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Original Article | Artculo Original
Abstract
Resumen
Aims:
To
study
pharmacognostical,
phytochemically the roots of this plant.
and
physicochemical
ARTICLE INFO
Received | Recibido: July 27, 2014.
Received in revised form | Recibido en forma corregida: December 5, 2014.
Accepted | Aceptado: December 8, 2014.
Available Online | Publicado en Lnea: December 10, 2014.
Declaration of interests | Declaracin de Intereses: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Funding | Financiacin: The authors confirm that the project have not funding or grants.
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Chaudhary et al.
INTRODUCTION
Ayurvedic system of medicine is a traditional
system of medicine, native to the Indian
subcontinent and practiced in other parts of the
world as a form of alternative medicine. In
Sanskrit, the word Ayurveda consists of the words
ayus, meaning "life", and Veda, meaning "related
to knowledge" or "science". Evolving throughout
its history, Ayurveda remains an influential
system of medicine in South Asia. Over the past
centuries,
ayurvedic
practitioners,
called
"Ayurvedacharyas," have identified a number of
medicinal preparations and surgical procedures
for curing various ailments and diseases (CRPA,
2002).
However, there is a need to transform
Ayurveda into a dynamic, scientifically validated
and evidence-based system which takes its roots
from rich knowledge base of oral tradition and
scriptures. The major hurdle in the wider
acceptability of Ayurveda and its products is the
lack of proper standardization techniques and its
unpreparedness to accept global challenges
(Wagner and Farnsworth, 1994). The World Health
Organization (WHO) also has emphasized the
need to ensure the quality of the medicinal plant
products (Hamberger et al., 1991).
Standardization of herbal drugs is very much
important to establish their products in the
global markets. Standardization starting from
production of quality materials, analysis of raw
materials for authentication, presence of foreign
matter, organoleptic evaluation, microscopic
examination, extractive values, chromatographic
profiles, pesticides residue, presence of heavy
metals, etc., is necessary for standardization of
drugs. Similarly, the standardization methods of
medicinal plants and its extracts have great
importance in the fields of cosmetics and
nutraceuticals, which are emerging as the two
most important segments in the global markets
(Masood, 1997).
The present study has been performed on
Bombax ceiba Linn or Bombax malabaricum D.C.
or Salmalia malabarica (DC.) Schott & Endl is
belonging to family Bombacaceae (The Wealth of
India, 2003). The therapeutic effects have been
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Chaudhary et al.
Plant material
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Observations
Shape
Cylindrical
Width
1-5 cm
Length
20-50 cm
Color
Peeled-pale
yellow,
unpeeledyellowish brown to dark brown.
Odor
Taste
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Chaudhary et al.
Cork cambium
Cortex
Phloem
Parenchymatus Zone
Xylem
Medullary rays
Cork
Stone cells
Phloem
Xylem vessel
Medullary ray
Starch grain
Figure 2: Transverse section of Bombax ceiba roots. Cork with eight to ten layers of tabular cells. Phelloderm: One to three layers of
radially arranged parenchymatous cells containing stone cells. Phloem fibers: Thickened walls, Lignified parenchymatous sheath.
Medullary rays: Distinct, multiseriate parenchymatous cells. Xylem fibers: Thickened walls, parenchymatous sheath containing
starch grains and calcium oxalate crystals. Pith: Parenchymatous cells with intercellular spaces.
Table 2. Micro-chemical tests performed on transverse section (TS) of Bombax ceiba roots
Test
Observation
Inference
Fibres present
TS + iodine
TS + methylene blue
Mucilage absent
TS + methyl red
Without staining
Identified cells
Stone
cells,
calcium
oxalate crystal present
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Figure 3: Microscopy of powdered Bombax ceiba Linn. roots. (A) Cork cell: Brownish, thin-walled, wavy cells are
present. (B) Fibres: Occur in groups and be associated with the vessels. (C) Calcium Oxalate crystal: Minute prism
shaped crystal present as cell content and scattered. (D) Vessels: Fragments of lignified reticulately thickened,
annual and spiral vessels.
Petroleum
ether extract
Chloroform
extract
Methanol
extract
Water
extract
Carbohydrates
Steroid
Cardiac glycosides
Anthraquinone glycosides
Saponin glycosides
Flavonoids glycosides
Alkaloids
Glycosides
Tannins and
compounds
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phenolic
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Table 4. TLC profile for hydro-alcoholic extract of Bombax ceiba roots powder.
Groups
Mobile Phase
Detection
Rf Value
Anthraglycosides
Borntrger reagent
Absent
Bitter Principles
Vanillin-Sulphuric
acid reagent
0.62
Alkaloids
Toluene:
ethyl
acetate:diethylamine
(70:20:10)
Dragendorff
reagent
0.78
Flavonoids
Aluminium
chloride reagent
0.91
Saponins
Vanillin-sulphuric
acid reagent
0.42
Essential oils
Toluene:
(93:7)
Vanillin-sulphuric
acid reagent
Absent
Coumarins
UV 365 nm
Absent
Steroid
Cyclohexane:
ether:
ethyl
(4:6:2.5)
Anisaldehydesulphuric acid
ethyl
acetate
diethyl
acetate
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Table 5. HPTLC fingerprinting results of hydro-alcoholic extract of Bombax ceiba root powder.
Spot
No.
MP 1
MP 2
MP 3
MP 1
MP 2
MP 3
01
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
02
0.09
0.09
0.24
0.36
0.12
0.10
03
0.34
0.21
0.36
0.60
0.35
0.24
04
0.48
0.38
0.67
0.62
0.39
0.37
05
0.60
0.54
0.76
0.70
0.97
0.67
06
0.62
--
0.86
0.75
--
0.87
07
0.72
--
--
0.82
--
0.94
08
0.75
--
--
0.85
--
--
09
0.82
--
--
0.93
--
--
Spot
No.
MP 2
MP 3
MP 1
MP 2
MP 3
01
0.12
0.21
0.10
0.11
0.10
0.10
02
0.20
0.36
0.18
0.34
0.15
0.14
03
0.27
0.42
0.26
0.45
0.20
0.16
04
0.30
0.50
0.31
0.50
0.27
0.19
05
0.36
0.67
0.36
0.59
0.30
0.22
06
0.40
0.70
0.40
0.61
0.35
0.25
07
0.45
0.80
0.44
0.63
0.40
0.29
08
0.53
0.86
0.52
0.67
0.43
0.31
09
0.61
0.90
0.57
0.70
0.59
0.34
10
0.66
0.96
0.62
0.75
0.70
0.37
11
0.75
--
0.68
0.82
0.93
0.67
12
0.85
--
0.78
0.85
--
0.84
13
0.92
--
0.85
0.87
--
0.97
Mobile Phase 1 (MP 1): Cyclohexane: diethyl ether: ethyl acetate (4:3:2.5)
Mobile Phase 2 (MP 2): Cyclohexane: diethyl ether: ethyl acetate (4:4:2.5)
Mobile Phase 3 (MP 3): Cyclohexane: diethyl ether: ethyl acetate (4:6:2.5)
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Chaudhary et al.
Figure 5. (A) HPTLC chromatograms of lupeol standard (Rf value ~ 0.26) and (B) Hydroalcoholic extracts of Bombax ceiba root.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study gives an account on the
preliminary pharmacognostic and phytochemical
screening of Bombax ceiba roots which may
useful in order to authenticate, standardize and
avoid any adulteration. The diagnostic microscopical characters and physicochemical data reported in this paper will be helpful in the development of a monograph. TLC & HPTLC studies help
to verify adulteration in quality control of crude
extract. Further due to the presence of various
phytochemicals which may be therapeutically
active, pharmacological screening of roots of
Bombax ceiba extracts can also be performed.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This article is a part of Pankaj Chaudhary Master of
Pharmacy thesis.
REFERENCES
CRPA (2002) Demand Study for Selected Medicinal Plants,
Volume II. New Delhi: Center for Research & Planning
and Action (CRPA) for Ministry of Health & Family
Welfare, GOI, Department of ISM&H & WHO.
Faizi S, Ali M (1999) Shamimin: a new flavonol C-glycoside
from leaves of Bombax ceiba. Plant Medica 65(4): 383385.
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