International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology

E-ISSN 0976-3945

Research Article
OPTIMAL LOCATION OF STATCOM TO IMPROVE VOLTAGE STABILITY
USING PSO
Mrs. Nagalakshmi Sanivarapu 1, *Mrs.R.Kalaivani2, Dr.S.R.Paranjothi3

Address for Correspondence

1

Assistant Prof., Dept. of EEE, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, Chennai-602 105
2
Assistant Prof., Department of EEE, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai-602 105
3
Vice-Principal, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai-602 105

ABSTRACT
This paper introduces the concept of voltage stability enhancement margin is interrelated with reactive power loss. To
minimize the reactive power loss, location and placement of reactive power improvement devices is a major task. The
Continuation Power Flow (CPF) analysis to be used in voltage stability analysis for control the power in large systems. It
starts at some base values of the system and leading to the critical point. It uses the P-V curves to find the knee point of a
certain bus. The silent feature of this method is that it remains well-conditioned at the desired point, even when a single
precision computation is used. The PSO method was applied to minimize the total reactive power loss in a power system
network. The Newton Raphson method was used for obtaining the results and compared with evaluation methods called PSO.
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique of series reactive power loss minimization is more efficient and effective and
the voltage stability assessment is carried out on IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 bus system.
KEYWORDS Continuation Power Flow (CPF), Newton Raphson (NR) Method, Voltage Stability Assessment, Reactive
Power Loss.

INTRODUCTION
Voltage stability is the ability of a system to maintain
steady acceptable voltages at all the buses in the
system at all conditions. The ability to transfer reactive
power from production source to consumption areas
during steady-state operating conditions is a major
problem of voltage stability. A system mainly enters a
state of voltage instability when a disturbance, increase
in load demand, or change in system condition causes
a progressive and uncontrollable decline in voltage.
Voltage instability can be avoided by appropriate load
shedding on the consumer network, on-load tap
changers, reactive compensation (series and/or shunt).
Series compensation works best when the system gets
closer to the instability point. Continuation power flow
method is used for voltage stability analysis.
STATCOM is a shunt connected reactive power
compensation device that is capable of generating or
absorbing the controllable real and reactive power at
its output terminals. Reactive power control can be
used to provide steady state voltage control as well as
to minimize transmission losses and enhance power
system stability. Newton Raphson method had been
implemented because of its less memory requirements
and simplicity, to obtain the optimal location of the
FACTS device.
OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this paper is to design and
simulate IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 bus system using
Newton Raphson method via Continuation Power
Flow (CPF) for optimal location of VAR compensator
and STATCOM to improve voltage stability and
compared the results with PSO Method.
PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a population
based stochastic optimization technique developed by
Dr. Kennedy and Dr. Eberhart in 1995, inspired by
IJAET/Vol.II/ Issue IV/October-December, 2011/62-74

social behavior of bird flocking or fish schooling.

PSO shares many similarities with evolutionary
computation techniques such as Genetic Algorithms.
The system is initialized with a population of
random feasible solutions and searches for
optima by updating generations. However, unlike
GA, PSO has no evolution operators such as
crossover and mutation. PSO algorithm has also
been demonstrated to perform well on genetic
algorithm test function. In PSO, the potential
solutions, called particles, fly through the problem
space by following the current optimum particles.
The search mechanism is showed in Figure 1.

Figure 1 The search mechanism of the PSO

The basic PSO flow chart is shown in Figure 2.
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a novel
optimization method. To ensure convergence of
PSO adjustments of various parameters need to
be carefully adjusted in order to achieve better
performance of the algorithm. The
basic
fundamentals of the PSO technique are stated
and defined as follows:
Particle X(i): It is a candidate solution represented
by a k-dimensional real-valued vector, where k is the
number of optimized parameters. At iteration i, the
jth particle X(i, j) can be described as:

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology

E-ISSN 0976-3945

Figure 2 Flow chart of simple PSO

Xj (i) = [x j,1(i); x j,2 (i); ; x j,k (i); .; x j,d (i)]
Where: xs are the optimized parameters and xk(i,j) is
the kth optimized parameter in the jth candidate
solution and d represents number of control variables
Population: It is a set of n particles at iteration i and
described by Pop (i)= [X1(i), X2(i), . Xn(i)]T
Where: n represents the number of candidate
solutions.
Swarm: It is an apparently disorganized population
of moving particles that tend to cluster together while
each particle seems to be moving in a random
direction.
Particle Velocity V(i): It is the velocity of the
moving particles represented by a d-dimensional realvalued vector. At iteration i, the jth particle Vj(i) can
be described as:
Vj(i) = [vj,1(i);vj,2 (i); ; vj,k (i); .; vj,d (i)]
where: vj,k(i) is the velocity component of the jth
particle with respect to the kth dimension.

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Inertia Weight: The inertia weight w is

employed to control the impact of the previous
history of velocity, thus to influence the tradeoff
between global (wide ranging) and local (near by)
exploration abilities of the flying points. In
PSO, the balance between the global and local
exploration abilities is mainly controlled by inertia
weights w often decreases linearly from about 0.9
to 0.4 during the run

W = Wmax

Wmax W
min

iter

itermax
where
W
W max
W min
iter max
iter

- Inertia weight factor

- maximum value of weighting factor
- minimum value of weighting factor
- maximum number of iterations
- current number of iteration

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology

Individual best X*(i): During the movement of a
particle through the search space, it compares its
fitness value at the current position to the best
fitness value it has ever reached at any iteration
up to the current iteration. The best position that
is associated with the best fitness encountered so
far is called the individual best X*(i). For each
particle in the swarm, X*(i) can be determined and
updated during the search. For the jth particle,
individual best can be expressed as:
Xj*(i)=[Xj,1*(i), Xj,2*(i) Xj,3*(i) Xj,d*(i)]T
In a minimization problem with only one objective
function f, the individual best of the jth particle
Xj*(i) is updated whenever f(Xj*(i)) < f(Xj*(i-1)).
Otherwise, the individual best solution of the jth
particle will be kept as in the previous iteration.
Global best X**(t): It is the best position among all
of the individual best positions achieved so far.
Stopping criteria: The search process will be
terminated under whenever one of the following
criteria is satisfied:
The number of the iterations since the last change of
the best
solution is greater than a Pre-specified
number.
The number of iterations reaches the maximum
allowable number.
The particle velocity in the kth dimension is limited
by some maximum value, vk max. This limit
enhances the local exploration of the problem space
and it realistically simulates the incremental changes
of human learning. The maximum velocity in the kth
dimension is characterized by the range of the kth
optimized parameter and given by:
max
min
(X
X
)
max
k
k
V
=
k
N
Where: N is a chosen number of intervals in the kth
dimension.
General PSO Algorithm
In a PSO algorithm, the population has n particles
that represent candidate solutions. Each particle is a
k-dimensional real-valued vector, where k is the
number of the optimized parameters. Therefore, each
optimized parameter represents a dimension of the
problem space. The PSO technique steps can be
described as below.
Step #1: Initialization: Set i=0 and generate random
n particles, {Xj(0), j=1,2,..n}. Each particle is
considered to be a solution for the problem and it can
be described as

Xj(0)=[xi,1(0) ;xi,2(0);;xi,k(0)].
Each control variable has a range [xmin ,xmax ].Each
particle in the initial population is evaluated using the
objective function f. If the candidate solution is a
feasible solution, i.e. all problem constraints have
been met, then go to step-2 else repeat this step.
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Step #2: Counter Updating: Update the counter

i= i +1.
Step #3: Compute the objective function: Update
the objective function.
Step #4: Velocity Updating

Where,
i is the iteration number
j is the particle number
k is the kth control variable
w is the inertia weighting factor
c1, c2 are acceleration constants
rand ( ) is a uniform random value in the range of
[0,1] .V(k,j,i) is the velocity of particle j at iteration
x(k,j,i) is the current position of particle j at
iteration i.
Then, check the velocity limits. If the velocity
violates its limit, set it at its proper limit. The
second term of the above equation represents
the cognitive part of the PSO where the particle
changes its velocity based on its own thinking and
memory. The third term represents the social part
of PSO where the particle changes its velocity
based on the social-psychological adaptation of
knowledge.
Step #5: Position Updating: Based on the updated
velocity, each particle changes its position
according to the Equation (2.8).
x(k,j,i+1)=x(k,j-1,i)+v(k,j,i)
Step #6: Individual Best Updating: Each particle
is evaluated and updated according to the update
position.
Step #7:Finding Individual Best: Search for the
minimum value in the individual best and its
solution, if it has ever been reached in any iteration
and considered the minimum.
Step #8: Stopping Criteria: If one of the stopping
criteria is satisfied, then stop otherwise go to Step
#2.
PSO Applied to the Power Flow Computation
The proposed PSO algorithm is applied to the
computational achievement of the load flow
solution, based on the minimization of the power
mismatches in the system buses. The particles
positions are defined as the voltage magnitudes and
angles of the
buses. Applying
the PSO
algorithm, instead of calculating these voltages
through the initial estimated values are adopted
and updated at each process iteration with the
PSO equations, in order to obtain the lowest
possible power mismatches.
The particles positions can assume continuing
values within the limits specified in the input data.

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology

The rule function parameters that will be minimized
in the PSO algorithm are defined as grades. The
grades are defined as the arithmetic mean of the
buses apparent power. Each particle has a local
grade, value obtained by its local best. The global
grade is the grade related to the best global of all the
particles. The current grade is the grade obtained by a
particle at a given iteration.
The first step of the algorithm is to generate the
initial values to the particles positions, velocities,
local best parameters and global best parameters. The
angles receive a random initial value within the
specified boundary. Before the initialization of the
magnitude value of each particle, the bus type needs
to be verified and related in the equation. In the case
of a PQ bus, the voltage module receives a random
value within the specified boundary; for a PV
bus, the voltage module receives the related value
specified in the input data. The initial velocities are
null. The local best parameters receive the particles
positions values and the global best parameter
receives the first particle value, arbitrarily. The
grades are initialized with high values in order to be
minimized later. Having that accomplished, the
iterations are initialized. The following process is
accomplished to each particle of the swarm. Firstly
the buses voltages receive the particles positions.
In the end of the iterations, it is obtained the
final global best, which is adopted as the load
flow solution. The proposed methodology is
summarized at the Figure 3 pseudo-code.
Beginning
Generation of the swarm initial parameters;
For each iteration
For each particle
Buses voltages receive particle values;
Calculate the PV buses reactive power;
Calculate the slack bus power;
Calculate the load flow in the system lines;
Calculate the mean of buses apparent
Power Mismatches;
Local best updating criterion;
End For each particle
Global best updating criterion;
Update all the particles velocities;
Update all the particles positions;
End For each iteration
End

Figure 3 Proposed Algorithm Pseudo-codes

A remark about the proposed methodology is made
below. Each particle has an initial estimative for the
state variables, and these estimated values are
random within the specified limits. Moreover, the
PSO equations involve also random values, so
several final values can be achieved for the same
initial estimative. Therefore, the proposed algorithm

IJAET/Vol.II/ Issue IV/October-December, 2011/62-74

E-ISSN 0976-3945

start with different initial estimated values and can

achieve different final results acceptable to the
power flow solution (it depends on the program
simulation). It does not occur in the numeric
traditional methods, which start with the same
initial estimative values and achieve the same final
results.
VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS USING
CPF
Voltage instability is mainly associated with
reactive power imbalance. The loadability of a bus
in the power system depends on the reactive power
support that the bus can receive from the system.
As the system approaches the Maximum Loading
Point (MLP) or voltage collapse point, both real
and reactive power losses increase rapidly.
There are two types of voltage stability based on
the time frame of simulation: static voltage stability
and dynamic voltage stability. Static analysis
involves only the solution of algebraic equations
and therefore is computationally less extensive than
dynamic analysis. Static voltage stability is ideal
for the bulk of studies in which voltage stability
limit for many pre-contingency and postcontingency cases must be determined.
The most common methods used in voltage
stability analysis are continuation power flow,
minimum singular value, modal analysis and
optimization methods. In this study, continuation
power flow method is widely used in voltage
stability analysis, is utilized in order to analyze
voltage stability of power systems.
Continuation Power Flow
The Jacobian matrix of power flow equations
becomes singular at the voltage stability limit.
Continuation power flow overcomes this problem.
Continuation power flow finds successive load
flow solutions according to a load scenario.
It consists of prediction and correction steps. From
a known base solution, a tangent predictor is used
so as to estimate next solution for a specified
pattern of load increase. The corrector step then
determines the exact solution using NewtonRaphson technique employed by a conventional
power flow. After that a new prediction is made for
a specified increase in load based upon the new
tangent vector. Then corrector step is applied. This
process goes until critical point is reached. The
critical point is the point where the tangent vector
is zero. The illustration of predictor-corrector
scheme is depicted in Fig.3.

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology

E-ISSN 0976-3945

Figure 4: Illustration of prediction-correction steps

The major steps involved in CPF are shown in below flow chart as Figure 4.

Figure 5: A flow chart of the Continuation Power Flow

SIMULATION RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
First, Newton-Raphson-Method is run without any
FACTS devices with following parameters are
used:
BMVA = 100
Tol = 0.00001
Max Iter = 50

IJAET/Vol.II/ Issue IV/October-December, 2011/62-74

Analysis of IEEE-14Bus System

The IEEE-14 bus system consists of 14 buses and
20 transmission lines. Results of Newton-Raphson
method for 14 bus system with and without
STATCOM are shown in TABLE 1. We consider
bus 1 is slack or swing bus, Buses 2,3,6, 8 are PV
Buses, buses 4,5,7,9,10,11,12,13,14 are PQ Buses.

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology

E-ISSN 0976-3945

TABLE 1: BUS VOLATGES WITH STATCOM

Without STATCOM
With STATCOM
BusNo Voltage Magnitude Angle Voltage Magnitude Angle
1
1.06
0
1.06
0
2
1.041
-4.9891
1.043
-3.1627
3
0.9851
-12.7492
1.0285
-5.6054
4
0.997
-10.242
1.0099
-7.4704
5
1.0047
-8.7601
1.01
-7.6218
6
1.0362
-14.4469
1.0786
-10.534
7
1.0179
-13.2368
1.0225
-12.0255
8
1.0513
-13.2368
1.01
-14.9587
9
0.9962
-14.8201
1.0393
-11.272
10
0.9947
-15.036
1.0498
-11.4531
11
1.0112
-14.8581
1.082
-11.4324
12
1.0159
-15.2973
1.0581
-11.1793
13
1.0094
-15.3313
1.071
-11.084
14
0.9794
-16.0717
1.0464
-11.6115
Placement of STATCOM for IEEE -14 Bus System
From TABLE 1 it observed that the 14th bus is the
weakest bus and we can place the STATCOM at
this point.
STATCOM Data

From above TABLE 1 it is clear that voltage

profile of bus 14 has improved for IEEE-14 Bus
sytsem. The STATCOM data shown in below
TABLE 2. The Line Flows and Line losses
without and with STATCOM are shown in TABLE
3 and 4.

TABLE 2: STATCOM DATA FOR IEEE-14 BUS SYSTEM

STATCOM Data busVsh(p.u) Thst(Degree)
Qsh(pu)
14
0.9755
-10.6493
0.2449

TABLE 3: LINE FLOWS AND LOSSES WITHOUT FACTS DEVIES

Lines Flows without FACTS devices

Lines losses without FACTS devices
Sending End
Receiving End
Line No Psend Q Send Precv
Qrecv Real Power Losses Reactive Power losses
1-2
157.08 -17.484 -152.772 30.639
4.309
7.305
1-5
75.513 7.981 -72.74 3.464
2.773
6.139
2-3
73.396 5.936 -71.063 3.894
2.333
5.204
2-4
55.943 2.935 -54.273 2.132
1.67
1.465
2-5
41.733 4.738 -40.813 -1.929
0.92
-0.868
3-4 -23.137 7.752 23.528 -6.753
0.391
-0.312
4-5 -59.585 11.574 60.064 -10.063
0.479
1.511
4-7
27.066 -15.396 -27.066 17.327
0
1.46
4-9
15.464 -2.64 -15.464 3.932
0
1.277
5-6
45.889 -20.843 -45.889 26.617
0
4.729
6-11
8.287 8.898 -8.165 -8.641
0.123
0.257
6-12
8.064 3.176 -7.984 -3.008
0.081
0.168
6-13 18.337 9.981 -18.085 -9.485
0.252
0.496
7-8
0
-20.362
0
21.03
0
0.668
7-9
27.066 14.798 -27.066 -13.84
0
0.957
9-10
4.393 -0.904 -4.387
0.92
0.006
0.016
9-14
8.637 0.321 -8.547 -0.131
0.089
0.19
10-11 -4.613 -6.72
4.665
6.841
0.051
0.12
12-13 1.884 1.408 -1.873 -1.398
0.011
0.01
13-14 6.458 5.083 -6.353 -4.869
0.105
0.215
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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology

E-ISSN 0976-3945

TABLE 4: LINE FLOWS AND LOSSES WITH STATCOM

Lines Flows with STATCOM

Lines Losses with STATCOM
Sending End
Receiving End
Line No Psend Q Send Precv Qrecv Real Power Losses Reactive Power losses
1-2 103.375 -3.499 103.434 -3.288
1.843
-0.211
1-5
66.893 9.083 67.507 5.195
2.219
3.888
2-3
23.724 0.58
23.731 4.235
0.247
-3.655
2-4
46.887 4.941 47.147
4.88
1.199
0.061
2-5
49.22
3.65
49.355 3.376
1.284
0.274
3-4
21.077 3.035 21.295
3.62
0.291
-0.585
4-5
6.249 -6.212 8.811 -6.244
0.01
0.032
4-7
39.938 9.556 41.065 6.238
0
3.318
4-9
12.688 3.556 13.177 2.664
0
0.892
5-6
24.648 3.904 24.955 2.568
0
1.336
6-11
7.194 -1.145 7.285 -1.236
0.044
0.091
6-12
7.508 4.458
8.732
4.29
0.081
0.168
6-13
9.946 -0.745 9.974 -0.857
0.057
0.112
7-8
30
3.517 30.205 1.956
0
1.561
7-9 -12.862 -8.18 15.243 -8.428
0
0.248
9-10 -1.043 -14.352 14.39 -14.519
0.063
0.167
9-14
0.869 8.588
8.631
8.396
0.09
0.192
10-11 -6.906 -16.519 17.904 -17.093
0.245
0.574
12-13 -3.773 -3.21
4.954 -3.254
0.049
0.044
13-14 6.068 18.886 19.837 17.692
0.586
1.194
The PSO algorithm for IEEE-14 Bus system
The bus voltages with PSO Algorithm are shown in TABLE 5 and 6.
TABLE 5: BUS VOLTAGES WITH PSO ALGORITHM

BusNo
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Without PSO Algorithm

Voltage Magnitude
Angle
1.06
0
1.041
-4.9891
0.9851
-12.749
0.997
-10.242
1.0047
-8.7601
1.0362
-14.447
1.0179
-13.237
1.0513
-13.237
0.9962
-14.82
0.9947
-15.036
1.0112
-14.858
1.0159
-15.297
1.0094
-15.331
0.9794
-16.072

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With PSO Algorithm

Voltage Magnitude
Angle
1.0566
0
1.0435
-4.9488
1.0093
-12.706
1.0017
-10.049
1.0135
-8.519
1.0695
-14.212
1.055
-13.21
1.0877
-13.07
1.047
-14.469
1.0477
-15.028
1.0549
-14.191
1.0514
-15.022
1.0485
-15.126
1.0218
-16.01

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TABLE 6: LINE FLOWS AND LOSSES WITH PSO ALGORITHM

Line Flows with PSO Algorithm
Line Losses with PSO Algorithm
Sending End
Receiving End
Real Power Losses
Reactive Power losses
Psend
Q Send Precv
Qrecv
-0.027
0.131
0.133
0.028
0.035
0.105
-0.061
-0.004
0.061
-0.021
0.02
0.082
0.003
0.009
0.01
0.002
0.002
0.008
0.022
-0.031
0.038
-0.065
0.034
0.103
-0.001
-0.04
0.04
-0.071
0.037
0.111
0.001
-0.009
0.009
-0.134
0.056
0.143
-0.339
0.124
0.361
0.186
0.056
0.175
-0.006
0.057
0.058
0.037
0
0.021
-0.021
0.031
0.038
0.014
0
0.024
0.043
0.102
0.111
0.04
0
0.071
-0.007
0.024
0.025
0.012
0.006
0.013
0.01
0.014
0.017
0.009
0.004
0.008
0.017
0.027
0.032
0.019
0.007
0.013
0
0.01
0.01
0.009
0
0.001
-0.062
0.025
0.067
0.029
0
0.038
0.08
0.059
0.099
0.029
0.026
0.07
0.042
-0.015
0.045
0
0.021
0.045
-0.011
0.007
0.013
0.004
0.004
0.009
-0.001
0
0.001
0.001
0
0
-0.004
-0.014
0.014
-0.01
0.012
0.024

Line No
1-2
1-5
2-3
2-4
2-5
3-4
4-5
4-7
4-9
5-6
6-11
6-12
6-13
7-8
7-9
9-10
9-14
10-11
12-13
13-14

STATCOM are shown TABLE 7. We consider bus

ANALYSIS OF IEEE-30 BUS SYSTEM
The IEEE-30 bus system consists of 30 buses and
1 is Slack or Swing bus, buses 2,5,8,11,13 are PV
41 transmission lines. Results of Newton-Raphson
buses, and remaining all buses are PQ buses.
method for 30 bus system with and without
TABLE 7: BUS VOLTAGES WITH STATCOM
BusNo
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Without STATCOM
Voltage Magnitude
Angle
1.06
0
1.0385
-5.3404
1.0156
-7.5846
1.003
-9.3449
0.9795
-14.1167
0.9984
-11.1558
0.9814
-12.8957
0.998
-11.9344
1.0216
-14.1747
1.0076
-15.7609
1.0491
-14.1747
1.0237
-14.9474
1.0348
-14.9474
1.0055
-15.8287
1.001
-15.921
1.0086
-15.5629
1.0017
-15.9078
0.9882
-16.5553
0.9845
-16.7422
0.9893
-16.554
0.9911
-16.2675
0.998
-16.0988
0.9909
-16.2732
0.9852
-16.4657
0.9849
-16.0949
0.966
-16.5081
0.9941
-15.6082
0.9957
-11.8197
0.9692
-16.8167
0.9538
-17.6836

IJAET/Vol.II/ Issue IV/October-December, 2011/62-74

With STATCOM
Voltage Magnitude
Angle
1.06
0
1.0384
-5.3538
1.011
-7.532
0.9974
-9.2853
0.9793
-14.1721
0.9911
-11.0618
0.977
-12.8663
0.9886
-11.8193
1.0085
-14.0574
0.9843
-15.6571
1.0496
-14.0574
1.0136
-15.1094
1.034
-15.1094
0.9925
-15.9855
0.9859
-15.9942
0.9929
-15.6107
0.9807
-15.8547
0.9699
-16.5918
0.9645
-16.7508
0.9684
-16.5355
0.969
-16.2047
0.9741
-15.9695
0.9693
-16.2168
0.9608
-16.2958
0.9679
-16.0937
0.9487
-16.5218
0.9821
-15.6939
0.9875
-11.7339
0.9567
-16.9215
0.9503
-18.1411

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology

Placement of STATCOM for IEEE-30 Bus
System
From TABLE 8 it observed that the 29 and 30
buses are the weak buses and we can place the
STATCOM at this points.
STATCOM Data

E-ISSN 0976-3945

From above TABLE 5 it is clear that voltage

profile of bus 29 and 30 are improved for IEEE-30
Bus sytsem. The STATCOM data shown in below
TABLE 6.
The Line Flows and Line losses without and with
STATCOM are shown in TABLE 9 and 10.

TABLE 8: STATCOM DATA FOR IEEE-30 BUS SYSTEM

STATCOM Data busVsh(p.u) Thst(Degree)
Qsh(pu)
29
0.9974
-16.9068
0.0256
30
1.0044
-18.1663
-0.0439

TABLE 9: LINE FLOWS AND LOSSES WITHOUT FACTS DEVICES

Lines Flows without FACTS devices
Lines losses without FACTS devices
Sending End
Receiving End
Line No Psend Q Send
Precv
Qrecv Real Power Losses Reactive Power losses
1-2
173.143 -18.108 -167.964 33.617
5.166
9.632
1-3
87.785 6.248 -84.669
5.14
3.121
6.975
2-4
43.619 5.194 -42.607 -2.113
1.003
-0.848
3-4
82.269 -3.772 -81.412 6.235
0.859
1.591
2-5
82.293 4.033 -79.347 8.342
2.926
7.887
2-6
60.353 1.403 -58.406 4.503
1.951
1.949
4-6
72.272 -17.521 -71.631 19.753
0.663
1.377
5-7
-14.853 11.796 15.015 -11.387
0.14
-1.723
6-7
38.195 -1.201 -37.815
2.37
0.381
-0.571
6-8
29.49
-3.214 -29.387 3.574
0.124
-0.5
6-9
27.799 -18.485 -27.799 20.698
0
1.547
6-10
15.882 -5.306 -15.882 6.781
0
1.279
9-11
0
-15.799
0
16.27
0
0.384
9-10
27.99
7.041 -27.799 -6.222
0
0.811
4-12
44.147 -16.795 -44.147 21.983
0
4.691
12-13
0
-10.119
0
10.247
0
0.093
12-14
7.79
2.39
-7.717
-2.238
0.072
0.15
12-15
17.639 6.705 -17.429
-6.29
0.207
0.407
12-16
7.518
3.42
-7.46
-3.299
0.056
0.117
14-15
1.517
0.638
-1.511
-0.633
0.005
0.005
16-17
3.96
1.499
-3.946
-1.468
0.013
0.03
15-18
6.291
1.829
-6.249
-1.742
0.042
0.085
18-19
3.049
0.842
-3.043
-0.83
0.006
0.012
19-20
-6.457
-2.57
6.473
2.601
0.016
0.032
10-20
8.749
3.471
-8.673
-3.301
0.077
0.171
10-17
5.067
4.367
-5.054
-4.332
0.014
0.036
10-21
18.286 11.764 -18.135 -11.439
0.151
0.324
10-22
5.78
3.107
-5.751
-3.048
0.028
0.057
21-23
0.635
0.239
-0.635
-0.239
0
0
15-23
4.449
2.593
-4.424
-2.544
0.023
0.046
22-24
5.751
3.048
-5.706
-2.977
0.044
0.068
23-24
1.859
1.183
-1.853
-1.171
0.005
0.011
24-25
-1.142
1.748
1.149
-1.734
0.006
0.011
25-26
3.544
2.366
-3.5
-2.3
0.044
0.066
25-27
-4.694 -0.632
4.717
0.677
0.025
0.047
28-27
17.998 -3.529 -17.998 4.791
0
1.287
27-29
6.189
1.667
-6.103
-1.505
0.085
0.16
27-30
7.091
1.661
-6.93
-1.358
0.159
0.3
29-30
3.703
0.605
-3.67
-0.542
0.033
0.062
8-28
-0.613 -0.241
0.614
0.242
0.002
-4.436
6-28
18.67
-3.094 -18.611 3.304
0.061
-13.243

IJAET/Vol.II/ Issue IV/October-December, 2011/62-74

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology

E-ISSN 0976-3945

TABLE 10: LINE FLOWS AND LOSSES WITH STATCOM

Line No
1-2
1-3
2-4
3-4
2-5
2-6
4-6
5-7
6-7
6-8
6-9
6-10
9-11
9-10
4-12
12-13
12-14
12-15
12-16
14-15
16-17
15-18
18-19
19-20
10-20
10-17
10-21
10-22
21-23
15-23
22-24
23-24
24-25
25-26
25-27
28-27
27-29
27-30
29-30
8-28
6-28

Lines Flows with STATCOM

Sending End
Receiving End
Psend
Q Send
Precv
Qrecv
173.301 -18.145 -168.113 33.683
87.785
7.317
-84.664
4.092
43.726
6.412
-42.703
-3.293
82.264
-2.732
-81.404
5.201
82.382
4.025
-79.43
8.375
60.305
2.579
-58.359
3.325
71.473 -17.536 -70.842 19.731
-14.77
12.823
14.942 -12.388
38.124
-2.194
-37.742
3.366
29.649
-8.118
-29.538
8.507
29.924 -14.253 -26.924 16.103
15.326
-1.834
-15.326
3.092
0
-20.915
0
21.756
26.924
16.513 -26.924 -15.499
45.034 -14.447 -45.034
19.67
0
-15.531
0
15.837
8.055
3.276
-7.97
-3.101
18.019
10.275
-17.76
-9.766
7.761
6.25
-7.676
-6.071
1.77
1.501
-1.759
-1.491
4.176
4.271
-4.148
-4.206
6.509
3.157
-6.455
-3.048
3.255
2.148
-3.246
-2.129
-6.254
-1.271
6.268
1.298
8.537
2.153
-8.468
-1.998
4.86
1.615
-4.852
-1.594
17.674
9.548
-17.54
-9.259
5.378
3.114
-5.351
-3.059
0.04
-1.941
-0.039
1.942
4.811
5.6
-4.759
-5.496
5.351
3.059
-5.309
-2.993
1.599
1.954
-1.59
-1.937
-1.801
-1.77
1.813
1.791
3.534
0.979
-3.5
-0.929
-5.346
-2.77
5.385
2.844
18.653
-3.279
-18.653
4.629
6.182
0.828
-6.101
-0.674
7.086
0.452
-6.932
-0.162
3.701
-0.226
-3.668
0.287
-0.462
0.602
0.462
-0.601
19.178
-3.672
-19.115
3.896

Lines losses with STATCOM

Real Power Losses
5.191
3.123
1.025
0.86
2.953
1.947
0.63
0.174
0.382
0.112
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.085
0.262
0.087
0.012
0.028
0.054
0.01
0.014
0.069
0.008
0.136
0.029
0
0.054
0.046
0.011
0.007
0.046
0.042
0
0.087
0.156
0.041
0.001
0.062

Reactive Power losses

9.707
7.001
-0.758
1.604
8
1.965
1.272
-1.627
-0.548
-0.525
1.435
1.303
0.861
1.03
5.054
0.318
0.177
0.516
0.182
0.01
0.066
0.109
0.019
0.027
0.154
0.021
0.293
0.06
0.001
0.11
0.072
0.022
0.012
0.068
0.079
1.401
0.164
0.293
0.078
-4.358
-13.021

IEEE-30 Bus System using CPF

The Continuation Power Flow method is applied to IEEE-30 Bus system and the Curves are shown below in
Figure 6, 7 and Figure 8 respectively.
4

Deltas Vs Power USING CPF Method

x 10

Delta in rad

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5
-200

200

400

600
800
Power p.u.

1000

Figure 6: 30 Bus Delta Vs Power

IJAET/Vol.II/ Issue IV/October-December, 2011/62-74

1200

1400

1600

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology

E-ISSN 0976-3945

30 th Bus Voltage Vs Real Power Using Continution Power Method

35
30

Voltage in p.u.

25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-200

200

400

600
800
Power p.u.

1000

1200

1400

1600

1400

1600

Figure 7: IEEE-30 Bus voltages Vs Power

4

0.5

Delta Vs Power Using CPF Method

x 10

0
-0.5

Delta in rad

-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
-3.5
-4
-200

200

400

600
800
Power p.u.

1000

1200

Figure 8: IEEE-30 Bus Delta Vs Power

The PSO algorithm for IEEE-30 Bus system
The bus voltages with PSO Algorithm and losses are shown in TABLE 11 and 12.
TABLE 11: BUS VOLTAGES WITH PSO ALGORITHM
BusNumber
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Without PSO Algorithm

Voltage Magnitude
Angle
1.043
-5.3474
1.0217
-7.5448
1.0129
-9.2989
1.01
-14.1542
1.0121
-11.088
1.0035
-12.8734
1.01
-11.8039
1.0507
-14.1363
1.0438
-15.7341
1.082
-14.1363
1.0576
-14.9416
1.071
-14.9416
1.0429
-15.8244
1.0384
-15.9101

With PSO Algorithm

Voltage Magnitude
Angle
1.0303
-5.0779
1.0087
-7.2096
1.0017
-9.3405
0.975
-14.03
0.9962
-11.078
0.9728
-12.565
0.9967
-11.229
1.0193
-14.087
1.0018
-15.355
1.0446
-14.047
1.019
-14.113
1.0254
-14.04
1.0004
-15.607
0.9976
-15.816

Continued.
IJAET/Vol.II/ Issue IV/October-December, 2011/62-74

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

1.0445
1.0387
1.0282
1.0252
1.0291
1.0293
1.0353
1.0291
1.0237
1.0202
1.0025
1.0265
1.0109
1.0067
0.9953

-15.5487
-15.8856
-16.5425
-16.7273
-16.5363
-16.2462
-16.0738
-16.2528
-16.4409
-16.0539
-16.4712
-15.5558
-11.7436
-16.7777
-17.6546

E-ISSN 0976-3945

1.0008
0.9969
0.9877
0.9757
0.9849
0.9816
0.9966
0.9885
0.9753
0.9781
0.9622
0.9903
0.9944
0.9635
0.9503

TABLE 12: LINE FLOWS AND LOSSES WITH PSO ALGORITHM

Line No
1-2
1-3
2-4
3-4
2-5
2-6
4-6
5-7
6-7
6-8
6-9
6-10
9-11
9-10
4-12
12-13
12-14
12-15
12-16
14-15
16-17
15-18
18-19
19-20
10-20
10-17
10-21
10-22
21-23
15-23
22-24
23-24
24-25
25-26
25-27
28-27
27-29
27-30
29-30
8-28
6-28

Line Flows with PSO Algorithm

Sending End
Receiving End
Psend
Q Send
Precv
Qrecv
-0.049
0.026
0.056
0.009
-0.029
0.018
0.034
0
0
0
0
0
0.058
-0.013
0.06
-0.026
0.011
-0.002
0.011
-0.004
0.01
-0.002
0.01
-0.003
0.043
-0.008
0.044
-0.016
-0.044
0.042
0.061
-0.001
-0.065
0.053
0.084
-0.004
-0.136
0.108
0.174
-0.019
-0.001
0.001
-0.001
0.001
-0.011
0.004
0.011
-0.003
0
0
0
0
-0.05
0.015
0.053
-0.015
-0.024
0.01
0.026
-0.005
0
0
0
0
0.004
-0.002
0.004
-0.002
0.002
-0.001
0.002
-0.001
0.017
-0.004
0.017
-0.01
-0.002
0.002
0.003
0.002
-0.014
0.009
0.016
0.004
0.014
-0.004
0.015
-0.009
-0.011
0.007
0.013
0.005
0.023
-0.009
0.025
-0.013
0.009
-0.003
0.009
-0.005
-0.015
0.007
0.016
0.005
0.058
-0.011
0.059
-0.037
0.039
-0.005
0.039
-0.028
-0.002
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.028
-0.004
0.028
-0.02
-0.012
0.012
0.017
0.007
-0.005
0.003
0.006
0.002
0.009
-0.003
0.01
-0.006
-0.006
0.006
0.009
0.003
-0.016
0.015
0.022
0.005
0.005
0.001
0.006
0
-0.004
0.002
0.004
0.001
-0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
-0.001
0.003
-0.001
0.005
-0.002
0.006
-0.002
-0.086
0.059
0.104
-0.005

IJAET/Vol.II/ Issue IV/October-December, 2011/62-74

Line losses with PSO Algorithm

Real Power Losses
0.006
0.005
0
0.005
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.017
0.019
0.036
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.003
0
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.012
0.011
0
0.008
0.003
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.005
0
0
0
0
0
0.019

Reactive Power losses

0.017
0.018
0
0.013
0.002
0.001
0.008
0.043
0.057
0.127
0
0.007
0
0.03
0.015
0
0
0
0.006
0
0.005
0.005
0.002
0.004
0.002
0.002
0.026
0.023
0
0.016
0.005
0.001
0.003
0.003
0.01
0.001
0.001
0
0
0
0.064

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology

CONCLUSION
Optimal placement of FACTS controllers in power
systems has been carried out to find optimal
location of VAR compensators and STATCOM to
reduce the losses and to improve voltage profile of
the system. The study has been carried out on
IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 bus systems. VAR
compensators and STATCOM helps in diverting
flow from heavily loaded lines and results in
reduced active power losses.
SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
Different optimization techniques are used
for optimal location, voltage stability
enhancement,
generating
the
cost
functions and damping the power system
oscillations.
On the other hand, the allocation and
sizing of more than one STATCOM, other
types of FACTS devices and combinations
of them can be investigated.
Simulations are carried out for higher bus
systems with advanced optimization
techniques.
REFERENCES
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Kowsalya M. and Kothari D.P. (2008) Voltage

stability enhancement through optimal location
of VAR compensator, ICSET
Arthit
Sode-Yome
and
Nadarajah
Mithulananthan (2005) Static voltage stability
margin enhancement using STATCOM,TCSC
AND SSSC , IEEE/PES Transmission and
Distribution Conference & Exhibition: Asia and
Pacific Dalian, China
Azimoh L.C and Folly K.A (2009) Mitigations
of voltage instability in power a systems , IEEE
Electrical Power and Energy Conference,
University of Cape Town, South Africa
Del Y. and Hernandez J.C. (2006) Optimal
STATCOM sizing and placement using particle
swarm optimization , IEEE PES Transmission
and Distribution Conference and Exposition
Latin America
Whei Min Lin and Kai-Hung Lu
(2009)
Optimal location and capacity of STATCOM for
voltage stability enhancement using ACO plus
GA, IEEE/ASME IC on AIMs, Singapore
Karami A. and Rashidinejad M. (2006) Optimal
Location of STATCOM for Voltage Security
Enhancement via Artificial Intelligent , Energy
Research Group, International Conference
Science and Technology, Mahan, Iran
Natessan R. and Radman G. (2004) Effects of
STATCOM, SSSC and UPFC on voltage
stability , IEEE Transaction on Power Systems,
Vol 4, No.1, pp.546-550
Abido M.A. and Al-Hulail M.M.(2002) Optimal
Location and Setting of FACTS for Optimal
Power Flow Problem Using a Hybrid GA/PSO
Algorithm, Sixth Saudi Technical Conference
and Exhibition, Saudi Arabia.

IJAET/Vol.II/ Issue IV/October-December, 2011/62-74

E-ISSN 0976-3945