Renewable Energy 75 (2015) 173e186

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene

Optimal mix of solar and wind distributed generations considering

performance improvement of electrical distribution network
Partha Kayal a, *, C.K. Chanda b
a
b

Department of Electrical Engineering, Future Institute of Engineering and Management, Kolkata 700150, India
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India

a r t i c l e i n f o

a b s t r a c t

Article history:
Received 27 June 2014
Accepted 1 October 2014
Available online 17 October 2014

Renewable energy sources are gaining more and more interest because they are nonpolluting and sustainable. Recently, a notable number of renewable distributed generations (DGs) having intermittent
generation patterns are being interconnected with the distribution network to meet growing load demand and nullify environmental threats. Appropriate integration of renewable DGs in distribution
networks is crucial to guarantee the qualitative network operational benets. In this paper a simple but
efcient approach has been proposed for optimal placement and sizing of solar and wind DGs in distribution territory by considering electrical network power loss minimization, voltage stability and
network security improvement. The stochastic nature of solar irradiance and wind speed are accounted
using suitable probabilistic models. Weighted aggregation particle swarm optimization technique is
employed to optimize the objective functions considering bus voltage limit, line loading capacity,
discrete size limit and penetration constraints of DGs. Strategic weight selection technique has been
adopted to assess the well trade-off solution by persuasion of multiple objectives regarding the performance of distribution network. The proposed method has been applied to a typical Indian rural
distribution network, and the satisfactory results are obtained.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords:
Renewable distributed generations
Particle swarm optimization
Mixed solar-wind system
Network performance indices

1. Introduction
With the rapid exhaustion of fossil fuel, limitation of transmission corridors and the gradual increase in the global temperature [1,2] has given momentum to the application of distributed
generation (DG). DG is small scale power generation unit that can
be connected directly to distribution network or inside the facilities
of the large consumers [3]. DG utilizes traditional power generation
paradigms like diesel generator, micro turbine, gas turbine and
reciprocal engine, and renewable power generation technologies
such as photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT) and fuel cell. However, present global scenario with strict environmental regulations
and sustainable development policy makes solar and wind based
DGs as paramount choice for distribution grid operators. But, the
integration of renewable DGs leads to major challenges due to its
uncertain power generation characteristics. Interestingly, solar and
wind power resources in most of the regions are almost

* Corresponding author. Tel.: 91 3324345640.

E-mail addresses: partha_kayal@yahoo.co.in,
(P. Kayal), ckc_math@yahoo.com (C.K. Chanda).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.10.003
0960-1481/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

partha.kayal.ee08@gmail.com

complementary. So, appropriate combination of solar and wind

based DGs can magnify the efciency and reliability of the system
by resolving the problems caused by their variable nature [4,5]. DGs
are strategically located and operated in the network to defer major
system upgrades, better voltage regulation, minimize distribution
power losses, relieve the heavy loaded feeders and extend the
equipment's reliability [6e8]. Proper location and size of PV arrays
and WTs in the network are vital as unplanned allocation may lead
to many negative impacts on the system [9,10].
To solve the above problem, many past researches have been
aimed to solve the problem optimally. In the last few years significant contribution has been observed in the eld of hybrid
renewable resource planning. Although the hybrid system sizing
problems were being solved by deterministic approaches, the
recent trend follows the application of heuristic optimization
techniques. An analytical method for optimal sizing of stand-alone
hybrid solar-wind system has been presented in Ref. [11] accounting the time fraction for specied load supply and the cost of
the system. A mixed solar-wind system sizing technique was proposed in Ref. [12] considering loss of power supply probability and
levelized cost of energy model. Near similar approaches for
obtaining the suitable type and number of DG units in terms of

174

P. Kayal, C.K. Chanda / Renewable Energy 75 (2015) 173e186

technical and economical concepts is seen in Refs. [13e15]. In

Ref. [16], the deterministic method is extended to incorporate the
effects of probabilistic power generation model. An optimization
technique based approach has been proposed by Koutroulis et al.
[17] to design autonomous hybrid system with battery storage.
Genetic algorithm (GA) is utilized to evaluate the optimal number
and type of PV modules, WTs and battery chargers considering
minimization of 20-year round total system cost. In Ref. [18],
optimal PV array and WT parameters were assessed by GA keeping
the objective of annualized cost function minimization. Ekren et al.
[19] have proposed simulated annealing algorithm based method
for optimal sizing of integrated PV-wind system with battery
storage.
While most of the studies concentrate on standalone solar-wind
generation system, few studies analyze grid connected hybrid energy systems. Mikati et al. have examined how the grid dependency
is affected by integration of renewable subunits according to the
relationship between the power demand and renewable resource
patterns. The study reveals that the coupling of renewable DGs
reduces grid usage and hence avoids losses during large scale
import and transformation of power through distribution substation [20]. Determination of appropriate size for solar and wind
the generators with battery, and best combination (solar fraction)
in hybrid systems have been studied in Ref. [21]. Line power ows
and associated energy losses due to interaction of hybrid systems
with the grid are also discussed. An evolutionary programming
based technique has been presented by Khatod et al. [22] for
optimal placement of renewable DGs in distribution network on
viewpoint of annual energy loss minimization. However, the
technical impacts associated with deployment of renewable DGs
were not well addressed in the papers.
This paper proposes a more accurate method for reinforcement
of solar and wind generation units into distribution network to
bring the parameters close to the desired values considering wide
ranges of technical and operational issues. Suitable probabilistic
power generation model of renewable DGs are utilized to assess the
new facilities' impact on the network. In order to admire multiple
planning objectives, weighted aggregation particle swarm optimization (WAPSO) algorithm [23,24] is employed. A weight selection
strategy has been developed for better performance of the algorithm. This paper is structured as follows.
Probabilistic power generation model of solar and wind based
DGs are portrayed in Section 2. Section 3 presents mathematical
formulation of hybrid system design problem. Weight selection
strategy is elaborated in Section 4. The computational procedure
regarding optimal allocation of PV arrays and WTs are described in
Section 5. Study on test network and local weather are given in
Section 6. Simulation results are discussed in Section 7 and conclusions of the work are summarized in Section 8.
2. Probabilistic power generation model
Solar and wind power generations are highly inuenced by
meteorological condition such as solar irradiance, wind speed and
ambient temperature which are directly related to geographical
location. So, the characteristics of solar radiation and wind conditions at installed location should be critically analyzed at the primary stage for efcient utilization of PV arrays and WTs.
2.1. Renewable resource model
Probability distribution functions (PDF) can be used to characterize stochastic behavior of renewable resources (wind speed and
solar irradiance) in a statistical manner.

2.1.1. Solar irradiance modeling

The probabilistic nature of solar irradiance is considered to
follow Beta PDF [25,26]. Beta distribution for solar irradiance st
(kW/m2) over time segment t is given by,


bt 1
G at bt
at 1

fst s
t 
t $ st
$ 1  st
G a $G b

for

at > 0;

bt > 0
(1)

where at and bt are the shape parameters at t; and G represents

Gamma function.
Shape parameters of Beta PDF can be calculated using mean (mts )
and standard deviation (sts ) of irradiance for corresponding time
segment.

!
bt

1  mts $

!



mts 1 mts

1

2
sts

(2)

mt *bt
at
s t 
1  ms

(3)

2.1.2. Wind speed modeling

In order to describe stochastic behavior of wind speed in a
predened time period, Weibull PDF has been chosen [22,25].
Weibull distribution for the wind speed vt (m/s) at tth time segment
can be expressed as

fvt v

 kt 1
kt vt
t$ t
$exp
c
c

 t kt 1 !
v
 t
c

for

ct > 1;

kt > 0
(4)

The shape parameter (kt) and scale factor (ct) at tth time
segment are calculated as follows.

kt

 t 1:086
s
mtv

(5)

ct

mtv
G1 1=kt

(6)

mtv and stv are mean and standard deviation of wind speed at time
segment t.
2.2. Power generation model
To calculate output power of solar and wind based DGs, the
continuous PDF for a specic time frame has been divided into
states (periods), in each of which the solar irradiance and wind
speed are within specic limits [26]. Power generation of PV array
and WT are governed by probability of all possible states for that
hour.
2.2.1. Power generation by PV array
The hourly average output power of PV array correspond to a
t can be calculated as follows.
specic time segment t PPV
t
PPV

Ns
X

 
PGPVg *Ps stg

(7)

g1

where g signies the state variable and Ns is the number of discrete

solar irradiance state. stg is the gth level/state of solar irradiance at
tth time segment.

P. Kayal, C.K. Chanda / Renewable Energy 75 (2015) 173e186

The probability of the solar irradiance for each state during any
specic time frame is calculated as

.
8 
>
2
stg stg1
>
>
Z
>
>


>
>
>
fst s ds for g 1
>
>
>
>
>
0
>
>
.

>
>
t
>
2
s

stg1
>
g
>
Z
<
  >


Ps stg
fst s ds for g 2Ns  1
>
>
.
>
> t
>
>
sg1 stg
2
>
>
>
>

>
Z
>
>


>
>
>
fst s ds for g Ns
>
>
>

.
>
>
: st st
2
g1

(8)

Solar irradiance and ambient temperature of the site are the

main dominating factors which affect the output power of PV array.
The power generation of PV array at average solar irradiance (sag)
for the gth level/state is evaluated as

(9)

where NPVmod is the total number of PV modules used to form a PV

array. The currentevoltage characteristic of a PV module can be
determined for a given radiation level and ambient temperature
TA  C using the following relations [27].





Ig sag ISC Ki TC  25

8 
.
>
>
2
vtg vtg1
>
>
Z
>
>


>
>
>
fvt v dv for g 1
>
>
>
>
>
0
>
>
. 

>
>
t
>
v

vtg1 2
>
g
>
>
Z
<





Pv vtg
fvt v dv for g 2::: Nv  1
>
>
.
>
> t
>
>
2
vg1 vtg
>
>
>
>

>
Z
>
>


>
>
>
fvt v dv for g Nv
>
>
>

.

>
>
>
: vtg1 vtg 2

PGWTg


Tcg TA sag

FF


NOT  20
0:8

VMPP *IMPP
VOC *ISC

 
PGWTg *Pv vtg

vag < vcin

or

vag > vcout

vcin  vag  vN
vN  vag  vcout

a

Prated
v3N

 v3cin
v3cin

v3N  v3cin

(17)

(18)

3. Problem formulation
To facilitate hybrid system with solar and wind based DGs, it is
important to assess the technical impacts of new facilities in power
system in order to avoid prospective degradation of power quality
and reliability.

(13)
3.1. Performance assessment of distribution network

2.2.2. Power generation by wind turbine

The hourly average output power of WT corresponds to a spet can be calculated as follows.
cic tth time segment PWT
Nv
X

Prated

(12)

Tcg is cell temperature at gth state ( C); Ki and Kv are current and
voltage temperature co-efcient (A= C and V= C); NOT is the
nominal operating temperature of cell ( C); FF is the ll factor; VOC
and ISC are open circuit voltage (V) and short circuit current (A);
VMPP and IMPP are respectively voltage (V) and current (A) at
maximum power point.

t
PWT

>
:

a*v3ag b*Prated

where Prated is the maximum power that can be generated by WT;

vcout is the cut-out wind speed; Constants a and b are function of
cut-in wind speed (vcin) and nominal wind speed (vN), and obtained
as

(10)

(11)

8
>
<0


(16)

b
Vg VOC  Kv *Tcg

(15)

Power generation of WT depends on its power performance

curve. For non-liner performance characteristics, power generation
of WT [25] at average wind speed (vag) for state g is calculated as


PGPVg sag NPVmod *FF*Vg *Ig

175

(14)

As distribution networks with DG are no longer passive, operation and control of the network become more interesting.
Although various issues are associated with performance of distribution network, the main technical impacts due to renewable DG
penetration such as network power loss, voltage stability and
network security are discussed here [8].
3.1.1. Network power loss
Distribution networks are normally structured in radial to reduce
protection complexity. Radial distribution systems suffer with high
active power losses because of their high line resistance to reactance
ratios. Assessment and reduction of network power losses (active) is
very essential for increasing the operational efciency of the system.
The annual average power loss can be realized as

g1

The probability of the wind speed for each state during any
specic time frame is calculated as

PNt
Plossa

t1

PNl
i1

ri


2
2
t
t
QD;i1

PD;i1
2
t

Vi1
Nt

(19)

176

P. Kayal, C.K. Chanda / Renewable Energy 75 (2015) 173e186

t
t
where PD;i1
and QD;i1
are active and reactive power demand at
t
receiving end bus-i 1 for tth time segment; Vi1
is the voltage
magnitude at receiving end bus-i 1 for tth time segment; ri is the
resistance of line terminated to bus-i 1; Nl is the total number of
lines present in the system and Nt is the total number of time
segment considered in a year.

3.1.2. Voltage stability

Voltage stability indices are used to assess voltage stability level
of buses in transmission or distribution network. These are very fast
and effective tools for off-line measurement of voltage stability
condition of buses. Voltage stability index namely VSF proposed in
Ref. [28] for any bus-i 1 at time segment t can be represented as
follows



t
VSFti1 2Vi1
 Vit

VSFa

PNb

VSFti1
i2

t1

Nt Nb  1

(21)

3.1.3. Network security

Network security assessment techniques help to quantify the
level of risk for power ow in the lines before going to extremis.
Every line has certain available transfer capacity. If the line exceeds
its available transfer capacity, that is overloaded, there is a good
probability of facing congestion in the network which in turn creates different kinds of perturbation to the network. Line loading
(LL) is the power ow (MVA) through the line with respect to
maximum power capacity (MVA) which is expressed for line-i
during time segment t as

LLti

(22)

LMVAmax ;i

where LtMVA;i and LtMVAmax ;i are actual and maximum capacity of linei at tth time segment.
Annual average of network security index (NSI) is formulated
considering the loading of all the lines in the network and represented as

PNt
NSIa

PNl

t1

LLti
i1

Nt *Nl

(
F f

Nb X
X

PDG;ij *ni *li

w1 *Plossa  w2 *VSFa w3 *NSIa

i2 j2type

where
3
X

h
i
wi 1wi 2 0; 1

(25)

i1

Nb is the total number of buses in the network. It is assumed that

bus-1 is situated at main distribution substation. The authors have
examined that higher the value of VSF; the network would become
more stable.

LtMVA;i

3.2.1. Objective function

The objectives of the optimization problem are minimization of
annual average power loss, maximization of voltage stability index
and minimization of network security index. Traditionally, the
multi-objective problem is reconstructed into a single-objective
optimization problem by weighted aggregation method. As objective functions depend on the location, size and type of renewable
DGs, the multi-objective performance index can be formulated as

(24)
(20)

Annual average of voltage stability for the whole distribution

network can be realized as

PNt

 The distribution system is operated at balanced condition.

PDG,ij is the active power generated by type-j renewable DG unit

at bus-i. ni is the size variable (number of unit) at bus-i. The location
variable li takes a value of 1 indicating DG location and 0 otherwise. wi is the weighting factor.
The multi-objective index needs to be minimized for performance enhancement of distribution network. The weights are
intended to give the corresponding importance to each performance indices for DG penetration. Generally it is difcult to
determine proper values for the weights. In previous literature [6,7]
the choices of weights for different objectives were made on the
hypothesis of relevance of objectives which rely on planners'
experience. However the process is not methodical and may
misguide the planning process. A systematic weight selection
process is presented in this paper to overcome the limitation of
previous approaches.
3.2.2. Constraints
The proposed planning method should satisfy some equality
and inequality constraints which are described below.
3.2.2.1. Power ow constraint.

PGtSS

Lower value of NSI indicates less outage risk of lines and as a

consequence network security is augmented.
3.2. Optimization problem
The main issues of hybrid system planning include location and
size selection of renewable DGs to enhance performance of the
distribution system. The optimal allocation of solar and wind based
DGs in the network is a constrained combinatorial optimization
problem. To formulate the mathematical model for mixed solarwind system, the following assumptions are made.
 More than one type of DG cannot be connected to the same bus.
 The DGs are operated at unity power factor mode.

P DG;ij *ni *li 

i2 j2type

QGtSS 
(23)

Nb X
X

Nb
X

Nb
X

t
PD;i
 Plosst 0

(26)

i2

t
QD;i
 Qlosst 0

(27)

i2

PGtSS and QGtSS are active and reactive power fed by substation at tth
time segment; Plosst and Qlosst are active and reactive power loss
at tth time segment respectively.
3.2.2.2. DG penetration constraint at bus-i.

PDG;ij *nmin;i  PDG;ij *ni  PDG;ij *nmax;i

(28)

nmin,i and nmax,i are minimum and maximum number of DG that

can be connected to bus-i.
3.2.2.3. Bus voltage constraint at bus-i.

Vit  Vmax;i

(29)

P. Kayal, C.K. Chanda / Renewable Energy 75 (2015) 173e186

Vit and Vmax,i are actual and maximum voltage at bus-i for time
segment t.

Table 1
Comparative study of proposed weight selection method with Marler method.
Test function

3.2.2.4. Line capacity constraint of line-i.

LtMVA;i  LMVAmax;i

177

Existing method

Proposed method

w1

w2

w1

w2

0.949
0.5
0.934
0.357

0.051
0.5
0.066
0.332 0.311

0.9362
0.504
0.9143
0.3354

0.0638
0.496
0.0857
0.3332 0.3314

w3

w3

(30)

LtMVA;i and LtMVAmax;i are actual and maximum loading of line-i at tth
time segment.

Test
Test
Test
Test

function-1
function-2
function-3
function-4

Mean square
error
with proposed
method
0.018
0.005
0.027
0.029

3.2.2.5. DG penetration constraint in network.

Nb X
X

PDG;ij *ni *li 

i2 j2type

Nb
X

t
PD;i

(31)

i2

Total DG reinforcement should be such a way that generated

power can be consumable within distribution territory. Otherwise
reverse power ow through the substation may cause overvoltage
at buses and increase line power losses.
4. Weight selection strategy
Multiple objectives are usually combined by weight factors,
translating the multi-objective problem to a classic single-objective
formulation. Performing a true multi-objective optimization is to
acquire well trade-off solution between the various objectives.
Several trade-off solutions can be obtained by sequential optimizations with slightly changed sets of weight factors. Procurement of
single solution for a multi-objective problem involves two stages:
optimization and decision-making. Based on the sequence in which
these tasks are executed, there are two probable ways to obtain a
single solution for a multi-objective problem, as illustrated in Fig. 1.
The rst approach uses a priori articulation of preferences for
the objectives. The objectives are aggregated by pertinent weight
factors to form a single-objective function that is optimized (left
side of Fig. 1). Traditional weight selection strategies follow the
experience-based rules. The approaches can hardly illuminate the
fundamental guidelines to select weights for priori articulation of
preferences. Here we suggest a methodical technique that dictates
which solution point should be chosen from a particular set of
weights.
The weights are used to redene the relative importance of the
objectives. Proper estimation of weights transforms the objective

functions so that they all have similar magnitudes and do not

naturally dominate the aggregated function. An attempt is made to
set the weight based on the standard deviation of the objectives
due to random variation of input variables. As the lower standard
deviation of objective indicates weak coupling with the variable,
higher weight is assigned with it to get improved compromising
solution. The weights of multiple objectives can be calculated as
follows.

1=Ji
wi PN
obj
1=Ji
i1

(32)

where Ji represents standard deviation of objective-i and Nobj is

the total number of objectives present in multi-objective problem.
It is to be noted that large number of samples should be utilized to
evaluate standard deviation of the objectives.
The proposed method is compared with weight selection
method by Marler et al. [29] in Table 1. The results for standard test
functions [Appendix] show that proposed method is quite
competent to evaluate optimal trade-off solution. However, the
Marler method is incapable to nd strong trade-off solution in case
of constrained multi-objective problem [30]. But, the proposed
method act satisfactorily in constrained problem as shown in Fig. 2.
The result obtained is veried by posteriori method [31]. In
weighted aggregation optimization technique, the regions of
objective spaces are adaptively rened to converge at a well tradeoff solution. As imposition of constraints change the boundaries of
the objective spaces, the exploration of trade-off solution is redirected. The proposed method quanties the weights at a single stage
considering all the constraints for the objectives. As a result the
calculated weights efciently transform the objective spaces and

-4.8
-5
-5.2
by Marler method
-5.4
f2

by proposed method
by posteriori method

-5.6
-5.8
-6
-6.2
-4

Fig. 1. Steps to acquire single solution in multi-objective optimization problem.

-3

-2

-1
f1

Fig. 2. Selection of optimal solution from set of trade-off solutions for Kita test function [30].

178

P. Kayal, C.K. Chanda / Renewable Energy 75 (2015) 173e186

help the optimization technique to generate a well trade-off solution. Computation of weights for the different objectives at
different stages may lead to inappropriate outcome as in case of
Marler method. According to the viewpoint the existing method is
incapable to identify the appropriate trade-off solution which is
shown in Fig 2.

5. Solution technique
Optimal mix of solar and wind based DGs in distribution system
is a non-linear constrained optimization problem where heuristic
optimization techniques are well suited [22]. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) developed by Kennedy et al. [32] is used to nd

Fig. 3. Flowchart for simulation of proposed method.

P. Kayal, C.K. Chanda / Renewable Energy 75 (2015) 173e186

179

Fig. 4. Structure of generation-load model to evaluate network performances.

global optima efciently at a rapid and robust convergence rate

regardless the complexity of problem [33e35].
PSO is basically a population based search procedure in which
individual particle adjusts its position according to its own experience, and the experience of ttest neighboring particle. In PSO, a
swarm of particles are represented as potential solutions. Each
particle i is associated with two vectors, i.e., the velocity vector,
wi 2fw1i ; w2i wdi g and the position vectorxi 2fx1i ; x2i xdi g, where
d stands for the dimension of the solution space. The velocity and
the position of each particle are initialized by random vectors
within the corresponding ranges. During optimization search

process the velocities and then the positions of the particle are
updated as follows





wdi1 4$wdi C1 $randd1 $ Pbestdi  xdi C2 $randd2 $ Gbestd  xdi
(33)
xdi1 xdi wdi1
where, 4 is the inertia of weight and given by

Fig. 5. Single line diagram of 28-bus distribution system with bus-1connected to sub-station.

(34)

180

P. Kayal, C.K. Chanda / Renewable Energy 75 (2015) 173e186

Summer

750

Autumn

Winter

Table 2
Mean and standard deviation of solar irradiance (kW=m2 ) in the study period.

Spring

Hour

700

Active load (kW)

650
600
550
500
450
400
350

10

15

20

t (hour)
Fig. 6. Schematic of active power load variation in different seasons.


4 4max 


4max  4min
$iter
itermax

(35)

Maximum weight, 4max and minimum weight, 4min are set as 0.9
and 0.4 respectively. itermax and iter are the maximum iteration
number and current iteration number. C1 and C2 are the acceleration coefcients. randd1 and randd2 are two uniformly distributed
random numbers independently generated within {0, 1} for the dth
dimension. Pbesti is the position with the best tness found so far
for the ith particle, and Gbest is the best position in the neighborhood. In each ight, the particles modify their position and velocity
and try to converge in more promising region of solution. Through
iterations the movement of particles evolves to an optimal or near
optimal solution.
The following steps reveal the process to generate potential
solution exploiting WAPSO in renewable DG allocation problem.
Step-1. Initialize number of particle in WAPSO. Set dimension of
particles with location, type and size variables. Generate initial
position and velocity of each particle randomly within specied
range.
Step-2. Create generation-load model with historical resource
and load data for given number of PV array and WT.

650

Summer

Autumn

Winter

Spring

Reactive load (kVAR)

600
550
500
450
400
350
300

10

15

20

t (hour)
Fig. 7. Schematic of reactive power load variation in different seasons.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Summer

Autumn

Winter

Spring

ms

ss

ms

ss

ms

ss

ms

ss

0
0
0
0
0.0032
0.1278
0.2538
0.3824
0.4908
0.5680
0.6164
0.5990
0.5614
0.4672
0.3548
0.2228
0.1030
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0.0045
0.0406
0.0714
0.1189
0.1388
0.1659
0.1445
0.1175
0.0995
0.0788
0.0550
0.0410
0.0276
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0.0707
0.2177
0.3988
0.5465
0.6442
0.6827
0.6645
0.5923
0.4731
0.3121
0.1402
0.0057
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0.0299
0.0433
0.0803
0.1121
0.1336
0.1492
0.1452
0.1282
0.0999
0.0635
0.0309
0.0112
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0.0300
0.1623
0.3741
0.4732
0.5831
0.6463
0.6496
0.5921
0.4786
0.3228
0.1609
0.0269
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0.0417
0.0463
0.0669
0.0669
0.0998
0.1219
0.1262
0.1117
0.0838
0.0515
0.0382
0.0372
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0.0158
0.1605
0.3412
0.5060
0.6385
0.7120
0.7305
0.6780
0.5699
0.4124
0.2394
0.0834
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0.0196
0.0332
0.0658
0.1002
0.1319
0.1551
0.1510
0.1283
0.1011
0.0765
0.0446
0.0230
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Step-3. Run power ow program to evaluate the network performance attributes after connection of DGs at certain buses in
distribution network.
Step-4. Filter out the performance indices originated through
satisfaction of constraint equations.
Step-5. Calculate the standard deviation for the indices obtained
in Step-4 and set the weights to the objective functions of
WAPSO algorithm.
Step-6. For each particle, calculate the value of combined
objective function and consider it as tness value.

Table 3
Mean and standard deviation of wind speed (m/s) in the study period.
Hour

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Summer

Autumn

Winter

Spring

mv

sv

mv

sv

mv

sv

mv

sv

9.9000
9.3667
9.1667
9.0000
8.7000
8.6000
9.0000
9.0333
9.3333
9.6000
10.1333
10.2667
7.9667
8.0000
8.0000
7.7333
6.9667
5.9667
4.8333
4.4333
4.3333
4.1000
4.0667
4.0000

0.7937
0.8021
0.8505
0.8185
0.7550
1.0583
1.1533
1.1504
0.9504
1.1533
1.0066
0.8622
0.3786
0.4583
0.5000
0.4509
0.2309
0.3786
0.3215
0.3215
0.4163
0.2646
0.2082
0.1732

3.9667
3.8667
3.8333
3.8000
3.7667
3.9000
4.3333
5.0000
5.5667
5.8667
6.2333
6.1667
5.3000
5.2333
4.8667
4.3000
3.3000
1.9333
1.5667
1.5000
1.5667
1.5000
1.5333
1.5333

2.5146
2.2301
2.0648
2.0075
1.8717
1.7776
2.0526
1.7059
1.6073
1.2423
1.6166
1.5144
0.8718
1.0116
1.0693
1.1358
1.5395
1.2858
1.0786
0.8718
0.9074
0.9644
0.9292
0.8386

2.1333
2.2333
2.5000
2.7333
2.9333
2.9667
3.0667
3.8333
5.1000
5.5667
5.9333
6.1000
3.9333
3.8000
3.6000
3.0000
2.0667
0.8333
0.6333
0.7000
0.8667
0.9333
0.9000
0.9667

1.1676
1.0693
1.0000
0.8021
0.8021
0.6807
0.6506
0.7095
0.8185
0.6110
0.3055
0.3606
0.3215
0.5292
0.5292
0.5568
0.9609
0.5132
0.2517
0.3000
0.4509
0.4041
0.3606
0.3215

10.7000
10.5667
10.3667
9.9333
9.6000
9.6667
9.6333
10.0333
10.1667
10.5333
11.0000
11.2333
6.2667
6.3333
5.6000
5.8333
5.3667
4.0667
2.8667
2.7333
2.8000
2.8000
2.8333
2.9000

3.0643
2.7647
2.9501
3.1005
3.0512
3.0892
3.2347
2.9143
2.4826
2.3459
2.5515
2.5891
0.6807
0.7506
0.3606
0.6506
1.2014
1.7559
1.3013
1.0017
0.8888
0.7937
0.6351
0.6083

P. Kayal, C.K. Chanda / Renewable Energy 75 (2015) 173e186

Table 4
Specication of PV module.

0.25

Probability

0.2

0.15

0.1

Parameter

Value

Voltage at maximum power point,VMPP

Voltage at maximum power point,IMPP
Open circuit voltage, Voc
Short circuit current, Isc
Nominal cell operating temperature, NOT
Current temperature co-efcient
Voltage temperature co-efcient

28.36 V
7.76 A
36.96 V
8.38 A
43  C
0.00545 A/ C
0.1278 V/ C

Table 5
Specication of wind turbine.

0.05

181

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Solar irradiance level (kW/m )

Fig. 8. Discrete probability distribution of solar irradiance during time period
09.00e10.00 h in Summer.

Value

Rated output power, Prated

Cut-in-speed, vcin
Nominal wind speed, vN
Cut-out speed, vcout

250 kW
3 m/s
12 m/s
25 m/s

Wind generation

Solar generation

180
160
140
Output power (kW)

Step-7. The tness value is multiplied with a penalty factor

(constant value) for the particle which is unable to follow the
constrain criteria.
Step-8. Evaluate Pbest and Gbest in the population comparing
the tness values of the particles.
Step-9. Update velocity and position of each particle according
to (33) and (34).
Step-10. Repeat step 2 to 9 up to maximum iteration.
Step-11. Declare Gbest as the optimal solution after preset
maximum iteration. The product of the proposed method is
optimal locations, sizes, and types of renewable DGs correspond
to strong trade-off phenomenon of performance indices.

Attribute

120
100

Summer

Autumn

Spring

Winter

80
60
40

The main stages of WAPSO based DG planning technique are

illustrated through owchart in Fig. 3. It can be stated from Fig. 3
that in a large sample data even though the dynamics of particles
are variable but the tracing path almost remains same.
Subsequently weights in the multi-objective function are almost
uniform. The multi segment generation-load model which
helps to compute the network performance indices is shown in
Fig. 4.

20
0

10

20

30

40

50
t (hour)

60

70

80

90

Fig. 10. Hourly solar and wind power generation in the study period.

6. Test system and local resources

6.1. Network description
0.12

The proposed methodology is supposed to be applied on 11 kV,

28-bus rural distribution network [8] situated at Kakdwip region in

0.1

Table 6
Optimal location, type and size of renewable DGs in distribution network.

Probability

0.08

Location in Type of
Number of
Total size
network
generation installed unit at location

0.06

0.04

0.02

6
7
8
9 10
Wind speed (m/s)

11

12 13

14

15

Fig. 9. Discrete probability distribution of wind speed during time period

06.00e07.00 h in Spring.

Mixed solar-wind system bus-9

bus-20
bus-23
bus-24
Single solar system
bus-3
bus-6
bus-15
bus-24
bus-26
Single wind system
bus-14
bus-20
bus-24

Wind
Solar
Solar
Wind
Solar

Wind

1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1

250
132
132
250
132
264
132
264
132
250
250
250

kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW

182

P. Kayal, C.K. Chanda / Renewable Energy 75 (2015) 173e186

Table 7
Comparative study of network performances for different system conguration.
Plossa (MW) Value of VSFa Value of NSIa
Without DG
With solar generation
With wind generation
With mixed solar-wind generation

0.0320
0.0266
0.0265
0.0260

0.9489
0.9570
0.9571
0.9577

0.3344
0.3166
0.3231
0.3181

the state of West Bengal, India. The network is radial in nature as

shown in Fig. 5. The network has tota peak load demand of 947 kVA.
Seasonal variations of active and reactive loads in distribution
system are illustrated in Figs.6 and 7 respectively. Maximum
voltage limit of the buses are considered as 1.05 p.u. The data of
maximum line loadings are obtained from Ref. [8].
6.2. Analysis of resources
Kakdwip region (21.883 N, 88.183 E) has distinct seasonal
changes in weather because of its location near to Bay of Bengal and
Tropic of Cancer. The study period of one year is divided into four
seasons: Summer (May to July), Autumn (August to October),
Winter (November to January) and Spring (February to April). Each
season is being represented by 24 segments, each referring to a
particular hourly interval of the entire season. Thus, there are 96
time segments for the year (24 for each season). Historical data

collected from the site are utilized to calculate mean and standard
deviation of solar irradiance and wind speed, and tabulated in
Tables 2 and 3 respectively. Then, Beta and Weibull PDF are
generated for each hour. The number of states 20 and 15 has been
chosen for Beta and Weibull PDF to realize the distributions in
discrete form. The discrete probability distribution of solar irradiance 09.00e10.00 h in Summer and wind speed during
06.00e07.00 h in Spring is illustrated in Figs. 8 and 9 respectively.
7. Results and discussion
Proposed methodology has been simulated in MATLAB environment. NewtoneRaphson power ow algorithm is used to evaluate bus voltage magnitudes and power ow through the lines of
the test network. It is assumed that maximum three number of PV
arrays or WTs of each size can be allocated at each candidate bus
due to limited accessible land. PV arrays are designed with 600 PV
modules which have 132 kW of installed capacity. Specication of
PV module [27] is given in Table 4. The WTs employed in the study
have maximum capacity of 250 kW and power generation is
dependent on the specication tabulated in Table 5. The predicted
power productions of each PV array and WT are plotted in Fig. 10. It
is seen that output of PV array and WT are varied throughout the
year due to stochastic nature of resources.
Number of particles and iterations have been selected as 1000
and 100 respectively to guarantee the convergence of the

Fig. 11. Hourly variation of network power loss for (a) Summer, (b) Autumn, (c) Winter and (d) Spring.

P. Kayal, C.K. Chanda / Renewable Energy 75 (2015) 173e186

183

Fig. 12. Illustration for voltage stability condition of the network during (a) Summer, (b) Autumn, (c) Winter and (d) Spring.

algorithms at a satisfactory solution. Since all the load buses are

considered as candidate locations for DGs, number of dimension is
set 81 (location variable: 27, type variable: 27 and size variable: 27)
in WAPSO algorithm. Simulation of WAPSO results optimal locations, types and sizes of renewable DGs in distribution network
which are tabulated in Table 6. The technical impacts for hybrid
system conguration are compared with single PV array and single
WT based system in Table 7. The results indicate that single DG
technology enhanced feeder may cause unidirectional performance
enhancement. In case of PV array reinforcement, NSI has improved
signicantly and make little suffering of VSF. On the other hand,
there is notable improvement of VSF due to WT deployment.
However, mixed solar-wind system helps to generate more interactive solution. Optimal improvement of all the objectives can be
achieved by proper mixing of solar and wind based DGs.
The impacts of DG penetration on performance of distribution
network are analyzed in details for different seasons in Figs. 11e13.
Power losses are reduced appreciably after installation of PV arrays
and WTs as shown in Fig. 11. Fig. 12 reveals that installations of new
facilities have important contribution towards inclination of
network voltage stability condition.
It is seen that voltage stability is mostly increased in hybrid
system conguration. Network security can be augmented with the
help of PV arrays and WTs as shown in Fig. 13. Using mixed solarwind system, signicant voltage prole enhancement and line
loading relief have been seen in entire study period and tabulated

in Tables 8 and 9 respectively. In hybrid system, annual energy

sharing is nearly 26% by renewable DGs which denotes drastic
reduction of grid dependency.
In comparison to single-objective network performance optimization [22], the proposed weighted aggregated multi-objective
optimization approach creates perceptive higher quality system
conguration. With the help of proposed approach 18.75% reduced
network power loss, 0.93% increased voltage stability level and
4.78% improved network security condition is obtained. On the
other hand the previous approach can result 18.43% lesser power
loss, 0.91% extended voltage stability and 3.16% better security
condition of the network.
8. Conclusion
This paper has proposed a fairly accurate new planning framework for optimal mix of renewable energy resources in distribution
network considering uncertainties of solar and wind DGs. Uncertainties associated with solar irradiance and wind speed have
been modeled using Beta and Weibull probability distribution
functions. Weighted aggregation PSO has been employed to optimize network power loss, voltage stability and network security
condition simultaneously subjected to bus voltage, line loading and
DG penetration constraints. A systematic weight selection technique has been investigated to avoid hypothetical use of weight
sum optimization method in DG planning problem. The simulation

184

P. Kayal, C.K. Chanda / Renewable Energy 75 (2015) 173e186

Fig. 13. Illustration of network security level variation in (a) Summer, (b) Autumn, (c) Winter and (d) Spring.

Table 8
Comparative study of mixed solar-wind network to base network for minimum bus voltage magnitude (p.u).
Hour

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Summer

Autumn

Winter

Spring

Without DGs

With renewable DGs

Without DGs

With renewable DGs

Without DGs

With renewable DGs

Without DGs

With renewable DGs

0.9399
0.9406
0.9399
0.9406
0.9420
0.9441
0.9476
0.9462
0.9462
0.9434
0.9378
0.9283
0.9270
0.9270
0.9270
0.9303
0.9317
0.9324
0.9303
0.9297
0.9303
0.9336
0.9350
0.9364

0.9625
0.9606
0.9591
0.9590
0.9595
0.9632
0.9705
0.9711
0.9739
0.9740
0.9722
0.9634
0.9495
0.9484
0.9468
0.9467
0.9430
0.9387
0.9340
0.9326
0.9331
0.9363
0.9376
0.9389

0.9406
0.9434
0.9441
0.9427
0.9469
0.9490
0.9526
0.9504
0.9519
0.9490
0.9434
0.9324
0.9310
0.9310
0.9303
0.9364
0.9371
0.9324
0.9336
0.9336
0.9317
0.9310
0.9357
0.9371

0.9446
0.9468
0.9472
0.9457
0.9497
0.9532
0.9605
0.9623
0.9669
0.9658
0.9621
0.9508
0.9459
0.9439
0.9399
0.9419
0.9394
0.9329
0.9339
0.9337
0.9318
0.9312
0.9358
0.9372

0.9504
0.9562
0.9583
0.9590
0.9590
0.9569
0.9562
0.9547
0.9540
0.9504
0.9441
0.9350
0.9371
0.9392
0.9399
0.9448
0.9462
0.9434
0.9420
0.9406
0.9399
0.9413
0.9476
0.9490

0.9509
0.9567
0.9590
0.9598
0.9600
0.9586
0.9603
0.9637
0.9666
0.9655
0.9609
0.9527
0.9497
0.9497
0.9475
0.9487
0.9472
0.9434
0.9420
0.9406
0.9399
0.9413
0.9476
0.9490

0.9434
0.9483
0.9497
0.9504
0.9519
0.9511
0.9497
0.9490
0.9504
0.9483
0.9420
0.9364
0.9350
0.9357
0.9343
0.9385
0.9392
0.9392
0.9371
0.9350
0.9378
0.9392
0.9399
0.9420

0.9657
0.9711
0.9714
0.9708
0.9715
0.9715
0.9723
0.9765
0.9802
0.9803
0.9765
0.9728
0.9531
0.9526
0.9465
0.9486
0.9459
0.9423
0.9382
0.9359
0.9386
0.9400
0.9406
0.9428

P. Kayal, C.K. Chanda / Renewable Energy 75 (2015) 173e186

185

Table 9
Comparative study of mixed solar-wind network to base network for maximum line loading (MVA).
Hour

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Summer

Autumn

Winter

Spring

Without DGs

With renewable DGs

Without DGs

With renewable DGs

Without DGs

With renewable DGs

Without DGs

With renewable DGs

0.8286
0.8190
0.8286
0.8190
0.7998
0.7709
0.7225
0.7419
0.7419
0.7806
0.8573
0.9873
1.0058
1.0058
1.0058
0.9594
0.9407
0.9313
0.9594
0.9687
0.9594
0.9143
0.8953
0.8763

0.6633
0.6714
0.6868
0.6834
0.6722
0.6346
0.5674
0.5757
0.5655
0.5912
0.6477
0.7594
0.8346
0.8432
0.8553
0.8340
0.8515
0.8809
0.9298
0.9448
0.9363
0.8928
0.8740
0.8562

0.8190
0.7806
0.7709
0.7902
0.7322
0.7030
0.6541
0.6835
0.6639
0.7030
0.7806
0.9313
0.9500
0.9500
0.9594
0.8763
0.8668
0.9313
0.9143
0.9143
0.9407
0.9500
0.8859
0.8668

0.7869
0.7530
0.7457
0.7659
0.7098
0.6687
0.5909
0.5913
0.5498
0.5763
0.6390
0.7886
0.8302
0.8447
0.8798
0.8298
0.8476
0.9272
0.9123
0.9133
0.9395
0.9487
0.8846
0.8659

0.6835
0.6048
0.5750
0.5651
0.5651
0.5949
0.6048
0.6246
0.6344
0.6835
0.7709
0.8953
0.8668
0.8382
0.8286
0.7613
0.7419
0.7806
0.7998
0.8190
0.8286
0.8094
0.7225
0.7030

0.6793
0.6007
0.5698
0.5591
0.5573
0.5804
0.5696
0.5519
0.5370
0.5681
0.6413
0.7577
0.7632
0.7506
0.7640
0.7273
0.7328
0.7806
0.7998
0.8190
0.8286
0.8094
0.7225
0.7030

0.7806
0.7128
0.6933
0.6835
0.6639
0.6737
0.6933
0.7030
0.6835
0.7128
0.7998
0.8763
0.8953
0.8859
0.9048
0.8477
0.8382
0.8382
0.8668
0.8953
0.8573
0.8382
0.8286
0.7998

0.6194
0.5533
0.5404
0.5382
0.5235
0.5299
0.5403
0.5326
0.5104
0.5324
0.5984
0.6587
0.7544
0.7548
0.8061
0.7662
0.7840
0.8128
0.8572
0.8883
0.8502
0.8315
0.8223
0.7929

result shows that hybridization of renewable DGs provides more

improved performance indices than alone PV or wind generation
system. The proposed method guarantees the optimal mix of
renewable DGs during the entire planning period and ensures no
system constraints will be violated. Comparing with previous
approach it is seen that consideration of wide range of network
performance parameters actually alters the locations and sizes of
renewable DGs in the network. However enrichment of the overall
performance of distribution network is restored with the present
method. Other benets of this research outcome include appreciable enhancement of bus voltage magnitudes, mitigation of line
loadings and signicant reduction of grid power consumption
regardless variation of resources and load patterns.
Acknowledgment

Test function-3 [37]

Minimize : f1 x1
Minimize : f2

(A.5)

gx2
x1
(

gx2 2:0  exp

(A.6)
( 
 )
 )

x2  0:2 2
x  0:6 2
 0:8 exp  2
0:004
0:4
(A.7)

where 0.1  x1, x2  1.0

Test function-4 [38]

The authors thank the West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency for arrangement of resource data.
Appendix

Minimize : f1 x21 x2  12

(A.8)

Minimize : f2 x21 x2 12 1

(A.9)

Minimize : f3 x1  12 x22 2

(A.10)

Test function-1 [29]

2

Minimize : f1 20x1  0:75 2x2  2

Minimize : f2 x1  2:52 x2  1:52

(A.1)

where 2.0  x1, x2  2.0

(A.2)

Constrained test function [30]

where 0  x1, x2  3.0

Test function-2 [36]

Minimize : f1 x2

(A.3)

Minimize : f2 x  22

(A.4)

where 0x2.0

Minimize : f1 x21  x2

(A.11)

Minimize : f2 0:5x1 x2 1

(A.12)

8
< 6:5  0:167x1  x2  0
7:5  0:5x1  x2  0
Subject to :
:
6:5  5x1  x2  0

(A.13)

where 7.0  x1, x2  4.0

186

P. Kayal, C.K. Chanda / Renewable Energy 75 (2015) 173e186

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