species.**Generally,*a*combina9on*of*metal*and*
nonmetal*elements.*
*
An*____*is*formed*when*a*neutral*atom*gains*or*loses*one*or*more*
electrons.*
*
A*neutral*atom*that*_____*one*or*more*electrons*form*an*anion)
A*neutral*atom*that*_____one*or*more*electrons*form*an*ca5on)
Examples?*
*
Ques9on:**How*are*ionic*compounds*dierent*from*molecular*
compounds?*

Chemical Compounds
Ionic

Molecular

vs.

Elements)vs.)Compounds)
*
What*is*an*element?*
molecules
*Substances*consis9ng*of*only*________________in*the*form*of*a*
molecule*or*individual*atom*that*cannot*be*decomposed*into*
simpler*substances*by*chemical*or*physical*means.***
*
*
The*bulk*of*chemicals*available*today*exist*in*the*form*of*
__________,*i.e.,*substances*consis9ng*of*two*or*more*kinds*of*
T
atoms*to*form*a*________*that*has*proper9es*dierent*than*its*
components.***

Just*another*note*on*elements.*
)
)

Elements

Atomic
elements

Molecular
elements

What is the difference?

Question: What are examples of some molecular elements?

In)summary..)

Which is/are a(n):

Element
Mixture of elements
Compound
Solid element
Solid
Liquid
Gas made of an
element
and compound

Name that element

For all substances, the molar mass in grams per mole is

numerically equal to the formula mass in atomic mass units.

Example:**Calculate*the*formula*mass*of*calcium*hydroxide*
*

Formula:*Ca(OH)2*
*
1*x*Ca*=*40.078*amu
2*x*O*= *31.999*amu
2*x*H*=**2.016*amu
*
************amu
*

**1*x*Ca*=*40.078*g*mol[1**
**2*x*O*=*31.999*g*mol[1**
))2*x*H*=**2.016***g*mol[1**
*
**************g*mol[1**

Approach to Solving Formula Related Questions:

(Think in terms of the steps you would take to answer the
questions below)
A) How many moles are in a 20.4 g sample of sodium
nitrate? How many formula units? How many oxygen
atoms?
B) what is the mass in grams of one formula unit of sodium
nitrate?

Part A
Determine ________

Determine __________

Determine # of _______

Determine # of _________

Determine number of _______

Part B
Determine mass of one
____________

Example. How many atoms of carbon are there in 0.40 mole of

procaine, C13H20N2O2 , a pain killer used by dentists?
Answers:
a. 1.96 x 1025
b. 2.41 x 1023
c. 3.13 x 1024
d. 1.85 x 1023
Example which of the following
samples contains the largest
number of molecules?
a. 10 g P4
b. 10 g S8
c. 10 g Cl2
d. 10 g F2

Example. What is the mass in

grams of one molecule of
NH3?
a. 2.82 x 10-23 g
b. 5.66 x 10-23 g
c. 2.82 x 10-26 g
d. 4.65 x 10-24 g

Percent Composition
Through use of the molar mass of a compound and the
atomic mass of each of its constituents we can determine
the mass percentage that each element contributes.

mass of A in whole
Mass % A =
x100
mass of whole

Example: Lead (II) Chromate is used in paint pigment. What is the

percent by mass of each element in Lead (II) Chromate?

Determine formula

Determine total mass

Divide elemental masses

by total and multiply by 100
% Cr = (52.00 323.20) x 100 = _____ % Cr
% Pb = ( 207.20 323.20) x 100 = _____ % Pb
% O = (64.00 O 323.20) x 100 = _____ % O

Empirical Formulas from Analyses

The empirical formula is the simplest WHOLE number ratio between
numbers of different elements making up a compound.
For example, glucose, has molecular formula is C6H12O6. , the
empirical formula is _____

Procedure for converting mass % to empirical formula:

From mass percent assume a 100 g sample to obtain mass of
each element.
Use atomic weights to obtain moles of each element.
Calculate mole ratio by dividing by lowest number of
moles.
If necessary, multiply to get the whole number mole ratio.

Example: Vitamin C has 40.92% C, 4.58% H and 54.50% O.

What is the empirical formula?
Follow procedure:
1. In a 100 g sample there will be ______ g C, _____ g H,
and _____ g O.
2. Find moles of each element.
Element

# moles

Mole ratio

C
H
O

3. Determine mole ratio by dividing by lowest number of moles.

4. Since the mole ratio of H is not close to a whole number

we need to multiply by __ in order to make it whole.
Therefore, the empirical formula is __________.