ASSIGNMENT

NAME: ANUPRIYA.K
CLASS: 1 B.SC(IT)

SATELLITE

APPLICATIONS TECHNOLOGY :
The Applications Technology Satellites were a series of experimental satellites
launched by NASA. The program was launched in 1966 to test the feasibility of
placing a satellite into geosynchronous orbit.[1] The satellites were primarily
designed to act as communication satellites, but also carried equipment related to
meteorology and navigation. ATS-6 was the world's first educational satellite as
well as world's first experimental Direct Broadcast Satellite as part of the Satellite
Instructional Television Experiment between NASA and ISRO. satellite, artificial,
object constructed by humans and placed in orbit around the earth or other
celestial body (see also space probe). The satellite is lifted from the earth's surface
by a rocket and, once placed in orbit, maintains its motion without further rocket
propulsion. The first artificial satellite, Sputnik I, was launched on Oct. 4, 1957,
by the USSR; a test payload of a radio beacon and a thermometer demonstrated
the feasibility of orbiting a satellite. The first U.S. satellite, Explorer I, launched
on Jan. 31, 1958, returned data that was instrumental in the discovery of the Van
Allen radiation belts. During the first decade of space exploration, all of the
satellites were launched from either the United States or USSR. Today, there are
more than three dozen launch sites in use or under construction in more than a
dozen countries.

Satellite types :
Satellites can be classified by their functions. Satellites are launched into space to
do a specific job. The type of satellite that is launched to monitor cloud patterns
for a weather station will be different than a satellite launched to send television
signals across Canada. The satellite must be designed specifically to fulfill its
function.
Below are the names of nine different types of satellites.
Astronomy satellites - Hubble Space Telescope
Atmospheric Studies satellites - Polar
Communications satellites - Anik E
Navigation satellites - Navstar
Reconaissance satellites - Kennan, Big Bird, Lacrosse
Remote Sensing satellites - Radarsat
Search and Rescue satellites - Cospas-Sarsat
Space Exploration satellites Galileo
Advantages of Satellites
In today's world of wireless communications, high definition television and global
access to the Internet, many people are unclear about the inherent advantages of
satellite communications.
Why does the satellite industry continue to grow? When is satellite the best
solution? Here is a quick look at some key advantages of satellite
communications:

Cost Effectiveness - Cost of satellite capacity does not increase with the

number of users/receive sites, or with the distance between communication

points. Whether crossing continents or staying local, satellite connection cost is

distance insensitive.

Global Availability - Communications satellites cover all land masses and

there is growing capacity to serve maritime and even aeronautical markets.

Customers in rural and remote regions around the world who cannot obtaio high
speed Internet access from a terrestrial provider are increasingly relying on
satellite communications.

Superior Reliability - Satellite communications can operate independently

from terrestrial infrastructure. When terrestrial outages occur from man-made and
natural events, satellite connections remain operational.

Superior Performance - Satellite is unmatched for broadcast applications

like television. For two-way IP networks, the speed, uniformity and end-to-end
control of today's advanced satellite solutions are resulting in greater use of
satellite by corporations, governments and consumers.

Immediacy and Scalability - Additional receive sites, or nodes on a

network, can readily be added, sometimes within hours. All it takes is groundbased equipment. Satellite has proven its value as a provider of "instant
infrastructure"

for

commercial,

government

and

emergency

relief

communications.

Versatility and More - Satellites effectively support on a global basis all

forms of communications ranging from simple point-of-sale validation to

bandwidth intensive multimedia applications. Satellite solutions are highly
flexible and can operate independently or as part of a larger network.
between NASA and ISRO.

Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages:
Flexible (if transparent transponders)
Easy to install new circuits
Circuit costs independent of distance
Broadcast possibilities
Temporary applications (restoration)
Niche applications
Mobile applications (especially "fill-in")
Terrestrial network "by-pass"
Provision of service to remote or underdeveloped areas
User has control over own network
1-for-N multipoint standby possibilities
Disadvantages
Large up front capital costs (space segment and launch)
Terrestrial break even distance expanding (now approx. size of Europe)
Interference and propagation
Congestion of frequencies and orbit

Satellite Instructional Television Experiment

An ISRO technical an next to a working model of the solid-state television set,
designed with NASA assistance, for use in SITE. Image courtesy NASA
The Satellite Instructional Television Experiment or SITE was an experimental
satellite communications project launched in India in 1975, designed jointly by
NASA and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). The project made
available informational television programmes to rural India. The main objectives
of the experiment were to educate the poor people of India on various issues via
satellite broadcasting, and also to help India gain technical experience in the field
of satellite communications.
The experiment ran for one year from 1 August 1975 to 31 July 1976, covering
more than 2400 villages in 20 districts of six Indian states and territories. (Andhra
Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan) The television
programmes were produced by All India Radio and broadcast by NASA's ATS-6
satellite stationed above India for the duration of the project. The project was
supported by various international agencies such as the UNDP, UNESCO,
UNICEF and ITU. The experiment was successful, as it played a major role in
helping develop India's own satellite program, INSAT.[1] The project showed that
India could use advanced technology to fulfill the socio-economic needs of the
country. SITE was followed by similar experiments in various countries, which
showed the important role satellite TV could play in providing education.