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The American University in

Cairo
Department of Mechanical Engineering

MENG 362: Applied Fluid


Mechanics
Lab Report #1
Experiment: Nozzle Pressure
Distribution Unit
Prof. Mohamed El Morsi
Eng. Asmaa
Malak Sabry

900121154

Yossr El Sayed
Ahmed Al Meghalawy

900120431
900114647

Table of Contents

Abstract.............................................................................................................. 3

Introduction....................................................................................................... 4

Theory................................................................................................................. 5

Nozzle A Profile................................................................................................. 5

Nozzle B Profile................................................................................................. 6

Nozzle C Profile................................................................................................. 7

Methodology...................................................................................................... 8

Device used...................................................................................................... 8

Process Diagram and Elemnet Allocation..........................................................9

Device Description............................................................................................ 9

Device Features.............................................................................................. 10

Results.............................................................................................................. 11
Tables of Data................................................................................................. 11

Calculations for isentropic flow.......................................................................12

Calculations for the shockwave case..............................................................12

Graphs............................................................................................................ 14

Calculations & Recommendations................................................................15

List of Figures
Figure (1) Shape of the pressure Distribution for nozzle A........................5
Figure (2) Shape of the pressure Distribution for nozzle B........................6
Figure (3) Shape of the pressure Distribution for nozzle C........................7
Figure (4) Pressure Nozzle distribution Unit.............................................8
Figure (5) Process Diagram and Element Allocation..................................9
Figure (6) Graph of Ratio Vs Nozzle length.............................................14
Figure 7 Graph of Mach Number Vs Nozzle length..................................14

Abstract

In this experiment,

Introduction

Compressible flow through nozzles is a very interesting component of


most syllabuses courses for engineers and technologies. Until now,
experimental equipment for demonstrating and investigating the pressure
distribution and mass flow rate in nozzles has usually used steam. This is
because the quantity of air needed is beyond the capability of most of the air
compressors usually installed.
While steam is quite satisfactory for demonstrating the various effects
in a nozzle, a boiler, with its heavy demand for energy, must be fired some
time before the test is to start, and condenser with cooling water supply,
etc.. Is needed,
With these disadvantages in mind P.A. Hilton have designed the nozzle
distribution unit described in this report. This is a bench top unit which uses
compressed air at 7 to 9 atmospheres at the rate of 8 Gramm/s. this is
available from the type of compressor which is usually installed for workshop
services or for laboratory investigations.
The power input needed to produce this quantity of air is only about
2.5 Kw, and there are no stand-by losses. No additional services are required
and the unit is ready for use as soon as the air is available.

Theory

Nozzle A Profile

Figure (1) Shape of the pressure Distribution for


nozzle A

Nozzle B Profile

Figure (2) Shape of the pressure Distribution for nozzle


B

Nozzle C Profile

Figure (3) Shape of the pressure Distribution for nozzle C

Methodology

Device used

Figure (4) Pressure Nozzle distribution Unit

PROCESS DIAGRAM AND ELEMENTS ALLOCATION

Figure (5) Process Diagram and Element Allocation

Device Description
This

unit

has

been

specifically

designed

to

demonstrate

the

phenomena associated to fluxes through nozzles and to allow the students


investigating quickly the pressure distribution in it. Besides, it allows the
investigation of the mass flow rate through convergent-divergent and
convergent nozzles. Since the unit works with ambient temperature air, it is
stabilized quickly and its energy consumption is only the necessary one to
impulse a relatively small compressor. Compressed air at a 7 to 9 bars
pressure, supplied from an external service. It passes through the

filter/regulator, located on the back part of the unit. In the unit, the air
passes through a control valve, which allows an accurate control of the
pressure at the inlet of the nozzle. The pressure and inlet temperature are
measured and then the air is expanded through the nozzle chosen. When
discharging from the nozzle, the pressure is controlled by other valve, and
the air goes finally through a flowmeter to the atmosphere. The nozzles have
been made of brass, have been mechanized accurately and several pressure
tappings are available, being each one connected to its own manometer to
indicate the static pressure.

Device Features
Unit is provided with three nozzles ( one convergent and two
convergent-divergent)
Each nozzle is provided with pressure tappings connected directly to
the individual pressure gauge
Nozzles can be changed in two minutes without the use of tools
Works at ambient temperature
Allows students to make a comprehensive investigation in a normal
laboratory period
Gives students an opportunity to calibrate equipment.
Uses only 8 gramme of air per second at 7 to 9 atmosphere gauge
pressure

Results

Tables of Data
Assuming Pt1=650 kPa;
Pb=0
Section
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

P (kPa)
620
400
240
180
120
100
100
100
Pb =0

Section
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

P/Pt (0)
0.953846
0.615385
0.369231
0.276923
0.184615
0.153846
0.153846
0.153846
Pb =0

Section
1
2
3
4

M
0.260695
0.86255
1.283197
1.48862

Pb =200
kPa
P (kPa)
620
400
240
180
160
230
240
280

Pb =400
kPa
P (kPa)
620
400
366
426
435
460
460
505

Pb =550
kPa
P (kPa)
660
610
620
635
620
650
640
660

Pb =650
kPa
P (kPa)
670
640
640
680
650
670
670
700

Pb =200
kPa
P/Pt (200)
0.8857143
0.5714286
0.3428571
0.2571429
0.2285714
0.7723304
0.80591
0.9402283

Pb =400
kPa
P/Pt (400)
0.88571429
0.57142857
0.52285714
0.60857143
0.62142857
0.65714286
0.65714286
0.72142857

Pb =550
kPa
P/Pt (550)
0.942857143
0.871428571
0.885714286
0.907142857
0.885714286
0.928571429
0.914285714
0.942857143

Pb =650
kPa
P/Pt (650)
0.95714286
0.91428571
0.91428571
0.97142857
0.92857143
0.95714286
0.95714286
1

Pb =200
kPa
M
0.4200161
0.9310802
1.3374707
1.5396132

Pb =400
kPa
M
0.42001608
0.93108017
1.0088212
0.87309344

Pb =550
kPa
M
0.291150143
0.44779277
0.420016078
0.375737007

Pb =650
kPa
M
0.25093501
0.36009761
0.36009761
0.20391843

5
6
7
8

1.761332
1.880303
1.880303
1.880303

1.79
0.6188
0.5638
0.2978

0.85321429
0.79827868
0.79827868
0.69922175

0.420016078
0.327104416
0.360097613
0.291150143

Calculations for isentropic flow


k

P t1 = P

1 +

k 1

Ma 2

Calculations for the shockwave case

(Pb=200 kPa)

A6 =

2.52 2

4
2.4

A5

A2

Ma 6

Ma 5

1 + 0.2 Ma 5 2
1.2

0.4 Ma 5 2 + 2
2.8 Ma 5 2 0.4

0.8

0.32710442
0.25093501
0.25093501
0

1.4

P t2 = 230

1 + 0.2 Ma 6 2
1.4

P t2

240

1 + 0.2 Ma 7 2

0.4

1.4

P t2

280

1 + 0.2 Ma 8 2

A_2=3.142
A_5=4.486
A_6=4.988
A_7=5.557
A_8=6.114
Ma_5=1.79
Ma_6=0.6188
Ma_7=0.5638
Ma_8=0.2978
P_t2=297.8

0.4

0.4

Graphs

Ratio vs Nozzle length


1.2
1

Pb=0 kPa

0.8

Pb=200 kPa

P/P0 0.6

Pb=400 kPa
Pb=550 kPa

0.4

Pb=650 kPa

0.2
0
0

Nozzle length (mm)

Figure (6) Graph of Ratio Vs Nozzle length

Mach number vs Nozzle length


2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
Mach number
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

Pb=0 kPa
Pb=200 kPa
Pb=400 kPa
Pb=550 kPa
Pb=650 kPa

Nozzle length (mm)

Figure 7 Graph of Mach Number Vs Nozzle length

Calculations &
Recommendations

The data measured from the experiment were compared with the
theoretical data. Theoretically, we assumed that all the equations and the
graphical representations are based on adiabatic, isentropic and internally
reversible processes. The results of the calculations were approximately the
same as the ideal conditions and they have the same behavior. However,
there is a percentage of error concerning the numerical values. These errors
can be caused by human errors and some errors within the assumptions
made before the experiment. The human error can be a parallax error, the
readings were taken manually. The measurements were taken very quickly
which will decrease the accuracy of it. Another source of error is the accuracy
of the equipment itself. The most important source of error is the
assumptions and the approximations made in the beginning of the
experiment. First, the pressure at the beginning is assumed, hence in order
to decrease the error it should be measured during the experiment.
Secondly, the process is considered to be reversible which is not the case. In
order to increase the accuracy of the results, more cross sections of the
nozzle must be studied in order to determine the approximate exact place of
the shockwave.

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