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DATABASEMANAGEMENTSYSTEM
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NormalizationofDatabase
DatabaseNormalisationisatechniqueoforganizingthedatainthedatabase.Normalizationisasystematic
DatabaseConcept
approachofdecomposingtablestoeliminatedataredundancyandundesirablecharacteristicslikeInsertion,
OverviewofDBMS
UpdateandDeletionAnamolies.Itisamultistepprocessthatputsdataintotabularformbyremoving
(overviewofdbms)
duplicateddatafromtherelationtables.
DatabaseArchitecture
Normalizationisusedformainlytwopurpose,
(architectureofdatabase)
DatabaseModel(database
Eliminatingreduntant(useless)data.
model)
Ensuringdatadependenciesmakesensei.edataislogicallystored.
Codd'srule(coddrule)
RDBMSConcept(rdbms
concept)
Databasekey(database
key)
Normalization(database
normalization)
ERDiagrams(erdiagram)
ProblemWithoutNormalization
WithoutNormalization,itbecomesdifficulttohandleandupdatethedatabase,withoutfacingdataloss.
Insertion,UpdationandDeletionAnamoliesareveryfrequentifDatabaseisnotNormalized.Tounderstand
theseanomaliesletustakeanexampleofStudenttable.
S_id
S_Name
S_Address
Subject_opted
Specialization
401
Adam
Noida
Bio
(generalizationand
402
Alex
Panipat
Maths
403
Stuart
Jammu
Maths
404
Adam
Noida
Physics
Generalizationand
specialization)
SQLConcept
SQLIntroduction
(introductiontosql)
DDLCommand
Createquery(createquery)
Alterquery(alterquery)
Truncate,Dropand
Renamequery(truncate
UpdationAnamoly:Toupdateaddressofastudentwhooccurstwiceormorethantwiceinatable,we
willhavetoupdateS_Addresscolumninalltherows,elsedatawillbecomeinconsistent.
InsertionAnamoly:Supposeforanewadmission,wehaveaStudentid(S_id),nameandaddressofa
droprenamequery)
studentbutifstudenthasnotoptedforanysubjectsyetthenwehavetoinsertNULLthere,leadingto
DMLCommand
InsertionAnamoly.
AllDMLcommand(dml
DeletionAnamoly:If(S_id)401hasonlyonesubjectandtemporarilyhedropsit,whenwedeletethat
command)
row,entirestudentrecordwillbedeletedalongwithit.
TCLCommand
AllTCLCommand(tcl
command)
DCLCommand
AllDCLCommand(dcl
command)
WHEREclause(where
clause)
SELECTquery(select
query)
NormalizationRule
Normalizationrulearedividedintofollowingnormalform.
1. FirstNormalForm
2. SecondNormalForm
3. ThirdNormalForm
4. BCNF
LIKEclause(likeclause)
ORDERBYclause(orderby
clause)
GroupBYclause(groupby
clause)
Havingclause(having
clause)
FirstNormalForm(1NF)
AsperFirstNormalForm,notwoRowsofdatamustcontainrepeatinggroupofinformationi.eeachsetof
columnmusthaveauniquevalue,suchthatmultiplecolumnscannotbeusedtofetchthesamerow.Each
tableshouldbeorganizedintorows,andeachrowshouldhaveaprimarykeythatdistinguishesitasunique.
DISTINCTkeyword(distinct
ThePrimarykeyisusuallyasinglecolumn,butsometimesmorethanonecolumncanbecombinedtocreate
keyword)
asingleprimarykey.ForexampleconsideratablewhichisnotinFirstnormalform
AND&ORoperator(sql
StudentTable:
andoroperator)
AdvanceSQL
SQLConstraints(sql
Student
Age
Subject
Adam
15
Biology,Maths
Alex
14
Maths
Stuart
17
Maths
constraints)
SQLfunction(sqlfunction)
SQLJoin(joininginsql)
SQLAlias(sqlalias)
SQLSEToperation(set
operationinsql)
SQLSequences(sql
sequences)
SQLViews(sqlviews)
InFirstNormalForm,anyrowmustnothaveacolumninwhichmorethanonevalueissaved,likeseparated
withcommas.Ratherthanthat,wemustseparatesuchdataintomultiplerows.
StudentTablefollowing1NFwillbe:
Student
Age
Subject
Adam
15
Biology
TestYourself!
Adam
15
Maths
Ifyouhavestudiedallthelessons
Alex
14
Maths
Stuart
17
Maths
ofDBMS,thenevaluateyourselfby
takingthesetests.
DBMSTopicalTest(http://www.studytonight.com/dbms/tests/)
UsingtheFirstNormalForm,dataredundancyincreases,astherewillbemanycolumnswithsamedatain
multiplerowsbuteachrowasawholewillbeunique.
SecondNormalForm(2NF)
AspertheSecondNormalFormtheremustnotbeanypartialdependencyofanycolumnonprimarykey.It
meansthatforatablethathasconcatenatedprimarykey,eachcolumninthetablethatisnotpartofthe
primarykeymustdependupontheentireconcatenatedkeyforitsexistence.Ifanycolumndependsonlyon
onepartoftheconcatenatedkey,thenthetablefailsSecondnormalform.
InexampleofFirstNormalFormtherearetworowsforAdam,toincludemultiplesubjectsthathehasopted
for.Whilethisissearchable,andfollowsFirstnormalform,itisaninefficientuseofspace.Alsointheabove
TableinFirstNormalForm,whilethecandidatekeyis{Student,Subject},AgeofStudentonlydependson
Studentcolumn,whichisincorrectasperSecondNormalForm.Toachievesecondnormalform,itwouldbe
helpfultosplitoutthesubjectsintoanindependenttable,andmatchthemupusingthestudentnamesas
foreignkeys.
NewStudentTablefollowing2NFwillbe:
Student
Age
Adam
15
Alex
14
Stuart
17
InStudentTablethecandidatekeywillbeStudentcolumn,becauseallothercolumni.eAgeisdependenton
it.
NewSubjectTableintroducedfor2NFwillbe:
Student
Subject
Adam
Biology
Adam
Maths
Alex
Maths
Stuart
Maths
InSubjectTablethecandidatekeywillbe{Student,Subject}column.Now,boththeabovetablesqualifiesfor
SecondNormalFormandwillneversufferfromUpdateAnomalies.Althoughthereareafewcomplexcasesin
whichtableinSecondNormalFormsuffersUpdateAnomalies,andtohandlethosescenariosThirdNormal
Formisthere.
ThirdNormalForm(3NF)
ThirdNormalformappliesthateverynonprimeattributeoftablemustbedependentonprimarykey.The
transitivefunctionaldependencyshouldberemovedfromthetable.ThetablemustbeinSecondNormal
form.Forexample,consideratablewithfollowingfields.
Student_DetailTable:
Student_id
Student_name
DOB
Street
city
State
Zip
InthistableStudent_idisPrimarykey,butstreet,cityandstatedependsuponZip.Thedependencybetween
zipandotherfieldsiscalledtransitivedependency.Hencetoapply3NF,weneedtomovethestreet,city
andstatetonewtable,withZipasprimarykey.
NewStudent_DetailTable:
Student_id
Student_name
DOB
Zip
AddressTable:
Zip
Street
city
state
Theadvantageofremovingtranstivedependencyis,
Amountofdataduplicationisreduced.
Dataintegrityachieved.
BoyceandCoddNormalForm(BCNF)
BoyceandCoddNormalFormisahigherversionoftheThirdNormalform.Thisformdealswithcertaintype
ofanamolythatisnothandledby3NF.A3NFtablewhichdoesnothavemultipleoverlappingcandidatekeys
issaidtobeinBCNF.
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