Shawket Exam Questions Dec 06

Heriot
-Watt University
Heriot-Watt
INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
Possible
Exam Questions
Question: Chapter 2 Section 3

z
Q. Explain briefly what is meant by:

(a) a normal pressured reservoir, and
(b) an overpressured reservoir?
Solution: Chapter 2 Section 3

z
With the aid of a diagram, comment on the fluid

pressures gradients in an oil reservoir with a gas
cap with a supporting aquifer for a normally
pressured reservoir?
Illustrate the gradient for an overpressured
reservoir?

Pressure
dP
= 0.45 psi / ft
dD water
Depth
dP
gas = 0.08 psi / ft

dD
dP
= 0.35 psi / ft
dD oil
Pressure
dP
= 0.45 psi / ft
dD water
Depth
dP
gas = 0.08 psi / ft

dD
dP
= 0.35 psi / ft
dD oil

z
Explain briefly what you understand by:

(a) The compositional model description for the
characterization of a reservoir fluid?
(b) The black oil model description for the
characterization of a reservoir fluid?

z
Methane is a significant component in reservoir

fluids.
Using a sketch for a binary of methane and ndecane (C10), illustrate the impact of methane on
the critical point loci of C1-C10 binary mixtures?
What is the significant of this diagram?

z
Mixture of methane
and n-octane has a
critical point much
greater than pure
component values.
Methane will tend to
make the mixtures to
be more volatile, i.e. of
lower Tc and higher
Pc.

z
Draw a pressure temperature diagram of

retrograde-gas condensate fluid, indicating the
following key features:
(a) Bubble point and dew point lines,
(b) Critical point,
(c) Cricondentherm,
(d) Isovol lines of constant proportion of gasliquid,
(e) Region of retrograde condensation?
What is gas cycling and why in some cases is it

used?

z
Gas Cycling is the reinjection of separated gas

back into the reservoir in some cases with gases
from other near reservoirs.
It is used to keep the reservoir above the dew point
line preventing condensation in the reservoir.

z
Define:
Oil FVF
Total FVF
Solution GOR
S 3.2.1-R 4

Oil FVF:
Above bubble point as

pressure reduces oil expands
due to compressibility.
Below bubble point oil

shrinks as a result of
gas coming out of
solution.

Total FVF:
B t = B o + B g ( R sb R s )
Above Pb, Bt = Bo

Gas Solubility
At bubble point
All gas in solution
Above bubble point

All gas in solution
Below bubble point

Free gas and solution gas
At surface conditions
No gas in solution

z
The dew point pressure of a condensate gas field is

6250 psia. The initial reservoir conditions are 240F
and 8500 psia. When the reservoir was initially tested,
a condensate to gas ratio of 80 stb per million scf of
gas was obtained. The produced gas and condensate
composition were as follows:
S9 R5

z
The reservoir pore volume is considered to be 5x1011

ft3 with Swc = 0.17.
Calculate the condensate fluids produced (stb) and the
gas produced (scf) in producing the reservoir down to a
pressure of 6750 psia.
S9 R5
S9 R5
The
0.9809 = 0.07*11.01+0.21
0.8159 = 9.8013/12.0127
S9 R5
10
Possible Exam Questions

z
The
S9 R5

z
The
S9 R5
11
Question 2: Chapter 6 Section 9
S9 R5
S9 R5
12
S9 R5
S9 R5
13

z
For a low permeability rock, the measured permeability

of the rock, using gas as the fluid is more than it is using
a liquid. Comment briefly on this and how the
permeability of a rock can be obtained using a gas as
the fluid.

z
z
z
Measurements on gas compared to liquid give higher values

than the liquid for low perm rocks.
The phenomena is attributed to Klinkenberg.
Klinkenberg effect is due to the slippage of gas molecules
along grain surfaces.
Occurs when the diameter of the pore throat approaches
mean free path of the gas.
Darcys law assumes laminar flow and viscous theory
specifies zero velocity at the boundary.
Darcys law is not valid when mean free path approaches
diameter of pore.
14

z
Smaller the molecule ,

the larger the effect
Gas permeabilty is
plotted versus
reciprocal mean
pressure

z
The system below represents the common arrangement for

measuring the permeability of the core plug using a gas.
Derive an equation to calculate the gas permeabilities of a rock

using the above system?
15
Flow rate, Qb, measured at ambient pressure, Pb

Q in the core at P,
For ideal gas:
QP = Q b Pb
Q=
Q b Pb
P

Q=
kA P
dx
Q b Pb
kA P
=
P
dx
Q b Pb dx =
o
kA P2 P1
Q b Pb ( L 0 ) =
k=
Qb =
2Q b Pb L
A P1 P2
2
P2
kA
PdP
P1
kA P1 P2
2
2LPb
16

z
Draw a graphical, normalized, representation of the

results would expect to see for sandstones with high,
medium, and low permeabilityies at ambient
conditions?
17
Question - Solution: Chapter 7 Section 7

z
In the context of Pc define the

FWL?
It is the shallowest depth in the

reservoir at which Sw=100% and
Pc =0.
It lies below the OWC.
Question Solution : Chapter 7 Section 7

z
z
z
Explain briefly why, because of Pc, it is possible to have Sw of

large values, up to 100%, above the OWC and above layers with
lower Sw?
Each rock type has a different Pc curve.
At the same level in the reservoir the Pc curve of a lower quality
reservoir rock shows higher Sw than a higher quality reservoir
rock.
Then it is possible to have Sw of large values, up to 100%, above
the OWC and above layers with lower Sw, when we have
reservoir layers of lower rock quality on top of layers of good rock
quality.
18

z
Explain briefly the reason for significant oil saturation

remaining in the water swept zones of a reservoir after
natural water drive or water injection?
As water rises capillary forces
move ahead of natural level,
more in narrow pores than in
larger pores. The capillary
forces then isolate oil in larger
pore which is then held by
capillary forces in the swept
position of the reservoir.

z
Briefly explain how the permeability sensitivity of rocks to

stress can be measured in the lab?
It could be measured in the lab by using permeability

measurement tools with simulating stresses.
This is done by using high pressure core holder for biaxial
loading.
Use tubes running parallel along confining rubber sleave that
are pressured to simulate the stress distribution of interest.
19

List the rock properties that should be determined in
a rock-mechanical oriented, special core analysis
programme?
z
Special Core Analysis
Detailed mineral description

Relative permeability studies
steady state/ unsteady state
Capillary pressure
Resistivity measurements
Studies under reservoir conditions

z
Core samples have been obtained from a well and air-mercury capillary
pressure curves generated for an oil reservoir system.
The lowest limit of 100% Sw was found at the bottom of the well in rock
type A as shown in the following figure.
(a) determine the FWL and indicate it on the well diagram?
(b) Construct the Sw profile in the space provided?
(c) Calculate the oil-in-place per unit cross-section over the
thickness of the reservoir?
Data:
Specific gravity of Water = 1.03
Specific gravity of oil = 0.80
Density of water = 62.4 lb/ft3
PcAir-Hg = 10 PcW-O
Oil FVF = 1.22 bbl/stb
20
S7.2 R5
Solution 2: Chapter 8 Section 6
21
S7.2 R5
22

z
Capillary pressure data are obtained from core samples

which represent a small part of the reservoir. Leverett
derived a J Function using the Poiseuille equation for
laminar flow:
to relate Pc to permeability and porosity.

z
Derive the J Function and comment on one of its limiting

assumptions?

z
Based on flow through a core as represented by a

bundle of capillary tubes.
Poiseuille's equation q =
For n tubes q n =
r 4 P
8Lcap
nr 4 P
8Lcap
23

nr 2
Porosity of bundle of tubes =
A
Permeability k =
q L core
A P
Lcore
Combining equations gives:
r2 =
8k Lcap
Lcore
Lcap
Lcore
is the 'tortuosity' of the bundle of tubes
If in the reservoir rock the tortuosity remains constant

then

r2 =
8k Lcap
Lcore
r = constant
Pc =
Substituting in capillary pressure equation
Pc =
2Cos
constant
2Cos
r
1
=
=J
constant Cos
Pc
Sometimes J function written without Cos term
24

z
Derive an equation for the average permeability, resulting

from radial circular flow into a well from layers of different
permeabilities and thicknesses?
From where would such an average be obtained?

z
Case of several layers flowing

simultaneously in a well
Qi =
Q = Qi =
2h i k i ( Pe Pw )
r
ln e
rw
2h T k ( Pe Pw ) 2 ( Pe Pw )
=
( k 1h 1 + k 2 h 2 + k 3 h 3 )
re
re
ln
ln
rw
rw
k=
h k
i
hT
The value to be compared

through well flow tests
25

z
Explain briefly the importance of characterizing the

permeability variations in a reservoir in relation to the
prediction of the behaviour of natural and injected water
drive systems.
The answer should be limited to the behaviour in the vertical
plane rather than the areal plane.
26

z
Briefly explain the need for the development of

transient flow solutions to the diffusivity equation in
reservoir engineering?
27

z
Briefly
28

z
Briefly
S7.2 R5

z
Briefly
29

z
Briefly
30

z
Describe the method by which the line source solution may

be adapted to accommodate a zone of reduced permeability
around a wellbore (a skin)
31
32
33
34

S7.2 R5
S7.2 R5
35
36

z
Describe briefly the drive mechanisms associated with

producing an under-saturated oil reservoir, without a
supporting aquifer, down to a pressure well below the bubble
point.
Two stages of drive:

Above the bubble point: Fluid production is driven by
compressibility drive.
Effective compressibility of the system:
Oil
Water
Pore space
Compressibility drive
Below the bubble point: Fluid production is caused by

solution gas drive or dissolved gas drive:
Expanding gas provides force to drive oil.
37

z
Derive two equations in terms of composition and

equilibrium ratios to determine the dew point and
bubble pint pressure of a reservoir fluids.
Explain briefly how the equations are used, when the
temperature of the reservoir and composition of the
fluid are known.
38
39

z
Derive an equation in terms of equilibrium ratios and

composition to predict liquid and vapour ratios and
compositions resulting from the flash separation of a
reservoir fluid.
Explain briefly the application of the equation when the
reservoir fluid composition, temperature and the
pressure of separation are known?

Explain briefly why surface samples from a wet or
condensate reservoir can be unrepresentative if collected
too early after a shut down or major well disturbance. What
suggestions would you give to get more representative
samples?
40

Surface samples from a wet or condensate reservoir can be
unrepresentative if collected too early after a shut down or major well
disturbance, because in these incidents:
Well acts as a separator
Liquid rains down & accumulates at bottom of well.
Pressure builds up in the well & disturbed formation
Some gas goes back into solution.
Large variations in compositions of produced fluids.
Early period lean gas produced. High GOR
When fluids produced from bottom of well. Liquids much lower
GOR.
Then fluids from disturbed reservoir zone
Eventually fluids from undisturbed reservoir

Explain briefly the three following tests carried out on
reservoir fluid samples in relation to a PVT study, and
comment on their application.
Relative Volume (Flash Vaporization Test)
Separator Test
Differential Test
41
42
43

Table below gives the results for a volume/ pressure
investigation of a reservoir fluid at reservoir temperature.
The system composition remained constant throughout the
test

In another test on the fluid a sample of oil at its bubble point
pressure and reservoir temperature in a PVT cell were
passed through a two stage spearator at 100 psig and 75F
and 0 psig and 60F. 34 cc of oil were displaced from the PVT
cell and 27.4 cc of oil were collected from the last separator
stage. 4976 cc of gas were collected at standard conditions
during the test.
In a further test the pressure in a PVT cell at reservoir
temperature was reduced in stages and the gas produced at
each stage removed and the remaining oil volume measured.
The totoal gas produced at standard conditions was
recorded and is presented in the table below:
44
(a) Determine the bubble point pressure of the reservoir fluid at reservoir
temperature.
(b) the oil FVF at 3650 psig
(c) the solution GOR at 3650 psig and 2700 psig
(d) the solution GOR at 1200 psig
(e) the total FVF factors at 3650 psig and 1200 psig.
45
46
47

Similar to Question 1, above
48
49

A laboratory cell, contained 290 cc of reservoir liquid at its
bubble point of 2100 psia at 145F. 21cc of Hg were removed
from the cell and the pressure dropped to 1700 psia. Mercury
was then re-injected at constant temperature and pressure
and 0.153 scf of gas was removed leaving 270 cc of liquid in
the cell. The process was repeated reducing the pressure to
14.7 psia and the temperature to 60F. Then 0.45 scf of gas
was removed and 207.5 cc of liquid remained in the cell.
Determine:
z
(i) Bo and Rs at the bubble point?
(ii) Bo, Bt, Bg, Rs and z at 1,700 psia and 145F.
(iii) Bt at 2100 psia and 145F.
50

(i) Bo and Rs at the bubble point?
Bo =
Rsi =
bbl
290
= 1 .4
stb
207 .5
(0.153 + 0.45) scf

scf
462
=
stb
in 3
ft 3
stb
207.5cc *
*
*
2.54 3 cc 12 3 in 3 5.615 ft 3

(ii) Bo, Bt, Bg, Rs and z at 1,700 psia and 145F.
Bo =
Rs =
270
bbl
= 1 .3
207 .5
stb
(0.45) scf
scf
= 345
3
3
stb
in
ft
stb
207.5cc *
* 3 3*
3
3
2.54 cc 12 in 5.615 ft
No data to determine z, so assumed to be equal 1.

Bg =
zT
1 * (145 + 460 )
bbl
= 0 .0017936
= 0 .00504
P
1700
stb
Bt = Bo + ( Rsi Rs ) Bg = 1 .3
bbl
scf
bbl
bbl
+ ( 462 345 )
* 0 .00179
= 1 .509
stb
stb
scf
stb
51

(iii) Bt at 2100 psia and 145F.
Bt = Bo =
290
bbl
= 1 .4
207 .5
stb
52
53

Solution gas drive above bubble point.
z
MB equation above bubble point simplifies to:-
( B B oi ) ( c w S wc + c f )
N p B o = NB oi o
+
p
B
1
S
oi
wc
No gas cap
Aquifer small in volume We = Wp =0
Rs=Rsi=Rp all gas at surface dissolved in oil in reservoir
54

z
Oil compressibility -
co =
( B o B oi )
B oi p
Replacing oil term in MB equation gives
)
( c w S wc + c f ) p
( ( )
N p B o = NB
oi c o +
1 S wc
B cBS + c f
c ooi = c o +o w oiwc
N p B o = NB
p
B oi p1 S wc
So + Swc = 1
c S + c w S wc + c f
N p B o = NB oi o o
1 S wc
or
N p B o = NB oi c e p

c S + c w S wc + c f
N p B o = NB oi o o
p
1 S wc
or
N p B o = NB oi c e p
ce =
ce =
1
( c o So + c w S wc + c f )
1 S wc
1
( coSo + c wSwc + cf )
1 Swc
ce is the effective saturation weighted compressibility of the reservoir

system
Recovery at bubble point
Np
N
B oi
c e p
B ob
55

Table
C
56

Table

Instantaneous Gas- Oil Ratio
B o k eg o
R =
+ Rs
B g k eo g
z
1. Above Pb, no free gas.

Keg is zero, R=Rs=Rsi.
2. Short time when gas
saturation below critical
value, keg still zero but
R=Rs<Rsi
57

Instantaneous Gas- Oil Ratio
R =
z
z
z
B o k eg o
B g k eo g
+ R
2-3. Gas reached critical

saturation, keg increases as
keo decreases. Gas very
mobile compared to oil. Free
gas produced from oil still in
reservoir.
3. Maximum GOR value
4. Bg is increasing with
decreasing pressure.
58

Solution Gas Drive-Tarners Method
z
Similar approach to Schilthuis procedure
Above Pb use effective compressibility equation
Np
N
z
B oi
c e p
B ob
Below bubble point pressure use MB, Instantaneous

GOR and Oil Saturation equations

z
Tarners method uses MB equation rearranged to calculate gas

production Gp.
Procedure is a trial & error approach using independently MB
and Instantaneous GOR eqns.
NpR p =
N ( Bo + ( R si R s ) Bg Bob ) N p ( Bo R s Bg )
Bg
Step1
1. Start at bubble point pressure
= Gp
2. Select a future pressure and assume a value of Np at that

pressure. Sometimes express Np as a function of N.
3. Solve MB eqn.
eqn. For NpRp, ie.
ie. Gp.
59

z
4. Using assumed Np solve oil saturation equation for So.

This enables keg/keo to be determined.
N B
So = 1 p o (1 Swc )
N Bob
5. Calculate instantaneous GOR.
R=
B o k eg o
B g k eo g
6. Calculate gas produced during pressure drop over

period.
R i + R i +1
2
Ri = instantaneous GOR at start of period
Ri+1 = instantaneous GOR at end of period
Np1= cumulative oil produced at end of period
+ Rs
N p1
Assumption R vs Np linear
Therefore use small pressure
drops

z
6. Total gas produced from MB eqn. and IGOR eqn. Compared

and assumed value of Np adjusted and steps 2 to 6 repeated until
MB and IGOR values for Gp match.
Step 2
1 Second pressure selected and new Np assumed.
2. Solve MB for Np2. This is cumulative gas at end of second

pressure.
G 2 = N p 2 R p 2 N p1R p1 =
z
N ( B o + ( R si R s ) B g B ob ) N p 2 ( B o R s B g )
Bg
N p1R p1
3. Calculate gas produced during 2nd step by removing from

cumulative gas from step 1.
4. With assumed value of Np2 from sat

satn eqn.
eqn. determine So.
5. Calculate IGOR
60

6. Calculate gas produced during second step
( R i+1 + R i+ 2 )
2
z
(N
p2
N p1 ) = G 2
7. G2 from MB compared with G2 from IGOR and new assumed

value of Np2 until convergence achieved.
By plotting these two values vs Np a convergence point can be
determined.
Further steps as for step 2.

Water drive reservoirs are said to be rate sensitive. Explain
briefly this statement with respect to different aquifer
characteristics.
61
62

Explain briefly how the constant terminal pressure solution
of the Hurst and van Everdingen unsteady state theory can
be used to predict water influx into an oil reservoir with a
declining reservoir pressure.
63

Explain
64
65

Explain
66
67
68

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Heriot

Question: Chapter 2 Section 3

Q. Explain briefly what is meant by:

Solution: Chapter 2 Section 3

Question: Chapter 2 Section 3

With the aid of a diagram, comment on the fluid

Solution: Chapter 2 Section 3

gas = 0.08 psi / ft

gas = 0.08 psi / ft

Question: Chapter 3 Section 4

Explain briefly what you understand by:

Solution: Chapter 3 Section 4

Question: Chapter 4 Section 3

Methane is a significant component in reservoir

Solution: Chapter 4 Section 3

Question: Chapter 4 Section 5

Draw a pressure temperature diagram of

What is gas cycling and why in some cases is it

Solution: Chapter 4 Section 5

Solution: Chapter 4 Section 5

Gas Cycling is the reinjection of separated gas

Question: Chapter 6 Section 3

Solution: Chapter 6 Section 3

Above bubble point as

Below bubble point oil

Solution: Chapter 6 Section 3

Solution: Chapter 6 Section 3

Above bubble point

Below bubble point

Question: Chapter 6 Section 9

The dew point pressure of a condensate gas field is

Question: Chapter 6 Section 9

The reservoir pore volume is considered to be 5x1011

Solution: Chapter 6 Section 9

Possible Exam Questions

Possible Exam Questions

Question 2: Chapter 6 Section 9

Question 2: Chapter 6 Section 9

Question 3: Chapter 6 Section 9

Question 3: Chapter 6 Section 9

Question: Chapter 7 Section 4

For a low permeability rock, the measured permeability

Solution: Chapter 7 Section 4

Measurements on gas compared to liquid give higher values

Solution: Chapter 7 Section 4

Smaller the molecule ,

Question 2: Chapter 7 Section 4

The system below represents the common arrangement for

Derive an equation to calculate the gas permeabilities of a rock

Solution: Chapter 7 Section 4

Flow rate, Qb, measured at ambient pressure, Pb

Solution: Chapter 7 Section 4

Question: Chapter 7 Section 5

Draw a graphical, normalized, representation of the

Solution: Chapter 7 Section 5

Question - Solution: Chapter 7 Section 7

In the context of Pc define the

It is the shallowest depth in the

Question Solution : Chapter 7 Section 7

Explain briefly why, because of Pc, it is possible to have Sw of

Question Solution : Chapter 7 Section 8

Explain briefly the reason for significant oil saturation

Question Solution : Chapter 8 Section 4

Briefly explain how the permeability sensitivity of rocks to