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Z ( RdT Pdv )
Both a gauge and a manometer is attached to a gas tank to measure its pressure as shown in
Fig 3. If the reading on the pressure gauge is 80 kPa, determine the distance between the fluid
levels of the manometer if the fluid is (a) mercury ( = 13,600 kg/m3) and (b) water ( = 1000
kg/m3).
Ans: 0.6 m, and 8.16 m
P.T.O.
9. Fresh and seawater flowing in parallel horizontal pipelines are connected to each other by a
double U-tube manometer as shown in Fig. 4. Determined the pressure difference between the two
pipelines. The densities of seawater and mercury are given to be sea = 1035 kg/m3 and HG = 13,600
kg/m3. We take the density of water to be w =1000 kg/m3. Can the air column be ignored in the
analysis?
Ans: 3.39 kPa.
10. Water pipe is connected to a double-U manometer whose free arm is open to the atmosphere
as shown in Fig. 5. The local atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa. Determined the absolute pressure
at the center of the pipe. The specific gravities of mercury and oil are given to be 13.6 and 0.80,
respectively. Take the density of water to be w = 1000 kg/m3.
Ans: 156 kPa
Fig.1
Fig.2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
201415
II
III
MI106 ENGINEERINGTHERMODYNAMICS
TutorialSheet2
PropertiesofPureSubstancesI
(a)Apropanetankisfilledwithamixtureofliquidandvaporpropane.Canthecontents
ofthistankbeconsideredapuresubstance?Explain.
(b)Whatisthedifferencebetween:
i
saturatedliquidandcompressedliquid?
ii
saturatedvaporandsuperheatedvapor?
iii
criticalpointanttriplepoint?
(c) Is there any difference between the intensive properties of saturated vapor at a
giventemperatureandthevaporofasaturatedmixtureatthesametemperature?
DeterminethephaseorphasesinasystemconsistingofH2Oatthefollowingconditions
andsketchthePvandTvdiagramsshowingthelocationofeachstate:
i
P=5bars,T=151.9oC
ii
P=5bars,T=200oC
iii
P=2.5MPa,T=200oC
iv
P=4.8bars,T=160oC
v
P=1bar,T=12oC
CompletethefollowingtableforH2O:
IV
T,C
P,kPa
h,kJ/kg
Phase
description
200
0.7
140
1800
950
0.0
80
500
800
3162.2
A twophase liquid vapor mixture of H2O has a pressure of 150 bar and occupies a
volumeof0.2m3.Themassesofsaturatedliquidandvaporpresentare3.8kgand4.2
kgrespectively.Determinethemixturespecificvolume,internalenergyandenthalpy.
(0.025m3/kg,)
Asealedrigidvesselhasvolumeof1m3andcontains2kgofwaterat100C.Thevessel
isnowheated.Ifasafetypressurevalveisinstalled,atwhatpressureshouldthevalve
besetsothatmaximumtemperatureinthevesseldoesnotexceed200C?
(431.3kPa)
VI
VII
VIII
IX
A0.3m3 rigidvesselinitiallycontainssaturatedliquidvapormixtureofwaterat150C.
The water is now heated until it reaches the critical state. Determine the mass of the
liquidwaterandthevolumeoccupiedbytheliquidattheinitialstate.
(96.10kg,0.105m3)
Waterisbeingheatedinaverticalpistoncylinderdevice.Thepistonhasamassof20kg
and a cross sectional area of 100 cm2. If the local atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa
determinethetemperatureatwhichthewaterstartsvaporizing.
(104.7oC)
o
Apistoncylinderdevicecontains0.8kgofsteamat300 Cand1MPa.Steamiscooled
atconstantpressureuntilonehalfofthemasscondenses.(a)ShowtheprocessonTv
diagram(b)Findthefinaltemperature(c)Determinethevolumechange.
A piston cylinder arrangement is loaded with a linear spring and the outside
atmosphere. It contains water at 5 MPa, 400o C with the volume being 0.1 m3. If the
pistonisatthebottom,thespringexertsaforcesuchthatPlift=200kPa.Thesystemnow
coolsuntilthepressurereaches1200kPa.Findthemassofwaterandv1.Findthefinal
state(T2,v2)andplotthePvdiagramfortheprocess.
(1.73kg,0.05781m3/kg;188oC;0.01204m3/kg)
Thespringloadedpistoncylinderdeviceshowninthefigureisfilledwith0.5kgofwater
vaporthatisinitiallyat4MPaand400oC.Initiallythespringexertsnoforceagainstthe
piston. The spring constant (in the spring force relation F=kx) k=0.9 kN/cm and the
pistondiameterisD=20cm.Thewaternowundergoesaprocessuntilitsvolumeisone
halfoforiginalvolume.Calculatethefinaltemperatureandthespecificenthalpyofthe
water.
(220oC,1721kJ/kg)
SOLUTION
ProbII
Prob.III
Prob.IV
At150baruf=1585.5kJ/kg
ug=2455.7kJ/kg
hf=1610.3kJ/kg
hg=2610.8kJ/kg
x=4.2/(4.2+3.8)
=0.525
u= uf+x(uguf)
=2042.41kJ/kg
h=hf+x(hghf)
=2135.5kJ/kg
Prob.V
Prob.VI
Prob.VII
Prob.VIII
Prob.IX
Prob.X
A steam radiator in a room at 25C has saturated water vapor at 110 kPa flowing through
it, when the inlet and exit valves are closed. What is the pressure and the quality of the
water, when it has cooled to 25oC? How much work is done?
2.
3.
H2O
(0.30 kJ)
A cylinder having an initial volume of 3m3 contains 0.1 kg of water at 40oC. The water is
then compressed in an isothermal quasi-equilibrium process until it has a quality of 50%.
Calculate the work done in the process. Assume the water vapor is an ideal gas. (-13.4 kJ)
4.
A piston cylinder contains 1 kg of liquid water at 20oC and 300 kPa. There is a linear spring
mounted on the piston such that when the water is heated the pressure reaches 3 MPa
with a volume of 0.1 m3.
a) Find the final temperature
(404oC)
(163.35 kJ )
Air goes through a polytropic process from 125 kPa, 325 K to 300 kPa and 500 K. Find the
polytropic exponent n and the specific work in the process.
6.
T = 600C. Heat is now added until the pressure reaches 1.2 MPa. Find
the final temperature, show the PV diagram and find the work done
during the process.
7.
8.
A piston cylinder setup similar to Problem 7 contains 0.1 kg saturated liquid and vapor
water at 100 kPa with quality 25%. The mass of the piston is such that a pressure of
500 kPa will float it. The water is heated to 300C. Find the final pressure, volume and the
work, 1W2.
Tutorial III(2011-12)
MI 101: Thermodynamics
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, IIT Roorkee
Topic: Heat and work
1.
A steam radiator in a room at 25C has saturated water vapor at 110 kPa flowing through
it, when the inlet and exit valves are closed. What is the pressure and the quality of the
water, when it has cooled to 25oC? How much work is done? (3.169 kPa, 0.0361, 0)
2.
(0.30 kJ)
H2O
3.
A cylinder having an initial volume of 3m3 contains 0.1 kg of water at 40oC. The water is
then compressed in an isothermal quasi-equilibrium process until it has a quality of 50%.
Calculate the work done in the process. Assume the water vapor is an ideal gas.
(-13.4 kJ)
4.
A piston cylinder contains 1 kg of liquid water at 20oC and 300 kPa. There is a linear
spring mounted on the piston such that when the water is heated the pressure reaches 3
MPa with a volume of 0.1 m3.
a) Find the final temperature (404oC)
b) Plot the process in a P-v diagram.
c) Find the work in the process (163.35 kJ )
5.
Air goes through a polytropic process from 125 kPa, 325 K to 300 kPa and 500 K. Find the
polytropic exponent n and the specific work in the process. (1.969, -51.8 kJ/kg )
6.
7.
8.
A piston cylinder setup similar to Problem 7 contains 0.1 kg saturated liquid and vapor
water at 100 kPa with quality 25%. The mass of the piston is such that a pressure of 500
kPa will float it. The water is heated to 300C. Find the final pressure, volume and the
work, 1W2.
Tutorial IV(2014-15)
MI 106: Engineering Thermodynamics
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, IIT Roorkee
Topic: First law of Thermodynamics (closed system)
1.
A piston/cylinder contains 50 kg of water at 200 kPa with a volume of 0.1 m3. Stops in the
cylinder are placed to restrict the enclosed volume to 0.5 m3. The water is now heated until the
piston reaches the stops. Find the necessary heat transfer.
(Ans: 995 kJ)
2.
10-kg of water is in a piston-cylinder device at 4500C, 0.633 m3. It is now cooled to 20C at
constant pressure. Show the Pv diagram and find the work and heat transfer for the process.
(Ans:-3115 kJ, -32276 kJ)
3.
A piston-cylinder device contains 0.15 kg of air initially at 2MPa and 350C. The air first
expands isothermally to 500 kPa, then compressed polytropically with a polytropic exponent of
1.2 to the initial pressure, and finally compressed at constant pressure to the initial state.
Determine the boundary work for each process and the net work of the cycle.
Ans: 37.18 kJ, -34.86 kJ, -6.97 kJ, -4.65 kJ
4.
1-kg of water that is initially at 90C with a quality of 10% occupies a linear spring-loaded
piston-cylinder device. This device is heated until the pressure and temperature rises to 800 kPa
and 250C. Determine the work done during this process.
Ans: 24.5 kJ
5.
Saturated water vapor at 200C is isothermally condensed to a saturated liquid in a pistoncylinder device. Determine the specific work and the heat transfer in the process. Ans: 196.0
kJ/kg, 1940 kJ/kg
6.
An insulated rigid tank contains 5 kg of saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water at 100 kPa.
Initially of the mass is in liquid phase. An electric heater (220V, 4A current) in the tank is
turned on, and the entire liquid in the tank is vaporized. Determine the length of time the heater
was kept on, and show the process is to be shown on a P-v diagram.
Ans: 153.1 min
7.
A piston-cylinder contains 0.2 kg of water initially at 800 KPa, 0.06 m3. Now 200 kJ of heat is
supplied while the pressure kept constant. Determined the final temperature of the water and
show the process on a T-v diagram.
Ans: 721.1C.
8.
9.
10.
A closed system containing 2 kg of air undergoes an isothermal process from 600 kPa and 200C to 80
kPa. Determine the initial volume, the work done, and the heat transfer for the process.
Ans: 0.4525 m3, 547.1 kJ, 547.1 kJ.
11.
Tutorial IV(2014-15)
MI 106: Engineering Thermodynamics
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, IIT Roorkee
Topic: First law of Thermodynamics (closed system)
1.
A piston/cylinder contains 50 kg of water at 200 kPa with a volume of 0.1 m3. Stops in the cylinder are
placed to restrict the enclosed volume to 0.5 m3. The water is now heated until the piston reaches the
stops. Find the necessary heat transfer.
(Ans: 995 kJ)
2.
10-kg of water is in a piston-cylinder device at 4500C, 0.633 m3. It is now cooled to 20C at constant
pressure. Show the Pv diagram and find the work and heat transfer for the process.
(Ans:-3115 kJ, -32276 kJ)
3.
A piston-cylinder device contains 0.15 kg of air initially at 2MPa and 350C. The air first expands
isothermally to 500 kPa, then compressed polytropically with a polytropic exponent of 1.2 to the initial
pressure, and finally compressed at constant pressure to the initial state. Determine the boundary work
for each process and the net work of the cycle.
Ans: 37.18 kJ, -34.86 kJ, -6.97 kJ, -4.65 kJ
4.
1-kg of water that is initially at 90C with a quality of 10% occupies a linear spring-loaded pistoncylinder device. This device is heated until the pressure and temperature rises to 800 kPa and 250C.
Determine the work done during this process.
Ans: 24.5 kJ
5.
6.
An insulated rigid tank contains 5 kg of saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water at 100 kPa. Initially
of the mass is in liquid phase. An electric heater (220V, 4A current) in the tank is turned on, and the
entire liquid in the tank is vaporized. Determine the length of time the heater was kept on, and show the
process is to be shown on a P-v diagram.
Ans: 153.1 min
7.
A piston-cylinder contains 0.2 kg of water initially at 800 KPa, 0.06 m3. Now 200 kJ of heat is supplied
while the pressure kept constant. Determined the final temperature of the water and show the process on
a T-v diagram.
Ans: 721.1C.
8.
9.
10.
A closed system containing 2 kg of air undergoes an isothermal process from 600 kPa and 200C to 80
kPa. Determine the initial volume, the work done, and the heat transfer for the process.
Ans: 0.4525 m3, 547.1 kJ, 547.1 kJ.
11.
MI-106 : Thermodynamics
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, IIT Roorkee
Tutorial - V
water supply. How much steam per kg liquid water is needed if the steam should not
condense?
(0.795 )
2. A nozzle receives 0.1 kg/s steam at 1 MPa, 400 C with negligible kinetic energy. The
o
exit is at 500 kPa, 350oC and the flow is adiabatic. Find the nozzle exit velocity and the
exit area.
(438.7 m/s, 1.3 cm2 )
3. Water at 1.5 MPa, 150C, is throttled adiabatically through a valve to 200 kPa. The inlet
velocity is 5 m/s, and the inlet and exit pipe diameters are the same. Determine the state
(neglecting kinetic energy in the energy equation) and the velocity of the water at the
exit.
(xe = 0.0579, 240 m/s)
4. A liquid water turbine receives 2 kg/s water at 2000 kPa, 20 C and velocity of 15 m/s.
o
The exit is at 100 kPa, 20oC and very low velocity. Find the specific work and the power
produced.
(1.99 kJ/kg, 3.985 kW)
5. Consider a water pump that receives liquid water at 15 C, 100 kPa and delivers it to a
o
same diameter short pipe having a nozzle with exit diameter of 1 cm to the atmosphere at
100 kPa. Neglect the kinetic energy in the pipes and assume constant u for the water.
Find the exit velocity and the mass flow rate if the pump draws a power of 1 kW.
(29.43 m/s, 2.31 kg/s)
6. A large expansion engine has two low velocity flows of
7. An initially empty bottle is filled with water from a line at 0.8 MPa, 350 C. Assume no
o
heat transfer and that the bottle is closed when the pressure reaches the line pressure. If
the final mass is 0.75 kg find the final temperature and the volume of the bottle.
(520oC, 0.342 m3 )
8. A rigid 100-L tank contains air at 1 MPa, 200C. A valve on the tank is now opened and
air flows out until the pressure drops to 100 kPa. During this process, heat is transferred
from a heat source at 200C, such that when the valve is closed, the temperature inside
the tank is 50C. What is the heat transfer?
(+25.7 kJ)
9. A 1-m , 40-kg rigid steel tank contains air at 500 kPa, and both tank and air are at 20C.
3
The tank is connected to a line flowing air at 2 MPa, 20C. The valve is opened,
allowing air to flow into the tank until the pressure reaches 1.5 MPa and is then closed.
Assume the air and tank are always at the same temperature and the final temperature is
35C. Find the final air mass and the heat transfer.
(16.96 kg, 468.9 kJ)
10. A 200 liter tank initially contains water at 100 kPa and a quality of 1%. Heat is
transferred to the water thereby raising its pressure and temperature. At a pressure of 2
MPa a safety valve opens and saturated vapor at 2 MPa flows out. The process continues,
maintaining 2 MPa inside until the quality in the tank is 90%, then stops. Determine the
total mass of water that flowed out and the total heat transfer.
(8.90 kg, 25.46 MJ)
Pb 1
Pb 2
Pb 3
Pb 4
Pb 5
Pb 6
Pb 7
Pb 8
Pb 9
Pb 10
Tutorial V -A(2014-15)
MI-106 : Engineering Thermodynamics
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, IIT Roorkee
Topic: First law of Thermodynamics for open systems
1. A desuperheater mixes superheated water vapor with liquid water in a ratio that produces
saturated water vapor as output without any external heat transfer. A flow of 0.5 kg/s
superheated vapor at 5 MPa, 400C and a flow of liquid water at 5 MPa, 40C enters a
desuperheater. If saturated water vapor at 4.5 MPa is produced, determine the flow rate of
the liquid water.
(0.0757 kg/s)
2. An open feedwater heater (Fig. 5.1) in a powerplant heats 4 kg/s water at 45oC, 100 kPa by
mixing it with steam from the turbine at 100 kPa, 250oC. Assume the exit flow is saturated
liquid at the given pressure and find the mass flow rate from the turbine.
(0.358 kg/s)
3. A condenser (heat exchanger) brings 1 kg/s water flow at 10 kPa from 300C to saturated
liquid at 10 kPa (Fig. T5.2). The cooling is done by lake water at 20C that returns to the
lake at 30C. For an insulated condenser, find the flow rate of cooling water.
(69 kg/s)
4. A steam turbine receives steam from two boilers. One flow is 5 kg/s at 3 MPa, 700C and
the other flow is 15 kg/s at 800 kPa, 500C. The exit state is 10 kPa, with a quality of 96%.
Find the total power out of the adiabatic turbine.
(21.99 MW)
5. A steam turbine receives water at 15 MPa, 600C at a rate of 100 kg/s, shown in Fig. T5.3.
In the middle section 20 kg/s is withdrawn at 2 MPa, 350C, and the rest exits the turbine at
75 kPa, and 95% quality. Assuming no heat transfer and no changes in kinetic energy, find
the total turbine power output.
(91.57 MW)
6.
A 2-m3 insulated vessel contains saturated vapor steam at 4 MPa. A valve on the top of the
tank is opened, and steam is allowed to escape. During the process any liquid formed
collects at the bottom of the vessel, so that only saturated vapor exits. Calculate the total
mass that has escaped when the pressure inside reaches 1 MPa.
(27.24 kg)
7.
A 1-m3, 40-kg rigid steel tank contains air at 500 kPa, and both tank and air are at 20C. The
tank is connected to a line flowing air at 2 MPa, 20C. The valve is opened, allowing air to flow
into the tank until the pressure reaches 1.5 MPa and is then closed. Assume the air and tank are
always at the same temperature and the final temperature is 35C. Find the final air mass and the
heat transfer.
(16.96 kg, 468.9 kJ)
8.
A 200 liter tank initially contains water at 100 kPa and a quality of 1%. Heat is transferred to the
water thereby raising its pressure and temperature. At a pressure of 2 MPa a safety valve opens
and saturated vapor at 2 MPa flows out. The process continues, maintaining 2 MPa inside until
the quality in the tank is 90%, then stops. Determine the total mass of water that flowed out and
the total heat transfer.
(8.90 kg, 25.46 MJ)
Fig T5.1
Fig T5.2
Fig T5.3