FORCE VIBRATION

CHAPTER 4

What is Force Vibration?

Forced Vibrations: External force continuously driving system

Forcing function is applied and the response of the

SDOF is explored in terms of time dependency and
frequency dependency and compared to the terms
found in the equations of motion

The driving force can be

periodic in time
(force oscillates)

or non-periodic

Here: study periodic case: sinusoidal force or displacement in time

General cases: study numerically or analytically building on periodic
solution.

Source that producing forcing frequency ()

Real source of ()

Modeling for solution ()

mfender
Kfender
Real system

Cfender

Modeling in vibration for solution control

In this case we can only target as the fender to vibrate since

the fender is mounted on the base of the tank.

External
Forcing

Type of
Forcing
Base
Excitation

Rotor
Excitation

External Forcing
External Forcing models the behavior of a system which has a time varying
force acting on it. An example might be an offshore structure subjected to wave
loading, bridge under wind load.

Bridge Collapse due to wind load

Wave loading on offshore structure

Rotor Excitation
Rotor Excitation models the effect of a rotating machine mounted on a flexible
floor. The crank with small mass mo rotates at constant angular velocity,
causing the mass m to vibrate.

Base Excitation
Base Excitation models the behavior of a vibration isolation system. The
base of the spring is given a prescribed motion, causing the mass to vibrate.
This system can be used to model a vehicle suspension system, or the
earthquake response of a structure.

When forcing frequency is equal to natural frequency n of the system,

amplitude of the motion becomes very large
At = n , amplitude only limited by damping
This is Resonance
Resonance can have catastrophic effects

but is critical to many technologies

Analyze basic system:

mass, spring, dashpot, and harmonic force
Equation of Motion:

dx
d 2x
kx c F0 sin t m 2
dt
dt
Fo sin(t )

Fo sin(t )

d 2x
dx
m 2 c kx F0 sin t
dt
dt

Fo
d 2x
dx
2
2n
n x sin(t )
2
dt
dt
m

Finding a Particular Solution

Displacement:

Fo
X
mn2

1 2
2
2
n

n
1
tan
1 2
n

Note that

Functions only of
n
Driving frequency
Natural Frequency

Fo
Fo

X o Displacement that would be caused by static force of Fo

2
mn
k

Define Magnification Factor

Xo

1 2
2
2
n

M= (Dynamic Amplitude of Vibration)/(Static Amplitude)

Depends on
two numbers:

/ n ,

Fo
X
mn2

1 2
2
2
n

Magnification Factor:

Large amplification for

/ n ~ 1 1

No amplification
at high / n

Little amplification
at low / n

No amplification
for high

The fan has a mass of 25kg and fixed to the end of a horizontal
beam that has a negligible mass. The fan blade is mounted
eccentrically on the shaft such that it is equivalent to an
unbalanced 0.35kg mass located 100 mm from the axis of
rotation. If the static deflection of the beam is 50 mm as a result
of the weight of the fan, determine the angular speed of the fan at
which resonance will occur.

Prob.1

The fan has a mass of 25kg and fixed to the end of a horizontal
beam that has a negligible mass. The fan blade is mounted
eccentrically on the shaft such that it is equivalent to an
unbalanced 0.35kg mass located 100 mm from the axis of
rotation. If the static deflection of the beam is 50 mm as a result
of the weight of the fan, determine the amplitude of steady-state
vibration of the fan when the angular velocity of the fan is 10
rad/s.

Prob.2

The electric motor has a mass of 50kg and is

supported by four springs, each spring having of
100 N/m. If the motor turns a disk D which is
mounted eccentrically, 20mm from the disks
center, determine the angular rotation at which
the resonance occurs.

Prob.3

The tail rotor section of the helicopter consists of four blades, each of mass 2.1
kg, and an engine box of mass 25 kg. The center of gravity of each blade is
170 mm from the rotational axis. The tail section is connected to the main body
of the helicopter by an elastic structure. The natural frequency of the tail section
has been observed as 150 rad/s. During flight the rotor operates at 900 rpm.
Assume the system has a damping ratio of =0.05.
i) Sketch the mathematical model of the system.
ii) During flight a 75-g particle become stuck to one of the blades, 250 mm from
the axis of the rotation. Calculate the amplitude of vibration.
ans. X= 0.36 mm

Prob.4

External Forcing

Base Excitation

Rotor Excitation

All of these situations are of practical interest. Some subtle but important
distinctions to consider, so we will look at each.
BUT
Strategy is simple: derive Equation of Motion and put into the Standard Form

Base Excitation the Earthquake Problem

Here, base supporting object is subjected to motion.
How does the object respond?

Draw F.B.D. and get equation of motion.

x(t )

y(t ) Y sin(t )

Forces in the spring, dashpot are proportional to

the motion RELATIVE to the base

1 (2 / n )2

1 2
2
2
n

(Displacement Amplitude of body)/(Displacement Amplitude of Base)

Rough Surface or wavy road

Base Excitation
Displacement
transmission ratio:

1 (2 / n )2

1 2
2
2
n

0.1

X
Y

0.2
0.3

0.1 1.0

/ n

Harmonic Base Excitation Motion

Relative to Base
Sometimes the motion relative to the base is of interest
Introducing the relative displacement z = x y, the equation of
motion:

or, in terms of relative displacement:

1 2
2
n

2
2
n