TECHNOLOGY OF CIVIL WORKS

1. What should contain a technological chart (control tag)?

Description of the technological process;

Characteristic sketches that describe the erection stages involved in the process in
a logic order;
Necessary resources for works achievement: raw materials, equipment,
manpower;
Works inspection;
Works acceptance;
Bill of quantities, works duration

2. What are the steps to follow in order to trace a building?

- Finding the special topographical grid and verification of tracing landmarks of the
topographical grid as position and structural integrity
- Tracing of the construction axes
- Rigger construction or trestles positioning for each structure axis
- Axes marking on riggers (both main and secondary axes)
- Foundations tracing
- Vertical alignment

2. How can be checked the formwork horizontality and verticality?

Checking verticality can be done using spirit level or plumb. Plumb line is used mounted
on a balance blade, with a sign traced on the lower arm at a distance equal to the one
between end of lead wire and the upper arm. Formwork is vertical when the plumb line
coincides with the sign on the lower arm.
Horizontality check can be achieved with spirit level , by placing it on the track and
noticing that the air bubble level to be drawn between two landmarks on the glass tube. If
the surface is not horizontal bubble is moving towards the higher side.

4. What are the main technical requirements to be met by concrete aggregates?

To come from strong rocks, that ensure grain self resistance greater than the concrete
one
Granules are well sized, and the ratio between the three dimensions after the
rectangular directions of grain to be b / a 0.66, c / a 0.33
It is preferable to use gravel aggregates rounded shape. In the case of aggregate
crushing that have rough surface a larger amount of water and cement is necessary
to obtain the same workability.

The maximum size of grain used to be correlated with the minimum cross section of
the building element and the distance between the reinforcement bars.
Aggregates used must be characterized by a continuous curve of grain.

5. What rules will be considered and what measures will be taken for concreting in
cold weather conditions?

During preparation of concrete:

o ratio Water / Cement reduction
o heating the aggregates and water
o adding anti-freeze additives

During concrete transport:

o Using a fast and cold insulated vehicles for transport
o Avoiding a large transport distances
o Checking of vehicles
o During concrete pouring:
- Foundations pits to be protected against freezing. The construction joints
should be avoided, or if not possible, cleaned and heated when resume
pouring
- Poured concrete heating with steam / hot air or with metal electrodes
embedded in concrete, etc.

6. What are the main rules to be followed in carrying out technological joints
position in case of cast in place concrete structures?
Working joints are determined taking into account the following rules:
o Areas of minimum effort
o Thickness of the element to be poured
o Dimensions of the surface to be poured
o Contractions direction

Problema tehnologie

70

-1.20

35 35
70

-1.20

70

-1.20

70

35 35

35

CTN=-0.10m

35 35
70

-1.20

-1.20

35

350

35 35

350

35 35
70

-1.20

35 35

35

For the foundations plan attached, find the duration of concrete pouring in
foundations when the site is equipped with two rod vibrators, one for site use and one
for backup.
It is required to draw the compaction scheme for the studied case.
Concrete used: C12/15 with L2 workability
Rod vibrator characteristics:
- Rod diameter: 60 mm d1 = 60mm, r1=30 mm
- Rod length: l = 575 mm
- Maximum vibrations amplitude in the air: A1 = 1.8mm
- Vibrations frequency: n = 2800 vibr/min
Optimum vibrations range from the point of productivity: 0.07 0.12 mm

400

400

35

Table 1: damping coefficient of vibrations in fresh concrete b and minimum amplitudes

Amin
b[cm-1]

Vibr.
frequency
2800
4500
6000
700012000

L1
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.13

Amin[mm]
Concrete workability
>L3
L1
0.77
0.10
0.06
0.07
0.05
0.02
0.04
0.01

L2
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07

L2
0.014
0.010
0.004
0.003

Table 2: Compaction duration for rod vibrators

Concrete
workability
L1

Compaction duration t1
[sec]

45 180
l
25 40
l
5 20
l

L2
>L3

Solution
Finding the span range (r0) for rod vibrator.
From table. 1, for L2 si n=2800 vibr/min b=0.1 cm-1; Amin = 0.014 mm
It is chosen r2 = 40 cm

A A1

A(0.07; 0.12)mm

r1 r2r1
3 0.1403
e
1.8
e
0.077mm
r2
40
r0 = 40 cm

Finding the distance (l1) between 2 successive positions of rod vibrator.

l1 1.5r0

l1 0.5 40

l1 60mm

>L3
0.006
0.004
0.0025
0.002

 Finding distance (l2) to the excavation edge.

2d1 l2 0.5r0

2 6 l2 0.5 40

l2 [12; 20] cm

Finding the thickness of vibrated concrete layer ().

3
l
4
l 5 10 cm

3
57.5

4
57.5 5 10 cm

43cm

47.5 52.5cm

43 cm

Compaction scheme

R4

l2=20

R40

R4

0
R4

l2=20

R4

l1=60

30

R4

l1=60

l1=60

R40

l2=20

R40

l1=60

R40

l1=60

R40

l2=20

l1=60

l2=20

30

l2=20

Section A-A

20

30

20

35
40

110

5...10

35

110

40

40

110

35

Stage 3
5...10

Stage 2

Stage 1

20

30

20

20

30

20

Compaction duration
Acc. to table 2, for L2

t 1 25 40

t 1 40

40
28 s ec
57.5

Hour average productivity of the rod vibrator

3600
where t1 = 8 10 sec (necessary duration to move the rod
ke
t1 t2
vibrator between 2 successive positions)
Pexp l 2r02

Pexp l 2 0.4 2

3600
m3
0.8 8.48
28 10
h

Concrete volume necessary for the continuous foundations (according to the

foundation plan)

V1 0.70 1.10 7.70 3 0.70 1.10 3.30 2 3 33m3

Volume of fresh concrete necessary to be poured in foundations

V2

V1
33

47m3
K 0.70

Works duration in order to erect the continuous foundation

V2
47

6hours
Pexp l 8.48