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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

E.S.-364
nwjLFk f'k{kk
( Distance Education )
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa dk mkj nhft,

(i) nwjLFk f'k{kk osQ vkSfpR; dh O;k[;k dhft,A
mkjnwj f'k{kk dh vko';drkHkkjr ,d yksdrU=kRed vkSj dY;k.kdkjh jkT; gS A blfy, Hkkjr ljdkj dY;k.kdkjh dk;Z] fo'ks"k :i ls
f'k{kk dk;Z djus dks ck/; gS A fQj Hkkjr ds lafoku ds vuqPNsn 45 ds vuqlkj] 14 o"kZ dh vk;q rd ds lHkh cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd f'k{kk nh tk,]
blfy, Hkkjr ljdkj us izkFkfed f'k{kk dk lkfoZdhdj.k ;k lkoZHkkSfedhdj.k fd;k] ftlls lHkh dks f'k{kk izkIr gks lds A fQj Hkh f'k{kk dh fLFkfr
larks"ktud ugha gS A mPp f'k{kk dh ekax c<+rh tk jgh gS] ftldh iwfrZ ugha gks ik jgh gS A Hkkjr dh f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dk Lrj leku u gksus ls ikB~;p;kZ
dh n`f"V ls vuqdwy ugha gS A bldk lekku nwj f'k{kk ls lEHko gS A nwj f'k{kk dh vko';drkvksa dk v/;;u fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kZdksa esa fd;k tk ldrk
gS
(I) c<+rh tula[;k vkSj f'k{kk esa izos'k dh leL;kHkkjr esa fnukasfnu tula[;k c<+rh tk jgh gS] ftlds QyLo:i fo|ky;ksa] fo'ofo|ky;ksa
esa izos'k dh leL;k c<+rh tk jgh gS A izkIr vkdM+kas ls fuEufyf[kr rF; lkeus vkrs gSa
(i) ;|fi f'k{k.k laLFkk,a c<+h gSa] rFkkfi laxr vk;q&oxZ ds 6% yksx gh mPp f'k{kk izkIr dj lds gSa A
(ii) mPp f'k{kk ds ctV esa deh vkrh jgh gS] D;ksafd ljdkj dk cy izkFkfed f'k{kk ij vfd gks x;k gS A
(iiii) izkFkfed f'k{kk vkSj ek/;fed f'k{kk ij cy nsus ds QyLo:i bl ckr dh laHkkouk gS fd mPp f'k{kk dh ekax c<+rh
tk;sxh A
,slh fLFkfr esa ijEijkxr laLFkk,a viuh orZeku lhfer lqfokvksa ds lkFk d{kk v/;kiu ds :i esa Nk=ksa dh c<+rh ekx dh pqukSrh dk lkeuk
djus esa vleFkZ gkasxh A ?kVrs lkuksa ds dkj.k vusd ubZ ijEijkxr f'k{kk laLFkk,a ugha [kksyh tk ldrh] D;ksafd ,slh laLFkkvksa dks [kksyus dk ykxr
dk [kpZ c<+ x;k gS] ftldh iwfrZ vR;Ur dfBu gS A ;g Hkh lgh gS fd Hkkjr dh dY;k.kdkjh ljdkj turk dh c<+rh gqbZ mPp f'k{kk dh ekax dks
nck ugha ldrh A bl leL;k dk ,dek= lekku nwj f'k{kk gh gS A oLrqr% nwj f'k{kk ykxr&O;; dh n`f"V ls lLrh gS A bl f'k{kk esa v/;srkvksa dks
vPNh f'k{kk ds leku volj iznku djus dh {kerk gS A fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ls bldh iqf"V gksrh gS
(i) nwj f'k{kk ls lHkh xzkeh.k {ks=ksa] 'kgjh {ks=ksa rFkk tutkfr;ksa ds yksx blls ykHk mBk ldrs gSa A
(ii) lekt ds vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s oxks ds yksx blls ykHk mBk ldrs gSa] D;ksafd mudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ,slh ugha gksrh fd os dkWyst esa izos'k
ugha ldsa A
(iii) fL=;ksa vkSj vU; lqfokoafpr oxks ds yksx tks viuh lkekftd vkSj HkkSxksfyd n'kkvksa ds dkj.k fu;fer dkWystksa esa izos'k ysus esa vleFkZ
gSa] os Hkh bldk ykHk mBk ldrs gSa A
(iv) tks yksx fcuk vk; vkSj le; xaok, viuh dq'kyrk vkSj 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk c<+kuk pkgrs gSa] mUgsa nwj f'k{kk ls i;kZIr lqfok fey ldrh
gS A

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f'k{kk dh xq.kokf'k{kk dh xq.kok dks /;ku esa j[kdj Hkh Hkkjr esa nwj f'k{kk vfuok;Z gks tkrh gS A fo'ks"k :i xq.kok dk Lrj mPp
f'k{kk esa fxjrk tk jgk gS A mPp f'k{kk ds xq.kok dks ikap izdkj ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS
(i) vfr fof'k"V mPp ekud ds :i esa
(ii) fujUrj 'kqYd nks"k;qDr
(iii) fuosf'kr u dh ewY; izkfIr
(iv) izfrHkkfx;ksa dk :ikUrj.k
;g loZfofnr gS fd Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk Lrj lHkh txg leku ugha gS A blesa laLFkk ls laLFkk vkSj 'kgjh {ks= ls xzkeh.k {ks= dh rqyuk esa Li"V
varj fn[kkbZ nsrk gS A ns'k esa dbZ f'k{kk laLFkk,a cgqr vPNh gSa vkSj bUgsa vUrjkZ"Vh; Lrj izkIr gS] ijUrq ,slh laLFkkvksa esa cgqr de yksxksa dks izos'k
fey ikrk gS vkSj ;fn feys] Hkh rks og mudh vkfFkZd lkeF;Z ds ckgj gksrk gS A lHkh ljdkjh vkSj xSj&ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa dh xq.kok ds Lrj esa
fofHkUurk ns[kh tk ldrh gS A
bu leL;kvksa dks nwj djus esa nwj f'k{kk leFkZ gS A ;g lHkh ds fy, leku xq.kok okyh f'k{kk iznku dj ldrh gS A blds fuEufyf[kr dkj.k
gSa
(i) nwj f'k{kk ,d gh izdkj dh vuqns'k lkexzh fHkUu&fHkUu lapkj ek/;eksa ls lHkh Nk=ksa dks miyC djok ldrh gS A
(ii) ;gk dgha Hkh lalkuksa dh lhferrk dk iz'u ugha mBrk A
(III) izklafxdrkvkt ijEijkxr f'k{kk dh izklafxdrk lekIr gks jgh gS A muesas vusd nks"k vk x, gSa A blesa lkekftd&vkfFkZd vkSj 'kSf{kd
vko';drkvksa ds e/; dksbZ rkyesy ugha gS A vfdka'k laLFkkvksa esa rduhdh f'k{kk dk vHkko gS A fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx dh okf"kZd fjikVZ
1995-96 esa dqy iath;u dk 40.4% dyk ikB~;eksa esa gaS A ogk dsoy 2.1% d`f"k vkSj 2.3% f'k{kk esa gS A ladk;xr fL=;ksa dh n'kk vkSj Hkh
'kkspuh; gS A tgk 54.39% dyk esa iath;u gS] ogha dsoy 20% foKku esa vkSj 1.2% baftfu;fjax vkSj izkS|ksfxdh esa gS A
nwj f'k{kk bu lkekftd&vkfFkZd vo/kkj.kkvksa dh iwfrZ dj ldrh gS vkSj ijEijkxr f'k{kk dh dfe;ksa dks nwj dj ldrh gS A Hkkjr ds eqDr
fo|ky; v?;srkvksa ds fofHkUu lewgksa dh vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i dbZ izdkj ds ikB~;e pyk j[ks gSa A ;'koUr jko pkSgku egkjk"V eqDr
fo'ofo|ky;] ukfld esa rks fdlkuksa ds fy, ikB~;e miyC gS A bfUnjk xkh eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] ubZ fnYyh esa dEI;wVj] bathfu;jh vkSj izkS|ksfxdh]
izcau] LokLF; foKku] mPprj f'k{kk vkfn ikB~;e lekt dks vko';drkvuqlkj miyC djkrk gS A bu lHkh esa fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ij /;ku fn;k
tkrk gS
(i) ;gk va'kdkfyd f'k{kk ij tksj fn;k tkrk gS] ftlesa vfxe ds fy, vfd yphyh O;oLFkk gksrh gS] rkfd ;qok oxZ vkSj izkS<+ oxZ ukSdjh
djus ds lkFk&lkFk v/;;u Hkh dj lds A
(ii) lsokjr yksxksa ds fy, fo'ks"khd`r ikB~;e dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS A
(iii) izkS<+kas dks mRizsj.kk nsus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS A
(iv) ijEijkxr ijh{kk iz.kkyh dh vkSipkfjdrkvksa dks iwjk fd, fcuk izek.ki= izkIr djus dh vko';drk ij cy fn;k tkrk gS A
(ii) nwjLFk f'k{kk osQ lanHkZ esa lapkj ek;eksa osQ pquko vkSj mudk ,dhdj.k ls tqM+s eq[; eqksa dh ppkZ dhft,A
mkjek/;eksa ds p;u ds egoiw.kZ ekun.MfofHkUu f'k{kk'kkfL=;ksa vkSj fo}kuksa lsfeLtksoLdh] jkWmUVh] csV~l vkfn us fofHkUu ekun.M
fukkZfjr fd, gSa] muesa ls egoiw.kZ ekun.M fuEufyf[kr gSa
1. 'kS{kf.kd izHkkfor
2. miyC/krk vkSj igqap
3. ferO;f;rk
4. iz;ksDrk dk eS=hiw.kZ O;ogkj
5. izf'kf{kr ekuo lalk/ku
6. gkMZos;j ;a= lkexzh dh mfpr O;oLFkk
1. 'kS{kf.kd izHkkforkfofHkUu ek/;eksa dh v/;kiu f;k esa fofHkUu izdkj dh Hkwfedk gksrh gS A budk mi;ksx 'kS{kf.kd mn~ns';laKkukRed]
HkkokRed vkSj #fp ds vuqlkj fd;k tk ldrk gS A mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn mn~ns'; HkkokRed {ks= ls lacaf/kr gS izo`f;ka] #fp;ka vkfn] rks n`'; ek;e
nwljs ek/;e }kjk nwj ds f;kdyki ds lkFk vR;Ur mi;qDr ;qfDr fl) gks ldrk gS A ;fn mn~ns'; lwpuk nsuk gS] laKkukRed rks eqfnzr lkexzh
gh laHkor% vf/kd izHkkoh gksrh gS A ek/;eksa }kjk Nk=ksa ds fy, vf/kxe ij fu;a=.k dk izko/kku Hkh gksuk pkfg, A blfy,
ek/;eksa dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vf/kxe dh xfr vkSj le; ds vuqlkj yphyk gksuk pkfg, A ek/;e ,slk gksuk pkfg, fd ftlls fo|kFkhZ viuh vko';drk
rFkk volj ds vuqlkj lh[k ldsa A 'kS{kf.kd izHkkfork ds fy, ek/;e dks O;fDrxr fofHkUurkvksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, rFkk izR;sd fo|kFkhZ dks mldh
{kerk ds vuqlkj lh[kus dh Lok;k nsuh pkfg, A
(II)

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vkSj igqap vf/kxE;rkek/;eksa ds p;u esa fdlh ns'k ;k LFkku fo'ks"k bldh mldh miyC/rk vkSj igqap dk Hkh /;ku j[kk tkrk
gS A blds lkFk y{; oxZ dh mu ek/;eksa rd lqxe igqap gksuh pkfg, A mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr esa Nk=ksa dks ikB~;iqLrd] jsfM;ks rFkk nwjn'kZu vklkuh
ls miyC/k gks tkrk gS] ijUrq dEI;wVj] bZ&esy] QSDl] baVjusV vkfn cgqr de Nk=ksa dks miyC/k gks ikrk gS A miyC/krk dk rkRi;Z izkS|ksfxdh y{;
oxZ dh igqap esa miyC/krk ls gS A VsyhQksu dh lqfo/kk rks gS] ijUrq lcdh igqap ogka rd ugha gS A ;fn fo|kFkhZ izkS|ksfxdh dks dke ds LFkku ;k ?kj
ij izkIr ugha dj ldrs gSa] rks mUgsa vf/kxe ;k lalk/ku dsUnz ij tkus dk funsZ'k fn;k tk ldrk gS A ;fn izkS|ksfxdh dh miyC/krk rFkk igqap fuf'pr
gks] rks ek/;eksa ds p;u dk dke vklku gks tkrk gS A Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'k esa ek/;eksa dh lqxe miyCrk esa vHkh cgqr dfBukbZ gS A
3. ferO;f;rkek/;e ds p;u esa foh; lk/kuksa dk Hkh /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gS A ;fn ogh mnn~s'; ljy vkSj lLrs ek/;e ds iz;ksx ls izkIr
fd, tk ldrs gSa] rks fuf'pr :i ls blh ek/;e dk p;u fd;k tk ldrk gS A rFkkfi ewY; rFkk ykHk ds lEcU/k dks vf/kxe ifj.kkeksa ds :i esa
ns[kuk gksrk gS A 'kS{kf.kd ek/;e ds p;u esa fuEufyf[kr ewY;ksa ;k dherksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,
(i) iwath ykxrizkS|ksfxdh dh lkt&lTtk( ;FkkJO;] ohfM;ks] LVwfM;ks] VkalehVj] tehu dh ykxr] Hkou&fuekZ.k] dEI;wVj vkfn ij gksus okyk
[kpZ iwath ykxr gS A
(ii) mRiknu ykxrJO;&n`'; dk;Ze] dEI;wVj lkWVos;j vkfn dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djus] mRiknu rFkk fodkl djus ij vkus okyk [kpZ
mRiknu ykxr gS A
(iii) forj.k ykxr;g ykxr lkzsr ls izkid rFkk izkid ls lzksr rd lwpuk Hkstus ij vkrh gS A
(iv) vkorhZ ykxr;g ykxr ekuo lalk/ku dh fu;qfDr] fodkl rFkk j[k&j[kko] lkt&lTtk vkSj izkS|ksfxdh vkfn ij vkrh gS A
4. miHkksDrkvksa ds izfr eS=khiw.kZ izfrf;kek/;eksa ds p;u esa miHkksDrkvksa ds izfr yxko dk Hkh /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gS A ftl ek/;e dk
pquko fd;k tkuk gS] mlds izfr Nk=ksa vkSj v/;kidksa dh izfrf;k eS=hiw.kZ gksuh pkfg, A blds fy, fuEufyf[kr 'krs vko';d gSa
(i) ek/;e lapkfyr djus] izcU/k djus vkSj iz;ksx djus esa ljy gksuk pkfg, A
(ii) vf/kxe lkexzh dk mRiknu vkSj iz;ksx tfVy dkS'ky okyk ugha gksuk pkfg, A
(iii) tfVy dkS'kyksa( ;Fkk dEI;wVj lapkyu ds fy, izf'k{k.k dh lqfo/kk gksuh pkfg, A
5. izf'kf{kr ekuo 'kfDr,sls ek/;eksa dk p;u djuk pkfg, ftlesa izf'kf{kr ekuo 'kfDr miyC/k gks A Hkkjr 'kS{kf.kd izkS|ksfxdh esa lQy
blfy, ugha gS] D;ksafd ge izR;sd dk;Z ds fy, fons'kksa ij fuHkZj gSa A f'k{k.k dk;ks ds fy, izkS|ksfxdh dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djus] fodflr djus] mRiUu
djus vkSj mi;ksx esa ykus ds fy, izf'kf{kr dkfeZdksa dk fuekZ.k rFkk miyC/krk lqfuf'pr djuh gksxh A
6. gkMZos;j ;a=k lkexzh dh mfpr O;oLFkk&pqus gq, gkMZos;j dh O;oLFkk LFkk;h vkSj lqjf{kr gksuh pkfg, A ;g HkkSxksfyd rFkk tyok;q laca/
kh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy gksuh pkfg, A izkS|ksfxdh dks vuqdwy n'kk u feyus ij ;g gkfudkjd Hkh gks ldrh gS A mnkgj.k ds fy,] gkMZos;j ds lapkyu
esa fctyh dk gksuk vko';d 'krZ gS A izkS|ksfxdh dh leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, dqN oSdfYid O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg, A
ek/;eksa ds lekdyu dh vko';drkvk/kqfud ;qx esa 'kS{kf.kd izkS|ksfxdh dk rsth ls fodkl gks jgk gS A Nk=ksa ds me fodkl ds fy,
vusd ek/;eksa dk iz;ksx vko';d gksrk tk jgk gS A oLrqr% ek/;e lekdfyr :i ,dhd`r esa ,d&nwljs dh 'kfDr ds vuqiwjd gksrs gSa vkSj Nk=ksa
dks vf/kxe mn~nhiuksa ds le`)] fofo/k vkSj lqlaxr feJ.k iznku djrs gSa rFkk viuh 'kfDr;ksa dk vPNk mi;ksx djus esa mudh lgk;rk djrs gSa A
VksM~l (1986) us ek/;eksa ds lekdyu ij fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa ls cy fn;k gS
1. ,d ls vf/kd ek/;eksa dk mi;ksx vfHkizsj.kk dh mRif] /kkj.k rFkk o`f) dj ldrk gS A v/;srk esa #fp mRif rFkk j[kj[kko vfHkizsfjr
dj ldrk gS A
2. cgqek/;e dk mi;ksx v/;kiu dh o`f) ls izHkkoh gks ldrk gS] fdUrq vkfFkZd n`f"V ls ugha A eq[; ek/;e dk vuqiwjd ek/;e ds lkFk
foosdiw.kZ mi;ksx f'k{k.k dks vf/kd izHkkoh cuk ldrk gS A
3. dqN fo"k;&oLrq,a ,d ek/;e dh vis{kk nwljs ek/;e ls vPNh izdkj i<+kbZ tk ldrh gSa A mnkgj.k ds fy,] dqN ekeyksa esa] eqfnzr lkexzh
fcYdqy izHkkodkjh ugha gks ldrh A
4. izR;sd ek/;e dh viuh dfe;ka gksrh gSa] ftUgas cgqek/;eksa ds iz;ksx }kjk ;k rks de fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k mu ij dkcw ik;k tk ldrk gS A
5. ek/;eksa dk lekdyu 'kSf{kd fuos'k dh igqap esa o`f) djrk gS A ;fn ,d ls vf/kd fodYiksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,] rks Nk=ksa }kjk vf/kxe
dh lEHkkouk vf/kd gksrh gS A
6. ek/;eksa dk la;kstu vf/kxe dks izcfyr djus esa lgk;rk djrk gS A vf/kxe ladsr dks fofHkUu jaxksa eas is'k djus ij Nk=ksa }kjk le>us
dh le>us dh lEHkkouk vPNh gksrh gS A buds vykok fofHkUu Nk=ksa dh fofHkUu #fp;ksa] ;ksX;rkvksa] {kerkvksa rFkk ;gka rd fd v{kerk,a gksrh gSa]
ftuds }kjk ,d ek/;e dh vis{kk nwljs ek/;e dk mi;ksx ljy gksrk gS A
ek/;eksa ds lekdyu dk ego
2. miyC/krk

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1. vusd

fo}kuksa vksylu vkSj czwuj] xk;us vkSj fczxl (1974) vkSj lkykseku (1974) us vf/kxe ds fofHkUu Lrjksa vkSj izdkjksa dks izHkkoh
cukus ds fy, cgqfo/k ek/;eksa dh Hkwfj&Hkwfj iz'kalk dh gS A
2. izkS|ksfxdh ds fodkl us vf/kxe ds ,d ls vf/kd ek/;eksa dks miyC/k djk;k gS A
3. izR;sd ek/;e dh egk c<+ tkrh gS] D;ksafd izR;sd ek/;e dh viuh dfe;ka vkSj fo'ks"krk;sa gksrh gaS A
4. ek/;eksa ds la;kstu ls ek/;eksa dh 'kfDr c<+ tkrh gS vkSj fuf'pr mn~ns'; dh izkfIr esa lgk;rk feyrh gS A
5. cgqek/;e dk;Z'kSyh ds mi;ksx dk eq[; mn~ns'; izR;sd ek/;e dh viuh vf}rh; fo'ks"krk dk ykHk ,dhd`r ek/;eksa ds :i esa mBk;k tk
ldrk gS A
6. ek/;eksa ds lekdyu dk iz;ksx eqDr fo'ofo|ky; }kjk fd;k x;k gS] ftlls fu"d"kZ fudyk gS fd cgqek/;e iSdst nwj f'k{kk ds Nk=ksa dks
i<+kus esa i;kZIr izHkkoh fl) gq, gSa A
(iii) Lo&vfkxe osQ dkS'ky D;k gS\ Lo&vfkxe esa bu dkS'kyksa osQ iz;ksx ls tqM+s vius vuqHkoksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
mkjLo&vf/kxeLo&vf/kxe dk laca/k vf/kxe ls gh gS A MkVZ (1997) ds vuqlkj] vf/kxe ds vUrxZr v/;srk dk Kku ;k lwpukvksa dks
miktZu djus] fu:fir djus] iqu% Lej.k djus] mu ij vuqf;k djus rFkk mldk mi;ksx djus dh {kerk 'kkfey gksrh gS A bl izdkj blesa oLrqvksa
;k phtksa dk izR;{khdj.k gksrk gS A Lo&vf/kxe dk lEcU/k Hkh bUgha ls gksrk gS A blds fy, lh[kus] le>us rFkk vius vf/kxe dks fu;af=r djus vkSj
vf/kxe ;ksX;rk dh vko';drk iM+rh gS A
Lo&vf/kxe dh vo/kkj.kk dh fo'ks"krk;sa;s fo'ks"krk;sa fuEufyf[kr gSa
1. v/;srk dsfUnzr vf/kxeLo&vf/kxe v/;srk&dsfUnzr gksrk gS A blds dkj.k fuEufyf[kr dks vklkuh ls lh[k ldrk gS
(i) og viuh bPNkuqlkj tc pkgs] ftruh ckj pkgs vkSj ftrus dky vof/k v/;;u dj ldrk gS A
(ii) og fdlh fof/k ls lh[k ldrk gS A
(iii) tks Hkh og pkgs mn~ns'; ,oa fo"k;&oLrq xzg.k dj ldrk gS A
2. vf/kxe dk mkjnkf;Ro v/;srkLo&vf/kxe esa vf/kxe dk iw.kZ mjnkf;Ro v/;srk ij gksrk gS A blhfy, fdlh nwj v/;srk dks izkjEHk
esa dfBukbZ dk vuqHko gksrk gS] D;kasafd mls fcuk fdlh ckgjh lgkjs vFkok cgqr de lgkjs ds lh[kus dh izf;k esa Lo;a dks izf'kf{kr djuk gksrk g
A mls vius vf/kxe lEcU/kh dk;Zdykiksa ds fu;kstu rFkk fu;a=.k esa Lok;rk izkIr djuh gksrh gS A mls vius v/;;u vkSj vf/kxe ds fy, viuh
le; vof/k rFkk LFkku Lo;a fu/kkZfjr djuk gksrk gS A bl izdkj Lo&vf/kxe Lo;a v/;srk }kjk nhf{kr ,oa lapkfyr gksrk gS A
3. f'k{kk ds yphys izko/kku ls O;fDrxr vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ;|fi nwj f'k{kk dks izk;% Lo;a Lora= vf/kxe ekuk tkrk gS] D;ksafd blds
vanj v/;srk rFkk laLFkk HkkSfrd :i ls ,d&nwljs ls i`Fkd~ gksrs gSa A ijUrq 'kSf{kd n`f"V ls ,slk gksuk vko';d ugha gS A lhVu (1991) ds vuqlkj]
Lo&vf/kxe esa HkkSfrd foeqfDr rFkk v/;srk }kjk vR;f/kd 'kSf{kd fu;a=.k nksuksa i{k 'kkfey gksrs gSa A v/;srk fu;a=.k dk va'k ftruk vf/kd gksxk]
mruh gh vf/kd v/;srk dks Lok;rk gksxh vkSj mruk gh vf/kd Lo&vf/kxe gksxk A
4. vfHkdfYir rFkk fufeZr v/;;u lkexzh dk mi;ksx Lo&vf/kxe esa vfHkdfYir rFkk fufeZr v/;;u lkexzh dk mi;ksx gksrk gS A nwj
f'k{kk esa v/;srk v/;kidksa rFkk laLFkk ls nwj gksus ds dkj.k] Lo&vf/kxe dh vo/kkj.kk ;k fopkj ds vf/kd fudV gksrs gSa] tks nwj f'k{kk dk egoiw.kZ
dkjd gksrk gS A vf/kxe lkexzh] midj.k rFkk izkS|ksfxdh dk oj.k Lo&vf/kxe dks vklku djrs gq, vf/kxe dks v/;srkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gS A Lo&vf/kxe Lo;a v/;srkvksa dh vf/kxe ds izfr vfHkizsj.kk ,oa Lokuq'kklu ij fuHkZj djrk gS A nwj f'k{kk esa vf/kxe v/;srkvksa dh
vkRefuHkZjrk rFkk vkRe&fu/kkZj.k dk ,d vPNk ijh{k.k gS A bl izdkj v/;srk dk v/;;u vfHkdfYir rFkk fufeZr v/;;u&lkexzh ij fuHkZj gksrk
gS A
Lo&vf/kxe dks c<k+us vkSj izksUur djus ds mik;tfoZl] gkYQksMZ rFkk fxzfQu (1998) tSls fo'ks"kKksa us vius 'kks/k ds vk/kkj ij Lo&vfkxe
dks c<+kus vkSj izksUur djus ds mik; crk;s gSa] tks fuEufyf[kr gSa
(i) dqN fof'k"V fo"k;ksa ds fy, fofHkUu lzksrksa ls lwpuk iznku djuh pkfg, A
(ii) vko';drk fu/kkZj.k ds vk/kkj ij igpkus x, izlaxksa fo"k;ksa ij ubZ lwpuk;sa <wa<uk pkfg, vFkok miyC/k lalk/kuksa dk irk yxkuk pkfg,A
(iii) y?kq lewg dk;Zdyki ;Fkk okn&fookn] iz'u iwNuk vkfn dks izksRlkgu nsuk pkfg,] rkfd vf/kxe vuqHko esa #fp mRiUu gks lds A
(iv) v/;srk dks miyfC/k;ksa ds ewY;kadudrkZ ds :i esa dk;Z djuk pkfg, A ;g dk;Z vf/kxe vuqHko ds e/; rFkk var nksuksa esa djuk pkfg,A
(v) v/;srkvksa ds lkFk vkSipkfjd rFkk lewg fLFkfr;ksa ls ckgj dk;Z djds mRizsjd cuuk pkfg, A
(vi) vf/kxe lkexzh ds dqN va'k ds fy, fdlh ,d O;fDr ;k NksVs lewg ds fy, Lo;a lalk/ku ds :i esa dk;Z djuk pkfg, A
(vii) ,d ,sls Kku lalk/ku dk fuekZ.k djuk pkfg, ftlesa fofHkUu izdj.kksa ;k v/;;u lzksr ls lacaf/kr lwpuk;sa] lapkj ek/;e rFkk izfr:i
miyC/k gksuk A

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(viii) ,d

,slh vf/kxe izf;k dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg, ftlesa ,sls dk;Zdyki 'kkfey gksus pkfg, ftlls vko';drkvksa dk lrr~ funku]
lrr~ izfriqf"V] izkfIr rFkk v/;srk vUrHkkZforrk dk iks"k.k gks lds A
(ix) v/;srkvksa dh vf/kxe ;kstukvksa dh izfriqf"V iznku djuh pkfg, A
(x) v/;srkvksa dks mudh vko';drkvksa rFkk l{kerkvksa ds vkdyu esa lgk;rk djuh pkfg,] rkfd izR;sd v/;srk viuk
vf/kxe dk;Z fu/kkZfjr dj lds A
(xi) v/;srkvksa dh vf/kxe ds izfr ,d vfHko`f rFkk ,d mikxe le> fodflr djus esa v/;srkvksa dh lgk;rk djuh pkfg,] ftlls muesa
Lora=rk dh Hkkouk fodflr gks lds A
(xii) vf/kxe rFkk Lo&funsf'kr vUos"k.k ds izfr ,d ldkjkRed vfHko`f ds fodkl esa lgk;rk djuh pkfg, A
bu mik;ksa dh mis{kk ugha djuh pkfg,] D;ksafd ,slk djus ls Lo&vf/kxe ij izfrdwy izHkko iM+ ldrk gS A
Lo&vf/kxe dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjdLo&vf/kxe dks fuEufyf[kr dkjd izHkkfor djrs gSa
1. vfHkizsj.kk
2. vf/kxe lkexzh
3. 'kSf{kd i`"BHkwfe
4. i;kZoj.kh; i`"BHkwfe
5. vf/kxe lgk;rk
1. vfHkizsj.kkLo&vf/kxe Lok/;k; ls gh iwjk gksrk gS A blfy, ;g Lo;a mldh vfHkizsj.kk ij gh fuHkZj djrk gS A vfHkizsfjr Nk= vf/kd
vf/kxe dj ldrk gS A yksxksa esa fo|eku vfHkizsj.kk dkj.k ds :i esa gks ldrh gS] tks fdlh lk/; ds lk/ku ds :i esa dke dj ldrh gS A mnkgj.k
ds fy,] mldh thfodk mlh ds dke vkrh gS A blds vykok vfHkizsj.kk ek= vkRelarqf"V ds fy, vkarfjd Hkh gks ldrh gS A vfr mPp Lrjh;
vfHkizsj.kk dh n'kk esa gh vf/kxe Lo&funsf'kr gks ldrk gS vkSj rHkh Lo&vf/kxe ds y{; dks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS A
2. vf/kxe lkexzhLo&vf/kxe dh merk vf/kxe lkexzh ij Hkh fuHkZj gksrh gS A lk/ku ds vPNk gksus ij gh vf/kxe izsfjr gksrk gS A vfkxe
lkexzh dk vfHkdYiu bl izdkj gksuk pkfg, fd v/;srk Lora= :i ls lh[k lds A blds fy, fuEufyf[kr dk;Z djus pkfg,
(i) vf/kxe lkexzh v/;kiu ,oa vf/kxe ds fl)kUrksa ds vk/kkj ij cuh gksuh pkfg, A
(ii) blesa lapkj ek/;e rFkk mlds vuqiz;ksxksa dk p;u djuk pkfg, A
(iii) vf/kxe lkexzh xq.kok ds Hkjiwj gks] D;ksafd bldk izHkko Lora= vf/kxe ij iM+rk gS A
(iv) bl vf/kxe lkexzh dk fodkl O;fDrxr v/;srkvksa dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dks /;ku esa j[kdj fd;k tkuk pkfg, A
(v) vf/kxe lkexzh fdlh fo'ks"k mn~ns'; ij vk/kkfjr gksuh pkfg, A
(vi) ml lkexzh dks fo'ks"k :i ls vfHkdfYir djuk pkfg,] tks lqxe ,oa lapkyuh; gks A
(vii) vf/kxe lkexzh dh vLi"Vrk dqaBk dk dkj.k cu ldrh gS A
(viii) nwj f'k{kd dks Lora= vf/kxe ds fy, Li"V mn~ns';] vuqns'k] ;FkkFkZ vis{kk;sa vkSj lkexzh dh Lor% iw.kZ izd`fr ij vf/kd cy nsuk pkfg,A
3. 'kSf{kd i`"BHkwfeuohu Lo&vf/kxe izkIr djus ds fy, v/;srk dks igys ls dqN vuqHko gksuk pkfg, A 'kSf{kd i`"BHkwfe rFkk O;kolkf;d
vuqHko igys v/;;u esa izkIr xzsM ;k vad 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk ds egoiw.kZ dkjd gksrs gSa] ftuls Lo&vf/kxe dh xq.kok izHkkfor gksrh gS A viuh 'kSf{kd
;ksX;rk dk v/;srk dk Lo&izR;{khdj.k mlds v/;;u laca/kh iz;klksa dh lQyrk ;k vlQyrk dk mPp Hkfo"; okpd gS A blhfy, dqN laLFkk;sa lsrq
ikB~;e pyk jgh gaS A
4. i;kZoj.kh; dkjdnwj f'k{kk ds v/;srk ij mlds i;kZoj.kh; dkjd dk Hkh izHkko iM+rk gS A bldk fufgrkFkZ ;g gS fd v/;srk dh Lok;rk
dks rFkk mldh bl Lok;rk ds mi;ksx djus dh ;ksX;rk dks i;kZoj.kh; lUnHkZ esa ns[kuk pkfg, A blhfy, f'kf{kr ifjokjksa esa Lo&vf/kxe dks vfkd
c<+kok feyrk gS A
5. vf/kxe lgk;rkckFk (Bath, 1979) ds vuqlkj vuqdwy le; ij f'k{kd }kjk fn;k x;k lgkjk ;k mldh lgk;rk vkSj leFkZu vf/kxe
dks lq[kdj cukrk gS A blls mls y{;ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djus] mi;qDr vf/kxe lkexzh ds p;u] vius vf/kxe dk;Zdykiksa dks iwjk djus rFkk viuh
izxfr ds ewY;kadu esa lgk;rk dh vko';drk gksrh gS A
LVsokVZ (1975) us Hkh bl ij tksj nsrs gq, dgk gS] ^^v/;srkvksa dks vius laiw.kZ v/;;u&dky esa fujUrj :i ls lykg rFkk lgk;rk dh
vko';drk iM+rh jgrh gS A Lo&vf/kxe ds lqdjhdj.k esa ekuo ?kVd dk izos'k ,d egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS A** bl izdkj v/;kidksa dh lqxe
miyC/krk vfr egoiw.kZ gS] D;ksafd 'kadkvksa dk mfpr le; ij lek/kku gks tkrk gS A

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