1.

Communication (from Latin commnicre, meaning "to share"[1]) is the activity of conveying information through the exchange
of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behavior. It is the meaningful exchange of
information between two or a group of person.One definition of communication is any act by which one person gives to or receives
from another person information about that person's needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. Communication may
be intentional or unintentional, may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or nonlinguistic forms, and
may occur through spoken or other modes.[2]Communication requires a sender, a message, and a recipient, although the receiver
doesn't have to be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can
occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of
communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender.
2. The transmission of data from one computer to another, or from one device to another. A communications device, therefore, is
any machine that assists data transmission. For example, modems, cables, and ports are all communications devices.
Communications software refers to programs that make it possible to transmit data.
3. 1. SENDER/ENCODER
The sender also known as the encoder decides on the message to be sent, the best/most effective way that it can be sent. All of this is
done bearing the receiver in mind. In a word, it is his/her job to conceptualize.
The sender may want to ask him/herself questions like: What words will I use? Do I need signs or pictures?
2. MEDIUM
The medium is the immediate form which a message takes. For example, a message may be communicated in the form of a letter, in
the form of an email or face to face in the form of a speech.
3. CHANNEL
The channel is that which is responsible for the delivery of the chosen message form. For example post office, internet, radio.
4. RECEIVER
The receiver or the decoder is responsible for extracting/decoding meaning from the message. The receiver is also responsible for
providing feedback to the sender. In a word, it is his/her job to INTERPRET.
5. FEEDBACK
This is important as it determines whether or not the decoder grasped the intended meaning and whether communication was
successful.
6. CONTEXT
Communication does not take place in a vacuum. The context of any communication act is the environment surrounding it. This
includes, among other things, place, time, event, and attitudes of sender and receiver.
7. NOISE (also called interference)
This is any factor that inhibits the conveyance of a message. That is, anything that gets in the way of the message being accurately
received, interpreted and responded to. Noise may be internal or external. A student worrying about an incomplete assignment may
not be attentive in class (internal noise) or the sounds of heavy rain on a galvanized roof may inhibit the reading of a storybook to
second graders (external noise).
The communication process is dynamic, continuous, irreversible, and contextual. It is not possible to participate in any element of
the process without acknowledging the existence and functioning of the other elements.4. Feedback is essential in communication
so as to know whether the recipient has understood the message in the same terms as intended by the sender and whether he agrees
to that message or not.
5.cyclical. the effective communication is a cyclic and continuous process. Communication can be considered to be effective when
the receiver understands the message sent by the sender and gives a feedback to the sender. Effective communication also ensures
that the message sent by the sender is not distorted in any manner while it is transmitted. Effective communication as shown in the
figure above conveys us that, it is initiated from the sender and ends at the sender too indicating that effective communication is a
cyclic and continuous process.
6.yes.
7. Verbal communication.This is the most common of the many types of communication that we all have been using for so long.
Verbal means you talk to each other. Uttering words and phrases and sentences is considered a verbal communication.
Non-verbal communication.Non speaking, no words uttered, no noise type of communication; this is how a non-verbal

communication is defined. This is normally used when one is not capable to speak. May it be a temporary illness that made you lost
your speech, or it can be a long term sickness that will need you to learn to communicate without the use of speech.
Visual communication.From the term itself, it is those types of communication that is relayed to you visually. An example would
be looking on a locator or directory. You use your visuals to communicate with the map or the visual ad that you see to let you know
where you should go. It communicates with you as you look at it and tells you what to do and where to go.
Written communication.Writing is also another of the types of communication. If you do not have the ability to speak and
communicate by the use of your mouth and tongue, the paper and the pen will help you. You can write anything that you want to
say. It will help you tell others of what is in your thoughts and let them understand by reading your writings.
8. 1) INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION- is language use or thought internal to the communicator. Intrapersonal
communication is the active internal involvement of the individual in symbolic processing of messages. The individual becomes his
or her own sender and receiver, providing feedback to him or herself in an ongoing internal process. It can be useful to envision
intrapersonal communication occurring in the mind of the individual in a model which contains a sender, receiver, and feedback
loop.
Although successful communication is generally defined as being between two or more individuals, issues concerning the useful
nature of communicating with oneself and problems concerning communication with non-sentient entities such as computers have
made some argue that this definition is too narrow.
In Communication: The Social Matrix of Psychiatry, Jurgen Ruesch and Gregory Bateson argue that intrapersonal communication is
indeed a special case of interpersonal communication, as "dialogue is the foundation for all discourse."
Intrapersonal communication can encompass:

Day-dreaming

Nocturnal dreaming, including and especially lucid dreaming

Speaking aloud (talking to oneself), reading aloud, repeating what one hears; the additional activities of speaking and
hearing (in the third case of hearing again) what one thinks, reads or hears may increase concentration and retention. This
is considered normal, and the extent to which it occurs varies from person to person. The time when there should be
concern is when talking to oneself occurs outside of socially acceptable situations.[1]

Writing (by hand, or with a wordprocessor, etc.) one's thoughts or observations: the additional activities, on top of thinking,
of writing and reading back may again increase self-understanding ("How do I know what I mean until I see what I say?")
and concentration. It aids ordering one's thoughts; in addition it produces a record that can be used later again. Copying
text to aid memorizing also falls in this category.

Making gestures while thinking: the additional activity, on top of thinking, of body motions, may again increase
concentration, assist in problem solving, and assist memory.

Sense-making (see Karl Weick) e.g. interpreting maps, texts, signs, and symbols

Interpreting non-verbal communication (see Albert Mehrabian) e.g. gestures, eye contact

Communication between body parts; e.g. "My stomach is telling me it's time for lunch."

2.)INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATIONInterpersonal communication is defined by communication scholars in numerous ways, though most definitions involve participants
who are interdependent on one another, have a shared history. Communication channels are the medium chosen to convey the
message from sender to receiver. Communication channels can be categorized into two main categories: Direct and Indirect

channels of communication.
Direct channels are those that are obvious and can be easily recognized by the receiver. They are also under direct control of the
sender. In this category are the verbal and non-verbal channels of communication. Verbal communication channels are those that use
words in some manner, such as written communication or spoken communication. Non-verbal communication channels are those
that do not require silly words, such as certain overt facial expressions, controllable body movements (such as that made by a traffic
police to control traffic at an intersection), color (red for danger, green means go etc), sound (sirens, alarms etc.).
Indirect channels are those channels that are usually recognized subliminally or subconsciously by the receiver, and not under direct
control of the sender. This includes kinesics or body language, that reflects the inner emotions and motivations rather than the actual
delivered message. It also includes such vague terms as "gut feeling", "hunches" or "premonitions".
Channels means mode of communicating the messages.
Participants is the communicators who are both senders and receivers.
Context refers to the interrelated condition of communication. It consists of such factors as:
physical Milieu
Balance of interpersonal communication
The Johari window model focuses on the balance of interpersonal communication. Interpersonal communication encompasses:

Speech communication

Nonverbal communication

Unconscious communication

summarizing

paraphrasing

listening

questioning

Initiating: Declaring one's conversational intent and inviting consent from one's prospective conversation partner

Turn-taking: Managing the flow of information back and forth between partners in a conversation by alternating roles of
speaker and listener

Having good interpersonal communication skills support such processes as:

parenting

intimate relationship

management

selling

counseling

coaching

mentoring and co-mentoring, which is mentoring in groups

conflict management

Interpersonal communication is the subject of a number of disciplines in the field of psychology, notably Transactional analysis.
3.) GROUP COMMUNICATION- refers to the nature of communication that occurs in groups that are between 3 and 12
individuals. Small group communication generally takes place in a context that mixes interpersonal communication interactions
with social clustering.
4.) PUBLIC COMMUNICATION- It's at the heart of our economy, society, and politics. Studios use it to promote their films.
Politicians use it to get elected. Businesses use it to burnish their image. Advocates use it to promote social causes. It's a field built
on ideas and images, persuasion and information, strategy and tactics. No policy or product can succeed without a smart message
targeted to the right audience in creative and innovative ways.
9. Psychological noise results from preconceived notions we bring to conversations, such as racial stereotypes, reputations, biases,
and assumptions. When we come into a conversation with ideas about what the other person is going to say and why, we can easily
become blinded to their original message. Most of the time psychological noise is impossible to free ourselves from, and we must
simply strive to recognize that it exists and take those distractions into account when we converse with others.
Physical noise is any external or environmental stimulus that distracts us from receiving the intended message sent by a
communicator .Examples of physical noise include: others talking in the background, background music, a startling noise and
acknowledging someone outside of the conversation.
Semantic.This is noise caused by the sender. i.e., the encoder. This type of noise occurs when grammar or technical language is
used that the receiver (the decoder) cannot understand, or cannot understand clearly. It occurs when the sender of the message use a
word or a phrase that we dont know the meaning or which we use differently than the speaker does.
Physiological noise is any physiological issue that interferes with communication. For example, if you have a migraine, it may be
difficult to speak to others or listen to them when they speak to you.
10. 1. Facial Expression.Facial expressions are responsible for a huge proportion of nonverbal communication. Consider how much
information can be conveyed with a smile or a frown. While nonverbal communication and behavior can vary dramatically between
cultures, the facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger and fear are similar throughout the world.
2. Gestures.Deliberate movements and signals are an important way to communicate meaning without words. Common gestures
include waving, pointing, and using fingers to indicate numeric amounts. Other gestures are arbitrary and related to culture.
3. Paralinguistics.Paralinguistics refers to vocal communication that is separate from actual language. This includes factors such as
tone of voice, loudness, inflection and pitch. Consider the powerful effect that tone of voice can have on the meaning of a sentence.
When said in a strong tone of voice, listeners might interpret approval and enthusiasm. The same words said in a hesitant tone of
voice might convey disapproval and a lack of interest.
4. Body Language and Posture.Posture and movement can also convey a great deal on information. Research on body language has
grown significantly since the 1970's, but popular media have focused on the over-interpretation of defensive postures, arm-crossing,
and leg-crossing, especially after the publication of Julius Fast's book Body Language. While these nonverbal behaviors can indicate
feelings and attitudes, research suggests that body language is far more subtle and less definitive that previously believed.
5. Proxemics.People often refer to their need for "personal space," which is also an important type of nonverbal communication. The
amount of distance we need and the amount of space we perceive as belonging to us is influenced by a number of factors including
social norms, situational factors, personality characteristics and level of familiarity. For example, the amount of personal space
needed when having a casual conversation with another person usually varies between 18 inches to four feet. On the other hand, the
personal distance needed when speaking to a crowd of people is around 10 to 12 feet.
6. Eye Gaze.Looking, staring and blinking can also be important nonverbal behaviors. When people encounter people or things that
they like, the rate of blinking increases and pupils dilate. Looking at another person can indicate a range of emotions, including
hostility, interest and attraction.
7. Haptics/Communicating through touch is another important nonverbal behavior. There has been a substantial amount of research
on the importance of touch in infancy and early childhood. Harry Harlow's classic monkey study demonstrated how the deprivation
of touch and contact impedes development. Baby monkeys raised by wire mothers experienced permanent deficits in behavior and
social interaction. Touch can be used to communicate affection, familiarity, sympathy and other emotions.

8. Appearance.Our choice of color, clothing, hairstyles and other factors affecting appearance are also considered a means of
nonverbal communication. Research on color psychology has demonstrated that different colors can evoke different moods.
Appearance can also alter physiological reactions, judgments and interpretations. Just think of all the subtle judgements you quickly
make about someone based on his or her appearance. These first impressions are important, which is why experts suggest that job
seekers dress appropriately for interviews with potential employers.