www.ignou-ac.

in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

N
1
www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in1

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

B.E.S.E.-066
fd'kksjkoLFkk ,oa ikfjokfjd f'k{kk
( Adolescence and Family Education )
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa dk mkj nhft,

(i) fd'kksjksa osQ oqQN lkekU; eqksa dh la{ksi esa O;k[;k dhft,A
mkjoS;fDrd eqsfd'kksjksa osQ O;ogkj ls tqM+s eqqksa dks fuEufyf[kr oxks esa ckVk tk ldrk gS
(d) 'kkjhfjd eqs
([k) laosxkRed eqs
(d) 'kkjhfjd eqsfd'kksjkoLFkk 'kkjhfjd o`f ,oa ;kSu o`f dh voLFkk gSA bl voLFkk esa 'kkjhfjd ifjorZuksa osQ dkj.k
muesa foijhr fyax osQ fr vR;f/d vkd"kZ.k gksrk gS ijarq orZeku le; esa lefyaxh dkeqdrk dh Hkkouk Hkh cyorh gksrh tk jgh
gS tks fd'kksjksa osQ vlkekU; O;ogkj dks n'kkZrk gSA lefyaxh dkeqdrk osQ dkj.k os ,p-vkbZ-oh-@,M~l rFkk vU; ;kSu jksxksa osQ f'kdkj
gks tkrs gSaA bl leL;k ls fuiVus osQ fy, v;kid ,oa vfHkHkkodksa dks cPpksa ls ;kSu lEcU/ksa ij [kqydj ppkZ djuh pkfg, vkSj
mUgsa buosQ fr tkx:d cukuk pkfg,A
([k) laosxkRed eqsfd'kksjkoLFkk esa fd'kksj vius lelewg ij lcls vf/d fo'okl djrs gSa rFkk nksLrh esa u, ewY;ksa dh
ryk'k djrs gSaA ;s ewY; lekt Lohr Hkh gks ldrs gSa vkSj ugha HkhA os fdlh ,d dks viuk vkn'kZ ekudj mldk vuqlj.k djus
yxrs gSaA fd'kksjksa osQ laosx lEcU/h eq[k eqs fuEufyf[kr gSa
(i) gemez lkfFk;ksa dk c<+rk Hkkofd'kksjkoLFkk O;fDrRo osQ fuekZ.k o iquxZBu dk dky gSA bl nkSjku og vius leewg
osQ Hkko ls vius O;fDrRo osQ fuekZ.k ,oa leL;kvksa osQ gy [kkstus dk ;kl djrk gSA pwfd leewg osQ lnL; Hkh o;Ld ugha
gksrs blfy, vusd ckj os xyr ewY;ksa dks vius ewY;ksa esa 'kkfey dj vius O;ogkj dks vlaxr vkSj vlkekU; cuk ysrs gSaA os
tqvk] os';kxeu] u'khys inkFkks osQ lsou tSls lekt fojks/h dk;ks ls tqM+ tkrs gSaA
(ii) u'khys inkFkks dk lsoufd'kksjkoLFkk esa bldh vk'kadk lcls vf/d gksrh gS vkSj blesa lcls T;knk ncko leewg dk
gh gksrk gSA os u'khys inkFkks osQ lsou }kjk viuh fpark dks nwj djus tSlh /kj.kk cuk ysrs gSaA
bldk dkj.k ifjokj esa mis{kk] viusiu dh deh] ?kj esa yM+kbZ&>xM+k mudh bl xyr o`fk ls xzLr gksus osQ fy, Hkh
mkjnk;h ekuk tk ldrk gSA
u'khys inkFkks dk lsou lekt fojks/h xfrfof/ gS vkSj fd'kksjksa dks buls cpkus osQ fy, vfHkHkkodksa ,oa v;kidksa dh Hkwfedk
egoiw.kZ gSA blosQ fy, ,d ftEesnkj ukxfjd osQ :i esa dkuwu osQ laj{kdksa dks bldh lwpuk nsuk ,oa u'kkeqfDr osaQnzksa esa tkdj
mUgsa bykt djokus osQ fy, ekxZn'kZu nsuk o mudh lgk;rk djuk t:jh gSA
lkekftd&lkaLfrd eqsfd'kksjksa ls lEcfU/r vusd lkekftd&lkaLfrd igyw gSa] ftu ij fopkj djuk vko';d gS

N
2

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in2

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

fd'kksj vijk/fd'kksjksa esa vijk/ dh c<+rh o`fk vkt ,d eq[k lkekftd leL;k gSA ;g leL;k muosQ O;ogkj
fr:i dk ,d fgLlk gSA 'kkjhfjd NsM+NkM+] pksjh] dkuwu rksM+uk vkfn fd'kksj vijk/ksa osQ mnkgj.k gSaA
fu/Zurk] csjkstxkjh] ?kj dk vLoPN okrkoj.k] ekufld }a}] ;kSu lEcU/ksa osQ fr tkx:d u gksuk rFkk tSfod dkjd blosQ
eq[k dkj.k gSaA
(ii) cky&Jecky&Je ,d lkekftd cqjkbZ gS vkSj ftldk dkj.k vkFkd vHkko gSA cky&Je cPpksa dh 'kkjhfjd o`f vkSj
fodkl dks lh/s Hkkfor djrk gS rFkk mudh ekufldrk dks Hkh vLoLFk cukrk gSA
(iii) vkRegR;kvkRegR;k ,d lkekftd dkjd gS vkSj bl o`fk osQ mRiUu gksus dk eq[; dkj.k vkFkd vHkko gSA y{;
dh kfIr u gksus ls mRiUu fujk'kk fd'kksjksa esa vkRegR;k dh o`fk dks c<+kok nsrh gSA
(iv) fd'kksjksa ij tulapkj ek;eksa dk udkjkRed Hkkotulapkj ek;e mUur kS|ksfxdh dk ifj.kke gSa rFkk euksjatu dk
lk/u gSa] ijarq O;kolkf;drk ,oa if'peh laLfr osQ Hkko ls fd'kksjksa ij tulapkj ek;eksa dk udkjkRed Hkko iM+ jgk gSA
tulapkj ek;eksa osQ nq#i;ksx osQ fr l[r dkuwu cukuk o v'yhy lkfgR; ij jksd bldh jksdFkke osQ dkjxj mik; gSaA
(v) fyax Hksn vk/kfjr Hkwfedk dk eqk ,oa fd'kksjkoLFkkHkkjrh; lekt esa iq#"kksa dks efgykvksa dh vis{kk vf/d ego
nsuk fyax Hksn ls mRiUu leL;kvksa dk dkj.k curk gSA gekjs lekt dh :f<+xr izFkk yM+fd;ksa dks fuEu le>rh gS ftlosQ dkj.k
fd'kksjkoLFkk esa yM+dksa dh ekufldrk Hkh mlosQ vuq:i cu tkrh gSA fyax Hksn osQ dkj.k fd'kksjkoLFkk esa yM+fd;ksa osQ 'kkjhfjd]
ekufld ,oa lkekftd fodkl ij vlj iM+rk gS rFkk oqQaBk o fujk'kk osQ dkj.k muosQ O;ogkj fr:i esa udkjkRed igyw >ydus
yxrs gSaA f'k{kk] vkS|ksfxdhdj.k rFkk laoS/kfud ko/kuksa ls bl leL;k dks nwj djus osQ ;kl fd, tk jgs gSa ijarq vHkh
vk'kkuq:i ifj.kke kIr ugha gks jgs gSaA
vkFkd eqsO;fDr vkFkd rkSj ij l{ke gksus o vkthfodk dk mfpr lk/u gksus ij gh vius thou dks lqpk# :i ls
pyk ldrk gS] ijarq fu/Zurk ,oa csjkstxkjh fd'kksjksa dks f'k{kk NksM+us] vijk/ksa esa layXu gkssus ij etcwj djrh gSA csjkstxkjh dk
dkj.k vf/d vkcknh] lalk/uksa dk oqQ'kyre ;ksx u gksuk rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa vkthfodk osQ lk/u u gksuk gSA
bu leL;kvksa dks fd'kksjksa dh leL;kvksa ls tksM+us o mu ij xaHkhj fopkj dj mfpr lek/ku fudkyus dh vko';drk gSA
(ii) o`fkdksa osQ fy, mi;ksxh thou dkS'kyksa dh la{ksi esa O;k[;k dhft,A
mkjthou dkS'ky O;ogkj ifjorZu rFkk O;ogkj fodkl n`f"Vdks.k dks fodflr djus okys thou flkar gSaA ;wfulsiQ osQ vuqlkj
thou dkS'ky Kku] vfHko`fk ,oa dkS'kyksa osQ {ks=kksa osQ larqyu dks cuk, j[kus esa O;ogkj ifjorZu djus okys fufgrkFkZ gSaA thou dkS'ky
euks&lkekftd ,oa vaar%oS;fDrd dkS'kyksa dk og cM+k lewg gS tks yksxksa }kjk lq>k, x, fu.kZ; ysus] fopkjksa dk Hkkoh <ax ls
vknku&nku djus ,oa vkRe&ca/u dkS'kyksa osQ fodkl esa mudh lgk;rk djrk gSA blls os LoLFk vkSj ykHkn thou th ldrs gSa]
thou dkS'ky euq"; dh futh ;ksX;rk, gaS] vr% bUgsa ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA
thou dkS'ky f'k{kk dks nks oxks esa ckVk tk ldrk gS(i) lwpuk] (ii) thou dkS'ky fodklA lwpuk ls rkRi;Z gS fd'kksjksa dks
LokLF;] eknd inkFkks osQ lsou tSls fo"k;ksa ij tkx:d djukA thou dkS'ky fodkl fd'kksjksa dks lwpuk dk lnqi;ksx djus osQ
fy, t:jh dkS'kyksa ls iw.kZ djuk gSA
(i)

thou dkS'ky f'k{kk dk ego

thou dkS'ky f'k{kk O;fDr dks os mik; [kkstus esa enn djrh gS tks thou dkS'kyksa dks 'kkjhfjd@ekufld vkSj lkekftd mUufr
dh iw.kZrk dh voLFkk esa enn djrs gSaA thou dkS'ky f'k{kk ls O;fDr dks Kku kIr gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk ,d [kq'kgky thou thus
esa Hkh enn feyrh gSA
thou dkS'ky f'k{kk dk fd'kksjksa osQ fuEufyf[kr {ks=kksa esa ego gS
1- mUgsa o;Ldrk nku djus esa enn djukA
2- futh igpku cukus esa enn djukA
3- xyr&lgh dh igpku djus esa lgk;dA
3- ldkjkRed ekunaMksa dh o`fA
5- xyr /kj.kkvksa dks iuius ls jksdukA
6- laosxksa ij fu;a=k.k esa lgk;dA
3
www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in3

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

ewy thou dkS'kyfo'o LokLF; laxBu }kjk Lohr ewy thou dkS'kyksa dk o.kZu bl dkj gS
(d) rkdd fparu dkS'ky@fu.kZ;u dkS'ky
1- fu.kZ;u dkS'ky;g dkS'ky v;kid ,oa fo|kFk;ksa nksuksa dks lgh fn'kk esa fu.kZ; ysus dh ;ksX;rk fodflr djus esa enn
djrk gSA blls os leL;kvksa ls tw>us esa l{ke gksrs gSaA
2- rkdd fparu dkS'ky;g dkS'ky O;fDr dks ;g fl[kkrk gS fd oLrqijd rjhosQ ls lwpuk ,oa vuqHkoksa dks oSQls
fo'ysf"kr fd;k tk,A
3- leL;k fuokj.k dkS'kybl dkS'ky osQ vH;kl ls O;fDr leL;k dh igpku] mlosQ dkj.kksa vkSj ksrksa dks le>us dh
{kerk fodflr djrk gSA
([k) var%oS;fDrd@las"k.k dkS'ky
4- Hkkoh las"k.klas"k.k fopkjksa osQ vknku&nku dk lk/u gSA las"k.k ekSf[kd o xSj&ekSf[kd gksrk gSA las"k.k Hkkoh gksus
ij gh vius ms'; dks iw.kZ djrk gSA Hkkoh las"k.k dk vFkZ gS fd lwpuk kIrdkkZ osQ ikl vius ewy :i esa igqp tk,A las"k.k
fdruk Hkko'kkyh gS ;g O;fDr dh lkaLfrd fLFkfr;ksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA las"k.k dkS'ky osQ varxZr ;kuiwoZd lquuk] Hkkoukvksa
dks vfHkO;Dr djuk rFkk mi;qDr friqf"V nsuk 'kkfey gSA
5- le>kSrs dh ckrphr@euk djus dk dkS'kytks fLFkfr euq"; esa fujk'kk mRiUu djrh gS mlls le>kSrk djuk vFkok mls
udkj nsus dh ;ksX;rk esa ;g thou dkS'ky lgk;d gSA
6- rnuqHkwfr;g dkS'ky O;fDr dks nwljs }kjk >syh tk jgh fLFkfr dks le>us dh ;ksX;rk nku djrk gSA blls nwljksa osQ fr
ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k vkSj lg;ksx dh Hkkouk fodflr gksrh gSA
7- var%oS;fDrd dkS'kynwljs yksxksa osQ lkFk fdlh dk;Z osQ fr lkeatL; LFkkfir djuk var%oS;fDrd dkS'ky dgykrk gSA
bl dkS'ky ls O;fDr osQ vius lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk ldkjkRed lEcU/ curs gSaA
(x) tw>us ,oa Lo&ca/u&dkS'ky
8- ruko dk lkeuk djuk@ruko ca/ufd'kksjkoLFkk esa rhoz fodklkRed ifjorZu gksrs gSa tks ruko iSnk djrs gSaA ;g
dkS'ky mu rukoksa dks nwj djus dh ;ksX;rk dk fodkl djrk gSA
9- Hkkoukvksa ls tw>uko;Ldksa dh rqyuk esa fd'kksjksa esa HkkokRedrk vf/d gksrh gS tks mudh vYi o;Ldrk dks n'kkZrh gSA
bl dkS'ky }kjk fd'kksj viuh laosnukvksa dks igpkuus ,oa mu ij frf;k djus esa ;ksX; gks tkrs gSa] laosnukvksa ls O;fDr dk
ckgjh fodkl Hkkfor gksrk gS] vr% jpukRed fodkl gsrq ;g dkS'ky vkSj vf/d egoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA
10- vkRe&ewY;kadu@vkRe&cks/ dk dkS'kybl dkS'ky osQ varxZr O;fDr osQ LokfHkeku] #fp@v#fp] fu;a=k.k dh 'kfDr
vkfn dh igpku lfEefyr gSA fd'kksjksa }kjk bu ckrksa dks ekU;rk nsus ij mudk n`f"Vdks.k ldkjkRed curk gS rFkk os bl lalkj esa
ifjorZu dks Lohdkj djus yxrs gSaA

ewy thou dkS'kyksa dk fodkl

thou dkS'ky fodkl ij fodklkRed flkarksa osQ fufgrkFkZthou dkS'ky flkar cPpksa vkSj fd'kksjksa dh vf/xe f;k
dks le>us esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA blls thou dkS'ky mikxe osQ fodkl dks vk/kj Hkh feyrk gSA fodklkRed flkar dks
fuEufyf[kr :iksa esa le>k tk ldrk gS
1- uSfrd fodklosLVu osQ vuqlkj uSfrd fodkl euq"; osQ Lo;a dh vkSj nwljksa dh }a}dkjh fLFkfr;ksa osQ larqyu esa lgk;rk
djrk gSA thou dkS'kyksa osQ fodkl esa cPps dk uSfrd fodkl s{k.k vkSj fr:i.k osQ }kjk gksrk gSA uSfrd fodkl ij laKkukRed
fodkl dh f;k Hkh Hkko Mkyrh gSA
2- lkekftd vf/xe flkar;g flkar ,YcVZ csUnqjk osQ dke ij vk/kfjr gSA ;g flkar bu ckrksa ij cy nsrk gS
(i) O;ogkj fr:i.k O;fDr osQ vius dk;ks osQ ifj.kkeksa }kjk mlosQ thou esa egoiw.kZ yksxksa dh vuqf;k osQ iQyLo:i
gksrk gSA
(ii) cPps s{k.k rFkk lkekftd var%f;k osQ iQyLo:i lh[krs gSaA
3- laKkukRed fodkl flkarfi;kts vkSj oxksrLdh dk ekuuk gS fd laKkukRed fodkl esa vf/xe ml vlarqyu dk
ifj.kke gS tks lh[ks x, u, flkar rFkk iqjkuh ladYiukvksa osQ chp osQ }a} osQ dkj.k l`ftr fd;k tkrk gSA O;fDr ;g larqyu
4
www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in4

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

vius fe=kksa vFkok v;kidksa osQ lkFk var%f;k }kjk dk;e djrk gSA oxksrLdh osQ fopkj esa vf/xe ,d lkekftd ifj?kVuk gSA
thou dkS'ky fodkl dk pthou dkS'kyksa osQ fodkl esa lkewfgd ;klksa dh vko';drk osQ dkj.k ;s lekt esa gh
fodflr gks ldrs gSaA cPps dk lekthdj.k ?kj ls 'kq: gksdj fo|ky; esa vkSipkfjd :i ls fodkl kIr djrk gSA bu thou
dkS'kyksa osQ fodkl esa v;kid dh Hkwfedk lcls egoiw.kZ gksrh gSA
(iii) ,d f'k{kd osQ :i esa] ikfjokfjd thou f'k{kk iznku djus esa fo|ky; dh Hkwfedk dks vki oSQls ns[krs gSa\
mkj?kj osQ i'pkr cPps dks Kku nku djus rFkk mlosQ lekthdj.k dh nwljh laLFkkiuk fo|ky; gSA cPpk fo|ky; esa viuk
dkiQh le; fcrkrk gS vkSj lgikfB;ksa rFkk v;kidksa osQ laioZQ esa jgrk gSA ikfjokfjd thou f'k{kk nsus esa fo|ky; vge Hkwfedk fuHkkrk
gSA vfHkHkkod vusd fo"k;ksa esa fo'ks"kdj ;kSu fo"k;ksa esa ijaijkxr gksrs gSa] ftlosQ dkj.k os cPpksa dh ;kSu lEcU/h ftKklk dks nckus
dk ;kl djrs gSaA oqQN eqksa ij muosQ ikl i;kZIr Kku u gksus ls Hkh os cPps esa ikfjokfjd thou f'k{kk osQ dkS'kyksa dks fodflr ugha
dj ikrsA blls cPpksa osQ LolFk n`f"Vdks.k dk fuekZ.k ckf/r gksrk gSA vr% fo|ky; dh Hkwfedk egoiw.kZ gks tkrh gS fd og cPpksa
dh ikfjokfjd thou f'k{kk dk nkf;Ro mBk,A fo|ky; ,d vkSipkfjd] laxfBr rFkk ifriw.kZ ra=k gksus osQ dkj.k Hkyh dkj f'k{kk ns
ldrk gSA
leqnk; (lekt) osQ :i esa fo|ky; dh Hkwfedk fo|ky; esa v;kid] 'kkld rFkk lg;ksxh feytqy dj dk;Z djrs
gSa] vr% fo|ky; ,d leqnk; dk :i gksrk gS tks fo|kFk;ksa osQ vPNs f'k{k.k rFkk O;fDrxr ifj.kkeksa osQ fy, ,dtqV gksdj dk;Z
dj ldrk gSA fo|ky; dh f'k{k.k ifr vkSj lexz okrkoj.k cPps dh izxfr ,oa fodkl dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA fo|ky; dks
pkfg, fd og ,sls ;kl djs ftlls f'k{k.k ifr;ksa rFkk fo|ky;h okrkoj.k esa cPpksa esa lg;ksx] lkSgknZ vkfn Hkkouk, fodflr
gksaA
v;kid dh Hkwfedkv;kid ,d f'kf{kr rFkk mkjnk;h O;fDr gksrk gSA og fo|kFkhZ osQ fy, ,d fe=k] nk'kZfud vkSj
ekxZn'kZd Hkh gksrk gSA mldk Hkko fo|kFkhZ dh d{kk ls ckgj dh xfrfof/;ksa] lkekU; O;ogkj rFkk n`';ksa] xq.kksa rd gksrk gSA
v;kid gh ikB~;e dh f'k{kk osQ :i esa fo|kFkhZ dks ikfjokfjd thou f'k{kk rFkk ;kSu f'k{kk nku djus dhs csgrj fLFkfr esa
gksrk gSA blosQ fy, v;kid dks fo"k; dk Kkrk] lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ rFkk l`tukRed o ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k okyk gksuk pkfg,A
v;kid ,sls okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djus esa l{ke gS] ftlesa fo|kFkhZ vius fopkjksa dks Lora=k :i esa dV dj ldrk gSA viuh
leL;kvksa dk lek/ku <wa<+ ldrk gS rFkk vius O;fDrRo dk laiw.kZ fodkl dj ldrk gSA
fo|ky;&vfHkHkkod lg;ksx dh Hkwfedkfo|kFk;ksa dks ikfjokfjd thou f'k{kk dk;Zeksa ls tksM+us osQ fy, fo|ky; dh
vfHkHkkodksa ls lg;ksx dh vis{kk gksrh gSA vfHkHkkodksa dk ;g ekuuk gS fd ;kSu f'k{kk gh ikfjokfjd thou f'k{kk gSA mudh bl
Hkzkafr dks fo|ky; gh nwj dj ldrk gS fd ;kSu f'k{kk osQoy mldk ,d igyw gS] iw.kZ f'k{kk dk fo"k; ughaA cPpksa dk laiw.kZ
fodkl gks blfy, fo|ky;ksa dks vfHkHkkodksa rFkk leqnk; osQ lkFk feydj lg;ksx djuk pkfg,A vfHkHkkodksa dks Hkh ikfjokfjd
thou f'k{kk ikB~;e dk ,d vax cuk;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk mUgsa ;g le>kuk pkfg, fd ;kSu lEcU/h f'k{kk osQ fy, os cPpksa osQ
kFkfed f'k{kd dk dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA blosQ fy, v;kidksa }kjk vfHkHkkodksa dks fujarj ijke'kZ nsuk rFkk vfHkHkkod&cPps osQ
vkilh laO;ogkj dks ksRlkgu nsuk gksxkA
vfHktkr oxZ dh HkwfedkcPps osQ fodkl dh f;k esa vfHktkr lewg mldk varjax kFkfed lewg gksrk gSA led{k
lewg cPps osQ KkukRed] HkkokRed rFkk lkekftd dkS'kyksa dk fodkl djus esa Hkkoh O;fDr osQ thou ij R;{k ns[kk tk ldrk
gSA vius lgikfB;ksa o fe=kksa osQ lkFk cPpk vU; yksxksa dh vis{kk vf/d LoPNan rFkk eqDr gksrk gS blfy, og vius fofHkUu
vuqHkoksa rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ lEcU/ esa muls [kqydj ckrs djrs gSaA ikfjokfjd thou f'k{kk osQ ekeys esa vfHktkr lewg ls ,d gn
rd gh vis{kk dh tk ldrh gS] D;ksafd vfHktkr lewg osQ Kku o {kerk dk Lrj yxHkx leku gksrk gSA ;kSu fo"k;ksa ij cPps
vf/dka'kr% vius vfHkHkkodksa dh vis{kk vius fe=kksa ij vf/d fo'okl djrs gSa] ysfdu muosQ ikl i;kZIr Kku u gksus ls =kqfViw.kZ
lwpuk, kIr gksrh gSa] ftudk Hkko udkjkRed gks ldrk gSA

5
www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in5