Fluid 1 Lab

Alexandria University
Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics Lab (SSP- 3rd term offshore)
1- Calibration of Pressure Gauge Using Dead Weight Tester

Objective of the Experiment:
Calibration of a pressure gage using dead weight tester
Requirements:
1- Results (Tables + Graphs).
2- Draw the calibration curve.
3- Discussion of results and comments.
4- Conclusion.
Procedure:
1- Fill the interior of the apparatus with oil, and free it from air bubbles.
2- Fit the tested gauge in position.
3- Level the apparatus in a horizontal position.
Page 1 of 18
4- Table the reading of the tested gauge before putting the piston in place. This is the zero reading of
the gauge.
5- Close the valve of the tested gauge and put the piston in place. Put a load on the piston and use the
handle to reach the equilibrium position, Stake reading of gauge at equilibrium position.
6- Repeat, with increasing the load, use handle to retain equilibrium position.
7- Continue till you reach the maximum reading on the gauge then reduce the load gradually and take
readings in the unloading process.
8- Plot a curve between the actual pressure and the indicated pressure.
The actual pressure = (Load) / (Area of piston)
Indicated pressure = reading on the gauge.
Results:
Actual Pressure
(Kgf/cm2)
Indicated pressure (Kgf/cm2)

Loading
Unloading
Average
Zero
Page 2 of 18
2- Determination of the Centre of Pressure of a Plane Surface

Immersed In Water Using Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus
Objective of Experiment:
To determine the position of the centre of pressure of a plane surface immersed in water and to
compare the experimental position with the theoretical position.
Experiment Setup:
Hydraulics Bench, Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus.
Summary of Theory:
Any flat surface immersed in a liquid either partially or totally submerged is exposed to a force (F)
which is exerted by the liquid on this surface. This force equals the pressure at the centroid multiplied
by the area of the submerged surface.
Procedure:
1. Level the tank using the adjustable feet and spirit level.
2. Move the counterbalance mass until the balance arm is horizontal.
3. Close the drain cock and admit water until the level reaches the bottom edge of the quadrant.
4. Place a mass on the balance pan then add water slowly into the tank until the balance arm is
horizontal.
Page 3 of 18
5. Repeat the above for each increment of mass until the water level reaches the maximum
reading on the scale.
Readings to be taken:
Reading Number
Mass on Balance, M ( gm )
Water level, hWater ( mm )
1
2
3
4
5
Results and Calculations:
Pivot
ho
Water Surface
Area
YG
YC
hG
hWater
G
C
Determination of the position of the center of pressure Y C experimentally:

F = wL hG A
Where,
wL = Specific weight of liquid.
hG
= Vertical distance from the liquid surface to the centroid of the
Page 4 of 18
submerged area.
= Area of the submerged surface (A = b x d).
Taking moments about the pivot:

Mg * L = F * YC)A
Where,
YC)A = Actual vertical distance from the pivot to point C (center of

pressure).
= Perpendicular distance between the pivot and the point of action

of the weights.
Calculations Table
Mg ( N )
L ( m)
wL ( N/m3 )
hG ( m )
A ( m2 )
F(N)
YC)A
Determination of the position of the centre of pressure YC theoretically:

YC ) Th. YG CG
YG h G h o
CG
IGG
A hG
Page 5 of 18
IGG
b d3
12
A bxd
Where,
YG
= Vertical distance from the pivot to point G (centroid).
IGG = Second moment of area about horizontal axis passing through point
G and parallel to the liquid surface.
= Width of submerged surface.
= Length of submerged surface.
Calculations Table
hG ( m )
hO ( m )
YG ( m )
A ( m2 )
IGG
CG
YC)Th.
Plots:
Plot YC)A against YC)Th. for the partial and fully submerged cases.
Page 6 of 18
3- Calibration of Orifice Meter

Object of Experiment:
To find experimentally the coefficient of velocity, the coefficient of discharge and the coefficient of
contraction for a small orifice for the flow under constant head tank.
Equipment setup:
Scale
Head
Paper
Tank
Clamp
Adjustable
Back
Overflow
Board
Pipe
Needle
Locknut
Flexible Hose to
550
Screw
Sump Tank
Inlet Pipe
Adjustable
Feet Saffle
750
Orifice Plate
Thumb Nut
with O-Ring
Summary of Theory:
x vt
y=
1 2
gt
2
vact
x
2y / g
vth
2 gh
Cv
vact
vth
x
x
4 yh 2 yh
NOTE: x is the horizontal distance measured from the plane of the Vena Contracta. y is the distance
measured from the plane of the orifice.
Page 7 of 18
Qact = Volume (V) / Time (T)
Q th A 2gh
C d Q act Q th
Where A is the orifice area
Orifice diameter = 6 mm
Cc Cd / Cv
Experiment procedure:
1. Connect the apparatus to the bench ensuring that the overflow pipe hose drains into the sump
tank. Level the apparatus by adjusting the feet, ensuring that the path of the jet coincides with
the row of measuring needles. Place a sheet of paper on the backboard, raise the needles to
clear the path of the water jet.
2. Raise the overflow pipe, open the flow control valve, admit water into the head tank. Adjust
the valve until the water is just spilling into the overflow. Record the head h on the scale.
Assess the position of the Vena-Contracta visually and note the distance from the orifice.
3. Adjust each of the needles in turn to determine the jet path, marking the position of the tops
of the needles on the sheet of paper on the backboard.
4. Measure the flow rate Q using the volumetric tank and stopwatch.
5. Repeat for different water levels h.
6. Calculate Cd, Cv and Cc at different tank heads
7. Plot Cd, Cv, and Cc against tank heads then find a specified values for each one of them from
the graph.
Page 8 of 18

Reading
Head (h)
Height (y)
Distance (x)
Velocity coefficient
No.
mm
mm
mm
Cv
1
2
3
4
5
6
Volume of water (V)
Time (T)
Flowrate (Q)
lit
sec
lit / sec
Discharge
Contraction
coefficient
coefficient
Cd
Cc
Page 9 of 18
4- Calibration of Venturi-Meter
To investigate the validity of Bernoulli's Theorem as applied to the flow of water in a tapering circular
duct and calculate the discharge coefficient of a venture-meter.
Equipment Setup:
Hydraulics Bench, Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration Apparatus, Stopwatch.
Summary of Theory:
Qth
A1 A5
A12 A52
2g H1 5
A1 : Inlet area, A5 : Throat area
H15 H1 H 5
Q act
V2 V1
T
Page 10 of 18
C d(v)
Q act
Q th
Procedure:
1. Take the reading of the manometers at section 1&5 to calculate the discharge coefficient for
five different flow rates.
Plots:
1. Venturi meter calibration curve.
2. Let
H15 H1 H 5 be the x-axis and C the y-axis.

d

No.
V1 (lit)
V2 (lit)
T (s)
H1 (m)
H5 (m)
1
2
3
4
5
No
Qact (m3/s)
Qth (m3/s)
Cd
1
2
3
4
5
Page 11 of 18
5- Calibration Of Triangular Weir

Calibration of the triangular weir (Vee notch).
Equipment Setup:
Hydraulics Bench, Basic weir Apparatus (Vee notch), Height gauge, Stopwatch.
Summary of Theory:
Qth
2 g tan H 2
15
2
5
C d = Coefficient of discharge
= Half the enclosed angle of the vee
90
H = Head above bottom of notch
Page 12 of 18
Q act
Cd
V2 V1
T
Qact
Q th
Procedure:
1. Set up the equipment as shown in the diagram.
2. Set Vernier Height Gauge to a datum reading.
3. Position the gauge about half way between the notch plate and stilling baffle.
4. Adjust the feed water and the flow control valve.
Readings to be taken:
1. Take readings of volume and time to find the actual flow rate.
2. Take H reading from the height gauge.
Plots:
1. Weir calibration curve.
2. Let H be the x-axis and Cd the y-axis.
No.
V1
V2
lit
lit
1
2
3
4
5
Page 13 of 18
No
Qact (m3 /s)
Qth (m3 /s)
Cd
1
2
3
4
5
Page 14 of 18
6- Forced Vortex
Objectives of the Experiment:
The object of the experiment is to draw the surface pressure distribution on the bottom of a tank filled
with liquid subjected to forced vortex for different rotational velocities.
Experimental Procedures:
1. Turn on the motor switch.
2. Read the Piezometers zero reading (rotational speed =0.0 rpm).
3. Adjust the velocity regulator at certain rotational speed.
4. Wait for steady state (Piezometers readings = constant).
5. Read the reading of the 12 Piezometers.
6. Change the rotational speed.
7. Repeat the experiment for two rotational speed.
Observations:
No.
at N1 (RPM)
at N2 (RPM)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Pizometers zero reading:
Page 15 of 18
7- Secondary Losses in Bends and Fittings

Objectives of the Experiment:
The objectives of the experiment are to demonstrate the secondary losses associated with flow
through bends and fittings.
Experimental Procedures:
1. Close the regulation valve and start the centrifugal pump.
2. Open the valve partially.
3. Wait for steady flow (Peizometers readings = constant).
4. Read the differential readings of the Peizometers connected to the
mitre, the elbow, the short bend, the enlargement and the contraction.
5. Read the initial volume in the collection tank V1
6. Observe the time ( t ) to increase the collected volume to V 2
7. Increase the valve opening
8. Repeat the experiment two times.
9. After recording all the required readings, close the valve gradually
then stop the centrifugal pump.
Note:
Pipe area: 301.7 mm2
Enlargement pipe diameter: 26.2 mm
Contraction pipe diameter: 19.48 mm
Page 16 of 18
Observations:
No
V1
V2
V1
V2
(cm)
(lit.)
(lit.)
(Sec.)
(cm)
(lit.)
(lit.)
(Sec.)
Mitre
Elbow
Short bend
Enlargement
contraction
Calculations:
V2 V1
t
2
v
h = K
(M itre,Elbow &Short bend )
2g
Q act
h = K
v 22
2g
h = K
(v1 -v 2 ) 2 v12 v 22
2g
2g
(Contraction )
(Enlargemen t )
Where :
v1:Upstreamvelocity
v 2 :Downstreamvelocity
Page 17 of 18
Results:
K
Average
Mitre
Elbow
Short bend
Enlargement
Contraction
Page 18 of 18

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Alexandria University

1- Calibration of Pressure Gauge Using Dead Weight Tester

Indicated pressure (Kgf/cm2)

2- Determination of the Centre of Pressure of a Plane Surface

Water level, hWater ( mm )

Determination of the position of the center of pressure Y C experimentally:

wL = Specific weight of liquid.

= Vertical distance from the liquid surface to the centroid of the

= Area of the submerged surface (A = b x d).

Taking moments about the pivot:

YC)A = Actual vertical distance from the pivot to point C (center of

= Perpendicular distance between the pivot and the point of action

Determination of the position of the centre of pressure YC theoretically:

= Vertical distance from the pivot to point G (centroid).

= Width of submerged surface.

= Length of submerged surface.

3- Calibration of Orifice Meter

Qact = Volume (V) / Time (T)

Results and Calculations:

Volume of water (V)

H15 H1 H 5 be the x-axis and C the y-axis.

Results and Calculations:

5- Calibration Of Triangular Weir

= Half the enclosed angle of the vee

Qact (m3 /s)

Qth (m3 /s)

Pizometers zero reading:

7- Secondary Losses in Bends and Fittings

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