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Abstract
The paper presents dynamic system analysis of an isolated electric power system consisting of a diesel generator and a wind turbine
generator. The 150 kW wind turbine generator is operated in parallel with a diesel generator to serve an average load of 350 kW. Time
domain solutions are used to study the performance of the power system. Optimum values of gain settings of the Proportional-Integral
controller (P-I) are obtained by using the integral squared error (ISE) technique. A simple variable structure control (VSC) logic is also
proposed for improvement of the dynamic performance of the system. 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Wind and diesel power system; Stability; Optimization
1. Introduction
A constantly increasing power demand has to be met
through an adequately planned electrical power generation
programme. Electrical energy is environmentally the most
benign form of energy, with production routed through
conventional fossil fuel burning or through nuclear energy
and wherever possible through hydro resources. All of these
in addition to other disadvantages give rise to environmental
issues of a varied nature. Therefore it is necessary to
consider the problems of electrical energy generation and
environment jointly so that the increasing need of electricity
for industrialization will be met with minimal environmental degradation. One of the solutions is to utilize wind
energy in favourable sites which are remote from centralised
energy supply systems. Since wind power varies randomly
there must be a stand-by power source to meet load demand.
The diesel and wind system is one of the hybrid systems
utilizing more than one energy source. A wind and diesel
system is very reliable because the diesel acts as a cushion to
take care of variation in wind speed, and would always
provide power equal to load minus the wind power.
Scott et al. [1] have investigated the dynamic interaction
to quantify any increased disturbance to the Block Island
Power Company (BIPCO), on Block Island (which operates
an isolated electric power system consisting of diesel and
wind turbine generators resulting from connection of the
MOD-OA wind turbine generator). In this study, the
* Corresponding author; e-mail: ddas@ee.iitkgp.ernet.in.
0142-0615/99/$ - see front matter 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0142-061 5(98)00033-7
184
Fig. 2. Functional block diagram for wind and diesel systems with pitch control.
185
1 STp2 1 S
U1 S
DPf S
K 1 S
d
Dvref S Dv2 S
S1 ST1
Kp2 1 STp1
DHS
2
U1 S
Tk S STp2 11 S
given as:
The transfer function Eq. (2) of the hydraulic pitch actuator is split into two blocks (Fig. 2) and DH1 is a dummy
variable.
The transfer function of the diesel governor (Fig. 2) is
DPf S
K 1 S
d
Dv2 S
S1 ST1
U U1
P 0 DPv DPload
186
is given as
U1 Kp DPmax DPvtg KI
Zt
0
DPmax DPvtg dt 9
For the study system, Pmax 150 kW is constant, therefore DPmax 0.0. Substituting DPmax 0.0 in Eq. (9)
we obtain
U1 Kp DPvtg KI
Zt
0
DPvtg dt
10
J
4. Optimization of the Proportional-Integral (P-I)
controller gain settings using the ISE technique
Many utilities prefer to use the P-I controller for
better system dynamic response and in the present
study, the P-I controller is used. The P-I control law
Zt
0
DPvtg 2 dt
11
187
12
6. Dynamic responses
Figs. 5 and 6 show the dynamic responses for a 1% step
increase of load with the P-I controller and variable structure controller (VSC). It is seen that the activation of pitch
control with the conventional P-I controller results in an
underdamped response. Although this is a stable response,
the low damping allows the oscillation to continue for a
188
deviations and settling time compared to that of the conventional fixed structure P-I controller.
It can also be concluded that wind turbine generation,
even when providing a large proportion of the power
required by an isolated utility can be a practical option
resulting in system disturbances no greater than those
found in a conventional diesel system.
longer time before damping out. It is seen that with the use
of VSC, damping is greatly improved. Peak wind generator
frequency deviation (Fig. 5(a)) and peak diesel power deviation (Fig. 6(a)) are much less compared to the conventional
P-I controller. From Fig. 6(b), it is also seen that with the use
of VSC, the wind power deviation (DPvtg) is slow and
monotonic and hence is preferred. From Figs 5 and 6, it is
also seen that with the use of VSC, settling time is much less
compared to that of the conventional P-I controller. Therefore, it can be concluded that the variable structure controller improves the system damping compared to the fixed
structure P-I controller.
2
Appendix 1
A, B and G matrices of the system (Fig. 2) are given
below:
1
Tp2
6
6
6
!
6
6
6 Kp2 Kp2 Tp1
6
Tp2
6
6
6
6
0
6
6
6
A6
0
6
6
6
6
6
6
0
6
6
6
6
0
6
6
4
0
2
1
Tp2
6
6
6
6
6 Kp2 Tp1
6
6 T
6
p2
6
6
0
6
B6
6
6
0
6
6
6
0
6
6
6
6
0
4
0
7. Conclusions
A linear mathematical model of the wind and diesel turbine
generators operating on an isolated electric power system has
been formulated for the purpose of identifying and quantifying
the underdamped oscillation. The simulation incorporates
wind turbine pitch control and diesel governor. Optimum
values for the gain parameters of the conventional proportional-integral (P-I) controller and variable structure controller
(VSC) have been obtained using the integral squared error
(ISE) technique. Analysis reveals that the variable structure
controller gives better dynamic performance in terms of peak
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7;
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
Kp3
Kpc
2Hv
Kfc
2Hv
Kfc
2Hv
Kfc
2Hd
Kfc
Kd
Kd
T1
1
T1
6
6 0
6
6
6 0
6
6
6 1
6
6
G 6 2Hv
6
6
6
6 0
6
6
6
6 0
4
0
3
0 7
7
7
7
7
0 7
7
7
7
7
0 7
7
7
7
0 7
7
7
7
7
7
1 7
7
7
7
0 7
7
7
1 5
T1
7
0 7
7
7
0 7
7
7
7
0 7
7
7
7
7
1 7
7
2Hd 7
7
7
0 7
5
0
Appendix 2
Area capacity; PR 350 kW;
Hv inertia constant on machine base
3:5 s for wind system;
Hd inertia constant on machine base
8:5 s for diesel system;
189
References
Kp2 1:25
Tp2 0:041 s;
Kp3 1:40
Tp1 0:60 s;
DPload 0:01 pu kW
Kpc 0:80;
T1 0:025 s
Tk 0:0009 s:
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Power Apparatus Syst 1984;PAS 103(5):933937.
[2] Anderson PM, Bose A. Stability simulation of wind turbine systems.
IEEE Trans Power Apparatus Syst 1983;PAS 102(12):37913795.
[3] Hinrichsen EN. Controls for variable pitch wind turbine generators.
IEEE Trans Power Apparatus Syst 1984;PAS 103(4):886892.
[4] Hinrichsen EN, Nolan PJ. Dynamics and stability of wind turbine
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