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d. Liquid nitrogen is used for a number of purposes, including the freezing of warts.
Which has higher energy, liquid nitrogen or gaseous nitrogen? (Disregard the likely
difference in temperature, and assume that the two systems are at the same
temperature.)
Gaseous nitrogen has higher potential energy than liquid nitrogen. When a
system shifts to decrease the forces of attractions between the systems
components, the potential energy in the system increases. When nitrogen
goes from liquid to gas, the attractions that link the N2 molecules together are
broken. The energy that the nitrogen liquid must absorb to break these
attractions goes to an increased potential energy of the nitrogen gas. If the
nitrogen returns to the liquid form, attractions are reformed, and potential
energy is converted into a form of energy that could be used to do work.
e. Halons, like Halon-1301 (CF3Br) and halon-1211 (CF2ClBr), which have been used
as fire extinguishing agents, are a threat to our protective ozone layer. When released
into the atmosphere, they can migrate into the upper atmosphere where bromine
atoms are stripped from the molecules. These bromine atoms react with ozone
molecules to form BrO molecules, which can react with NO2 molecules to form
BrONO2. Which has higher energy, separate BrO and NO2 molecules or the BrONO2
that they form?
BrO(g) + NO2(g) BrONO2(g)
Separate BrO and NO2 molecules have a higher potential energy than the
BrONO2 molecule that they form. When a system shifts to increase the forces
of attractions between the systems components, the potential energy in the
system decreases. When BrO and NO2 are converted into BrONO2, a new
bond is formed, and some of the potential energy of the BrO and NO2 is
released. The energy could be used to do some work. For example, if some of
the potential energy is converted into increased kinetic energy of a molecule
like N2, the faster moving molecule could bump into something and move it
and therefore do work.
f. Alpha particles, which are released in alpha decay of large radioactive elements, like
uranium, are helium nuclei that contain two protons and two neutrons. Which has
higher energy, alpha particles that are close together or alpha particles that are farther
apart?
The positive charge of the alpha particles causes them to repel each other,
and the closer the charges are, the more repulsion there is between them.
Therefore, the alpha particles that are close together are less stable and
higher potential energy than alpha particles that are farther apart.
g. Which has higher energy, an uncharged helium atom or an alpha particle and two
separate electrons?
Decreasing the forces of attractions between particles in a system will
increase the potential energy of the system, so an alpha particle and two
separate electrons has higher potential energy than an uncharged helium
atom, which has two electrons attracted to its nucleus. The attraction
between the alpha particle and the electrons will pull them together, and as
they move together, they could bump into something, move it, and do work.
Exercise 6.2 H as a Conversion Factor: When 1.245 x 104 kJ of heat are evolved
from the combustion of ethane, what mass of water is formed?
6 mol H 2 O 18.0153 g H 2 O
? g H 2 O = 1.245 10 4 kJ
= 437 g H2O
3
3.08 10 kJ 1 mol H 2 O
Exercise 6.3 H and Changing Coefficients:
equation?
14O2(g) 8CO2(g) +
4C2H6(g) +
0.008314 kJ
298.15 K = 25.49 kJ
K mol
E =
3O2(g) 2CO2(g) +
3H2O(l)
46.069 g C 2 H 5 OH
88.90 kJ
= 1365 kJ/mol
3.000 g C 2 H 5 OH 1 mol C 2 H 5 OH
H = E + (n)RT
H = 1365 kJ + (2 3) mol
0.008314 kJ
298.15 K = 1367 kJ/mol
K mol
0.00418 kJ
q v = Ccal +
m w T
g C
0.415 kJ 0.00418 kJ
=
+
504.5 g ( 56.49 20.15 ) C = 91.7 kJ
g C
C
E =
46.069 g C2 H5 OH
? kJ
91.7 kJ
kJ
3
=
= 1.32 x 10
mol H 2
3.200 g C2 H5 OH 1 mol C2 H5 OH
mol C2 H5 OH
C2H5OH(l) +
3O2(g) 2CO2(g) +
3H2O(l)
H = E + (n)RT
0.008314 kJ
298.15 K
K mol
15/2O2(g) 6CO2(g) +
3H2O(l)
E = H - (n)RT
0.008314 kJ
298.15 K = 2062 kJ
K mol
1 mol C6 H 6 2062 kJ
q v = 0.200 g C6 H 6
= 5.28 kJ
78.114 g C6 H 6 mol C6 H 6
E = 2066 kJ + (6 7.5) mol
0.00418 kJ
q v = Ccal +
m w T
g C
Ccal =
=
qv
0.00418 kJ
mw
T
g C
5.28 kJ
0.00418 kJ
H = 286 kJ
CO2(g) + 1/2H2O(l)
1/2C2H6(g) + 7/4O2(g)
Hnet = H1 + H2 + H3 = 156 kJ
2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)