1.

INTRODUCTION

This world demands the qualities of youth: not a time of life but a state of
mind, a temper of the will, a quality of imagination, a predominance of courage
over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the life of ease."
ROBERT KENNEDY
(i) STUDY BACKGROUND
Youth is the time of life when one is young. Pakistan is a developing country and youth in
Pakistan makes up about 35% of its total population. In the midst of crunching times, when
Pakistan is facing severe issues such as terrorism, economic crisis, target killings, disunity and
the burden to take the country out of the whirlpool is upon its young people. But unfortunately
youth of Pakistan is indulging in drugs amusements. They are going to worst conditions, losing
their lives, going to kill their family, their nation and country expectations. It is panic condition
for any country when its hope is losing in smoke.
Drug Addiction has become a serious problem in our society now days, which causes a
destructive roll and adverse contribution to a person using drugs. Many people start drugs
without knowing the harmful effects and time pass but soon they get full physical dependency
upon it. It not only destroys mental and physical health but also social environment, too. Almost
5.8 per cent of the adult population, approximately 6.4 million persons or one in every 27
persons in Pakistan is using drugs while nearly 25 per cent of the youth population is involved in
some form of drug abuse in Pakistan. Drug abuse is most prevalent in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
where 11 per cent of the population uses drugss, followed by Sindh where 6.5 per cent of the
population is drug addict. In Balochistan, almost five per cent population uses cigarettes and
Sheesha while in Punjab, 4.8 per cent of the population is drug addict. Cannabis (Charas) is the
most commonly used drug in Pakistan, with 3.6% of the adult population its addict. Opiates
namely opium and heroin are used by almost one per cent of overall drug users. There are
420,000 people who inject cigarettes and Sheesha in Pakistan, which represents 0.4% population.
Non-medical use of tranquilizers and sedatives is higher among women.
There are several types of drugs addiction like Hash (THC), heroin, cocaine, alcohol, opium,
sedative pills, tranquilizers, tobacco, marijuana and stimulants, but the main focus of this
research study is on tobacco inhaled through cigarettes and sheesha.
Tobacco smoking is the practice of burning tobacco and inhaling the smoke or a more broad
definition may include simply taking tobacco smoke into the mouth, and then releasing it, as is
done with tobacco pipes and cigars. Tobacco use in any form is deadly. Smoking kills more than
half of all its regular users. According to WHO, the annual death toll attributable to tobacco is
expected to rise from the current estimates of 5.4 million/year to 10 million/year by 2025. And

over 70% of these deaths would be in the developing countries. Tobacco is the single most
preventable cause of disease and death in the world today.
A cigarette (from the French word cigarette meaning "small cigar"), is a small cylinder of
finely cut tobacco leaves rolled in thin paper for smoking.
A Sheesha also known as a water pipe is a single or multi-stemmed instrument for
vaporizing and smoking flavored tobacco in which the vapor or smoke is passed through
a water basin often glass-based before inhalation.
According to WHO 2011 report 32.4% males and 5.7% females are current tobacco smokers in
Pakistan. Sheesha use is also on the increase in the Pakistani youth and according to a study
reported from Karachi in 2008, 43% of males and 11% female's university students were found
to be regular sheesha user.
(ii) PROBLEM STATEMENT
Pakistani youth is indulging in drug abuse from last many years but nowadays its trend increases,
people take drug as a symbol of status, fashion and use it openly with pride. In this research we
try to know perception of Hyderabad people about smoking sheesha and cigarettes, reasons
behind using it and also after effects of this.
(iii) MAIN OBJECTIVE
Main objective of this research is to explore trend of smoking cigarettes and sheesha in youth of
Hyderabad.
(iv) DETAIL OBJECTIVES
To find out how much percentage of people are smoking cigarettes and sheesha in
Hyderabad
To find out how much percentage of money spend on smoking cigarettes and sheesha
At what extent they are addict of it
Reasons behind its usage
After effects of smoking
cigarettes and Sheesha
SAMPLING FRAME: TOBACCO USERS
5.
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

SAMPLING UNITS: STUDENTS

The Master Plan for conducting

this research is given below:
(i) RESEARCH DESIGN
Research topic is concerned with
tobacco consumption in the
youth of Hyderabad.
The

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: PROBABILITY (SAMPLE RANDOM SAM

SAMPLE SIZE: 52
2

sample group was of SZABIST students as they are coming from diverse backgrounds. The
sample size was of 52 respondents. In this research the respondents are divided according to age,
gender, education and income level to see the effects of tobacco consumption.
(ii) DATA COLLECTION METHODS
In order to conduct research we use survey method i.e. questionnaires in which series of question
are asked from the respondents. The questionnaires are consist of the four section
Personal Questions
Focused to topic
Our research objective contains one main objective, five detail objectives
95% of the data is to be collected through Primary data
5% of the data is secondary
DATA COLLECTION METHODS

PRIMARY DATA

SECONDARY DATA

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

PREVIOUS ARTICLES

(iii) SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS

(i) GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
According to geographical point of view for this research we have selected Hyderabad region in
which we take youth of Hyderabad studied in different universities.
(ii) DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Demographic information or socio-economic profile is information which describes people who
are indulged in smoking cigarettes and Sheesha are as follows:
Gender
The genders are categorized into male and female
Age
Age groups are divided into three levels. (a) 18-20 years, (b) 20-25 years and (c) 25above
Education
Education level of sample size is enrolled in BBA, MBA and other programs offered at
SZABIST.
Income or sources of income
3

As sample is of students so most of them are dependent upon their guardians and few of
them are independent.

non smokers; 37%

smokers; 63%

6. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
It is concluded from this research that number of smokers is more than non smokers. The number
of non smoker is 36.50% while a great number is of smokers that is 63.40%.
No: of users

25
20
15
10
5
0
18-20

20-25

25 onwards

(i)

NUMBER

OF

SMOKERS

ACCORDING TO AGE DISTRIBUTION

This graph represents the number of smokers according to age distribution.
In Hyderabad city, 20-25 age group people are more involved in smoking as compare to 18-20
age groups.
In 20-25 age groups, there are about 22 people who smoke out of 33 sample group and other 10
lies in 18-20 age group.

Age

(ii) SMOKERS ACCORDING TO GENDER

20
18
16
14
12

male

10

female

8
6
4
2
0
18-20

20-25

25 onwards

No: of users

Ages

This graph represents the number of smokers according to gender in each age group. It concludes
that in age group of (18-20), 27% are male and 3% are female, while in age group of (20-25),
males are 61% and 6% are females and remaining 3% is of age group 25 to onwards.
(iii) NUMBER OF USERS OF CIGERATTE, SHEESHA AND BOTH (CIGARETTE &
SHEESHA)

No: of users

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
cigeratte

sheesha

both

Types of
tobacco

This graph shows that out of out 33 smokers. 46% peoples only smoke cigarettes, 18% use only
sheesha while 36% smokes both sheesha and cigarette.
(iv) PER MONTH SPENDING ON TOBACCO

No: of users

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
upto2500

2500-5000

5000-7500

7500-10000

Spending

This graph represents that

Almost 39% people spend Rs: 10000-2500 on smoking
42% people spend Rs: 2500-5000 on smoking
5% people spend Rs: 2500-7500 on smoking
And 14% spend 7500-10000 on smoking
WHY PEOPLE SMOKE CIGERATTES AND SHEESHA
Many people smoke cigarettes and Sheesha just to escape physical an emotional discomfort and
pain. It temporarily relaxes and enhances a bit confidence and feeling of depression. People start
smoking to deal with stress to enhance energy and confidence at school or at home.

(v) PERCEPTION OF PEOPLE ABOUT SMOKING CIGERATTE AND SHEESHA

45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
source of relaxation

enjoyment

compelledto do

Percentage of
users

Reasons to use

This graph shows the extent of peoples thinking about smoking cigarettes and sheesha.
42% people think that it is a source of relaxation
45% thinks that it is a enjoyment
And remaining 13% say that they are using tobacco in hard situations like in stress or
tension.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
In this research, to see the average age of people involved in smoking cigarettes and sheesha,
different ages are taken. Target age is from 16 to 40. Range is (40-18 = 22). Data is converted
into continuous from discrete by subtracting (- 0.5) from lower class limit and adding (+0.5) in
upper class limit because age is a continuous variable.
In questionnaire age is given in three limits. (a) 18-20, (b) 20-25, (c) 25 onwards
In continuous it is written as:
15.5-20.5, 20.5-25.5, 25.5-30.5, 30.5-35.5, 35.5-40.5
Five class boundaries are made and averages are calculate as follows
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(vi) FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

Class boundaries
Median class 15.5-20.5
Model class 20.5-25.5
25.5-30.5
30.5-35.5
35.5-40.5
Total

Mid point
18
23
28
33
38

frequency
10
22
1
33

fixi
180
506
28
714

cf
10
32
33
-

MEAN
xx=

fixi/fi

xx=

714/33

xx=

21.6

Average age of students that uses

tobacco is 21.6 years

MEDIAN
MEDIAN
=
MEDIAN
=
MEDIAN
=
MEDIAN
=
MEDIAN
=

l1+i/f(n/2-cf)
15.5+5/10(33/2-0)
15.5+0.5(16.5)

The most middle age of tobacco

users is 23.75 years

15.5+8.25
23.75

MODE
MODE=

li+ i(fm-fi)/2fm-f1-f2

MODE=

20.5+5(22-10)/2*22-10-1

MODE=

20.5+ 60/33

MODE=

20.5+ 1.81

MODE=

22.31

Most frequent occurred age of

tobacco users is 22.31 years

RESULTS

MEAN
21.6 years

MEDIAN
23.75 years

MODE
22.21 years

7. COMMON SIDE EFFECT OF SMOKING CIGARETTES AND SHEESHA

Repeated use of cigarettes and Sheesha brings changes in brain which damages the
ability, self control and self behavior. These changes produce extreme desire to use
cigarettes and Sheesha again and again that makes addiction so powerful.
Physical weakness of cigarettes and Sheesha user affects badly eyesight, teeth, stamina
and sexual ability.
Neurotransmitters of brain start to depend on tobacco inhales.
Psychological effect on brain loss of self control, wants to be alone, decrease in social
activities.
Psychological disorder makes it difficult to manage religious activities.
8. EFFECTS OF TOBACCO SMOKING ON THE BODY
Inhaling tobacco smoke causes damage to many of the bodys organs and systems.
(i) EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The effects of tobacco smoke on the respiratory system include:
Irritation of the trachea (windpipe) and larynx (voice box)
Reduced lung function and breathlessness due to swelling and narrowing of the lung
airways and excess mucus in the lung passages
Impairment of the lungs clearance system, leading to the build-up of poisonous
substances, which results in lung irritation and damage
Increased risk of lung infection and symptoms such as coughing and wheezing
Permanent damage to the air sacs of the lungs.
(ii)EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The effects of tobacco smoke on the circulatory system include:
Raised blood pressure and heart rate
Constriction (tightening) of blood vessels in the skin, resulting in a drop in skin
temperature
Less oxygen carried by the blood
Stickier blood, which is more prone to clotting
Damage to the lining of the arteries, which is thought to be a contributing factor to
atherosclerosis (the build-up of fatty deposits on the artery walls)
Reduced blood flow to extremities (fingers and toes)
Increased risk of stroke and heart attack due to blockages of the blood supply.

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(iii) EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

The effects of tobacco smoke on the immune system include:
Greater susceptibility to infections such as pneumonia and influenza
More severe and longer-lasting illnesses
Lower levels of protective antioxidants (such as vitamin C), in the blood.
(iv) EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
The effects of tobacco smoke on the musculoskeletal system include:
Tightening of certain muscles
Reduced bone density.
(v) EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON BABIES
The effects of maternal smoking on an unborn baby include:
Increased risk of miscarriage, stillbirth and premature birth
Low birth weight, which may have a lasting effect of the growth and development of
children. Low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of heart disease, stroke,
high blood pressure, being overweight and diabetes in adulthood
Increased risk of cleft palate and cleft lip
Paternal smoking can also harm the fetus if the non-smoking mother is exposed to
second-hand smoke.
If a parent continues to smoke during their babys first year of life, the child has an increased risk
of ear infections, respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis, sudden infant death
syndrome (SIDS) and meningococcal disease.
(vi) DISEASES CAUSED BY LONG-TERM SMOKING
A lifetime smoker is at high risk of developing a range of potentially lethal diseases, including:
Cancer of the lung, mouth, nose, larynx, tongue, nasal sinus, oesophagus, throat,
pancreas, bone marrow (myeloid leukaemia), kidney, cervix, ovary, ureter, liver,
bladder, bowel and stomach
Lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which includes chronic
bronchitis and emphysema
Coronary artery disease, heart disease, heart attack and stroke
Ulcers of the digestive system
Osteoporosis and hip fracture
Poor blood circulation in feet and hands, which can lead to pain and, in severe cases,
gangrene and amputation.

11

9. DRUG ADDICTS REHABILITATION NGOS IN PAKISTAN

Drug Free Pakistan Foundation
DFPF located in Karachi Pakistan that helps drug addicts, conducts researches and
devises policies for controlling drug abuse.
New Horizons Care Center
NHCC Located at Block 1, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Karachi, which provides free treatment for
drug addicts.
Dost Foundation
Dost Foundation established in 1992 and Runs drug addicts Rehab centers. Apart from
addicts, works for street children, prisoners and destitute women.
Waris Foundation
Waris foundation established in 2003 and located at Sheikhupura, Pakistan, Which runs a
Waris welfare anti narcotic hospital and Rescuer center.
Ray of Hope (Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Center)
Ray of Hope (Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Center) established in 2007 and located
at Hill View Lane, Adyala Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, that works to create a drug free
society
Teen Challenge Pakistan
Teen challenge Pakistan located at Islamabad that Runs Drug Rehabilitation centers. 30
Bed men's center in Attock, 10 bed center for Women in Islamabad. Also conducts
awareness programs on Drug abuse.
Friends of Anti-Narcotic of Sindh (Fanos)
Friends of Anti-Narcotic of Sindh (Fanos) established in 1986 and located at Karachi. It
works against drugs abuse.
10. RECOMMENDATIONS
Sheesha and Smoking should be banned at restaurants and public places.
Organizations should run campaigns throughout the country in this regard. Organizations
should organize programs not only in major cities but in rural areas and smaller cities.
Educational institutes should prohibit students from such activities in the campus
premises
Government should devise laws against smoking and sheesha.
Strict laws should be taken into action
People of age below 20 year should be penalized for smoking
Newspapers should report cases of sheesha and smoking to let know masses about
harmful after effects

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11. CONCLUSION
This research was conducted in Hyderabad; sample size is of 52 students of SZABIST. This
research gave some astonishing results that indulgence into sheesha and smoking has increased
to great extent. Only 36% are non smoker while 63% are indulged into smoking cigarette and
sheesha. From the sample of 63% students plagued by this abuse gender vise only 5% are girls
and boys are in huge amount that is 95%.Most of them belong to age group of 20 to 25 years
while a smaller number of students belong to age group of 18 to 20 years. Boys smoke as if its a
matter of comfort and relaxation. They have forgotten the dangerous effects it causing to their
health on the other hand girls have shown inclination to not only smoking but sheesha as fashion
and are also motivating their friends to do it as well. It is not only responsibility of parents but
also institutes management. Administration of institutes should act responsible in this regard
which they have contradicted by allocating smoking area they have welcomed youth to smoking
and provided them a platform to enjoy it. SZABIST should take steps against it. Organizations
working in this regard should open their booths at Hyderabad as well. Awareness campaign
should be held at institutes and pupils should be realized about harmful effects.

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12. REFERENCES
http://www.incpak.com/editorial/hookah-bars-custodians-becomes-worstenemies/
http://www.anf.gov.pk/content/Drug%20Abuse%20Control%20Master%20Plan
%202010-14.pdf

http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/07/08/city/islamabad/sheesha-bansmoked/#sthash.dD6Pvhfd.dpuf

Busting myths about sheesha By Javaid Khan Published: May 16, 2010
Drugs addiction and the youth By Sahibzada Hussain Mohi-ud-Din Qadri : Jun 20, 2010

14

APPENDIX

15

IMPACT OF SMOKING CIGRETTES AND SHEESHA ON YOUTH OF HYDERABAD

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

This is an academic research conducted by students of SZABIST (MBA 36-1). It is an Advanced

Research Methods project. Kindly provide your precious views on the following questions.
Gender
(a) Male (b) Female
How old are you today?
(a) 18-20 years (b) 20-25 years (c) 25 years onwards
Education
(a) BBA (b) MBA (c) Other
Do you have any job?
(a) Yes (if yes then mention designation):__________________________________
(b) No
Your monthly income or monthly pocket money
(a) 1000-5000 (b) 5000-10000 (c) 10000-15000 (d) 15000-25000 (e) 25000-above

1. What is your perception about smoking cigarette and sheesha?

(a)Good (b) Enjoyment (c) source of relaxation (d) compelled to do so
2. Were you ever indulged into smoking cigarettes and sheesha in your life?
(a) Yes
(b) No
If YES then which: _________________________________________
3. How did you get involved in smoking cigarette and sheesha , through
(a) Friends
(b) Family
(c) Peers
(d) Other: __________
4. How old were you when you first time tried cigarette and sheesha?
Age: _______________

16

5. How much money per month you spend on smoking cigarettes and sheesha?
Rs: ________________
6. How frequently you smoke cigarettes and sheesha?
(a) Regularly
(b) Alternate day
(c) Weekly
(d) rarely
(Please mention your type of drug in front of your answer)

7. Do you know what are the effects of smoking cigarettes and sheesha?
(a) Yes
(b) No
8. Where did you find out about the effects of smoking cigarettes and sheesha from
(a) Media
(b) Friends
(c) Family
(d) Other: ____________
9. Have your closest friends used the (smoking, Alcohol or Sheesha) in the last 30 days?
(a) Yes
(b) No
10. Are cigarette and sheesha easily available?
(a) Yes
(b) No
11. Do you think our community needs to do something about consumption of sheesha and cigarette by
youngsters?
(a) Yes
(b) No
12. If you think something needs to be done in our community, what would work the best?
(a) Awareness campaign in educational institutes
(b) More counseling and support
(c) Strict laws
(d) Other
Thank you for your cooperation!

17