Report Number:-R3

A REPORT ON
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
COMMERCIAL BUILDING
SUBMITTED BY: POSHAN KARKI
BCT STUDENT

KATHFORD INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

BALKUMARI, LALITPUR
FEBRUARY 25, 2015

Report Number:-R3

A REPORT ON
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
COMMERCIAL BUILDING

SUBMITTED TO: RAJ KUMAR YADAV

VIJAY KUMAR YADAV
SUBMITTED BY: POSHAN KARKI
STUDENT
APPROVED BY:

KAPIL GAJUREL
CIVIL ENGINEER

KATHFORD INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

BALKUMARI, LALITPUR
FEBRUARY 25, 2015

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are highly indebted to all our respected instructors of IOE, Pulchowk
Campus for their exquisite remarks and precious guidance with which they
guided us through every academic task forwarded by this institute in
different engineering assignments and tasks to boost the students capability
as a diligent engineer.
We are highly thankful to our project supervisor Dr.Kamal
Thapawhose encouragement and trendsetting guidance helped us
understand this project better. His perpetual guidance and willingness to
share his vast knowledge made us undertake this project and its
manifestations in great depths and helped us complete the assigned project
titled
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
COMMERCIAL BUILDING. This project wouldnt have been a success
without his kind support, untiring efforts and encouragements in each and
every task.
We would like express our gratitude to Campus Chief Dr. Arvinda
Kumar Mishra and our Head of the Department VishwaNathKhanal for
their extended support.
Also, we are extremely thankful towards Prof.Dr. PremNathMaskey,
Prof. Dr. Hikmat Raj Joshi, Dr. RajanSuwal, Er. SujanTripathi,
Er.PradipKoirala, Er.Siddhartha Shankarandwho laid the foundations on
structure during B.E. courses through semesters first to eight. We would
certainly anticipate their kind comments on our project works on the basis of
their long experiences and professional knowledge.
We would not be able to stand out without basic foundation books
written and published by author. Dr. GokarnaBadahurMotra, Suresh
Hadafor letting us acquainted with the basics of structures. Finally, we would
like to show appreciationto all the personalities who supported us directly or
indirectly in completion of project work and to prepare this wonderful report.
We would like to acknowledge each of our group members for their jovial
understanding and reinforcement.

(069/BCT/210) Poshan Karki

(069/BCE/305) Kapil Gajurel

ABSTRACT
Tribhuvan University, Institute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus offers
a four year course on Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering at the final
semester as the practical application of the theoretical knowledge that we
acquired during the four year. Project on different topics are performed which
may be allocated by the institute to the students.
One of the major causes of failure of any structure is its improper
analysis and design. So, proper knowledge on analysis and design of
structure is utmost importance. This project work on ANALYSIS AND
DESIGN OF BUILDING presents the analysis and design of structural
components of an Commercial Complex. We prepared the drawings of the
building using AutoCAD 2013. Structural design is carried out: initially by
Preliminary Design and then Detail Design. A preliminary design is carried
out for the structural components of the building using IS-456 and SP-16.
Then, the load calculation is done using IS-875 (Part I V) and IS-1893.
The loads acting on the building comprised of dead loads, live loads and
earthquake loads. After identification and evaluation of all the loads acting in
the building, analysis of structure is done by providing different load
combinations in the computer software SAP 2000 v15. After SAP analysis,
results are extracted. Then, Detail Design is carried out taking the results of
severest combination of loads from SAP analysis. The Detail Design of
structural elements is also based on the provisions provided by the relevant
codes. After detail design, the results are tabulated and the structural
drawings (detailing) are drawn showing the results in a prescribed format
governed by relevant codes. Thus, the designed building is ready for
construction.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 6
INTRODUCTION 6
1.1 BACKGROUND:
1.2 THEME OF THE PROJECT
1.3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPES
1.4 DESIGN
1.5 DETAILING

6
6
7
7
7

CHAPTER 2 8
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN
2.1 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
2.2 STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN
2.3 NEED OF PRELIMINARY DESIGN

8
8
8
8

CHAPTER 3 9
LOAD ASSESSMENT
9
3.1
INTRODUCTION
3.1.1 Dead Loads:
3.1.2 Live Loads:
3.1.3
Seismic Loads:
3.2 UNIT WEIGHTS FOR DEAD LOAD CALCULATION
3.3 LIVE LOADS
3.4 SEISMIC LOAD

9
9
9
9
10
10
10

CHAPTER 4 16
MODELING AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 16
4.1 SALIENT FEATURE OF SAP2000
4.2 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 5 17
CONCLUSION

17

BIBLIOGRAPHY

18

16
16

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1

Background:

As the economic pace is increasing rapidly so the demand for a

concentrated location which facilitates this so the demand for commercial
complex is skyrocketing. Also this sort of building allows economical use of
place and also reduces the important time of people which can be used for
productive works for boosting the economy .Natural location of Nepal in a
part of globe at the active fault boundaries demands all the building and
structures to be designed for the earthquake. The plate boundaries are in
subduction and the potential for earthquake is relatively large so the region
is highly prone to it .The earthquake, being inevitable natural
catastrophe,safe design should be given paramount importance as loss of
lives and properties are disastrous. The commercial building being a major
economic center serves for large number so this should be designed with
high expertise and concern.
A designer has to deal with various structures ranging from simple
ones like curtain rods and electric poles to more complex ones like
multistoried frame buildings, shell roofs, bridges, etc. these structures are
subjected to various loads like concentrated loads, uniformly distributed
loads, uniformly varying loads, live loads , dead loads and dynamic loads.
The structure transfers the loads acting on it to the supports and ultimately
to the ground. While transferring the loads to the structure, the members of
the structure are subjected to the internal forces like axial forces, shearing
forces, bending and tensional moments.
Structural analysis deals with analyzing these internal forces in the
members of the structures. Structural design deals with sizing various
members of the structures to resist the internal to which they are subjected
during their effective life span. Unless the proper structural detailing
method is adopted the structural member will be no more effective. The
Indian standard code of practice should be thoroughly adopted for proper
analysis, design and detailing with respect to safety, economy, stability and
strength.
5

1.2 Theme of the project

This group under the project has undertaken the structural analysis
and design of multi storied commercial building. The main aim of the
project work under the title is to acquire knowledge and skill with an
emphasis of practical application. Besides the utilization of analytical
methods and design approaches, exposure and application of various
available codes of practices is another aim of the work.

1.3 Objectives and scopes

The specific objectives of the project works are:
Identification of structural arrangement of plan
Modeling of the building for structural analysis
Detail structural analysis using structural analysis program
Sectional design of structural components
Structural detailing of members and the system
Identification of the building and the requirement of the space
Estimations of loads including those due to earthquake
Preliminary design for geometry of structural elements.
Determination of fundamental time period by free vibration analysis
Calculation of base shear and vertical distribution of equivalent earthquake
load.
Identification of load cases and load combination cases.

1.4 Design

The following materials are adopted for the design of the elements:
Concrete grade M25 for beam, column and slab
Reinforcement steel-Fe415

Limit state method is used for the design of RC elements. The design is
based on IS:456 2000, SP-16, IS:1893-2002, SP-34 and reinforced concrete
designers handbook are extensively used in the process of design.

1.5 Detailing
Space frame is considered as a special moment resisting frame (SMRF)
with a special detailing to provide the ductile behavior and comply with
the requirements given in IS1893, IS 13920-1993, Handbook on concrete
reinforcement and detailing (SP34) are extensively used.

CHAPTER 2
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN

2.1 Structural System

Any structure is made up of structural elements (load carrying, such
as beams and columns) and non-structural elements (such as partitions,
false ceilings, doors). The structural elements put together, constitute the
structural systems. Its function is to resist effectively the action of
gravitational and earthquake loads, and to transmit the resulting forces to
the supporting ground without significantly disturbing the geometry,
integrity and serviceability of the structure.

2.2 Structural Arrangement Plan

The planning of the building has been done by the group and is not
an existing plan. The positioning of the columns, staircases, toilets and
bathrooms, lifts are appropriately done and accordingly beam arrangement
is carried out so that the whole building will be aesthetically, functionally
and economically feasible.
The aim of the design is the achievement of an acceptable probability
that structures being designed will perform satisfactorily during their
intended life with an appropriate degree of safety, they should sustain all
the loads and deformations of normal construction and use and have
adequate durability and resistance to the effect of misuse and fire.

2.3 Need of Preliminary Design

It is necessary to know the preliminary section of the structure for the
detail analysis. As the section should be given initially while doing analysis
in almost all software, the need of preliminary design is vital. Only dead
loads and live loads are considered while doing preliminary design.
Preliminary design is carried out to estimate approximate size of the
structural members before analysis of structure.
7

CHAPTER 3
LOAD ASSESSMENT
3.1 Introduction
As described earlier, the building is a RCC framed structure, located
in the Kathmandu valley. Thus wind loads, snow loads, and other special
types of loads described by IS 875 (part 5):1987 can be taken as negligible
as compared to the dead, live and seismic loads.

3.1.1 Dead Loads:

According to the IS 875:1964:
The dead load in a building shall comprise the weights of all walls,
partitions, floors and roofs and shall include the weights of all other
permanent features in the building.

3.1.2 Live Loads:

It means the load assumed or known resulting from the occupancy or
use of a building and includes the load on balustrades and loads from
movable goods, machinery and plant that are not an integral part of the
building.

3.1.3

Seismic Loads:

These are the load resulting from the vibration of the ground
underneath the superstructure during the earthquake. The earthquake is an
unpredictable natural phenomenon. Nobody knows the exact timing and
magnitude of such loads. Seismic loads are to be determined essentially to
produce an earthquake resistant design.
8

Seismic loads on the building may be incorporated by1. Response Spectrum Method: In this method the design earthquake
forces are determined adopting IS 1893:2002. These design forces for the
buildings located along two perpendicular directions may be assumed to
act separately along each of these two horizontal directions.
2. Time History Analysis: In it the ground is subjected to a
predetermined acceleration and subsequent stress in the structural
elements are determined by appropriate methods.

3.2

Unit Weights for Dead Load Calculation

1. RCC: (IS 875 (part 1) :1987 table 1)
a) For slabs:
RCC = 25 KN/m3

3.3

Live Loads

1. On Floors: (IS875(part2):1987 table1)

2. On roofs: Live Load=3 KN/m2
(provided that roof is accessible ), (IS875(part2):1987)
3. On staircase: Live load = 4 KN/m2

3.4

Seismic Load

Seismic weight is the total dead load plus appropriate amount of

specified imposed load. While computing the seismic load weight of each
floor, the weight of columns and walls in any story shall be equally
distributed to the floors above and below the storey. The seismic weight of
the whole building is the sum of the seismic weights of all the floors. It has
been calculated according to IS: 1893(Part I) 2002.
IS: 1893(Part I) 2002 states that for the calculation of the design seismic
forces of the structure the imposed load on roof need not be considered.
Base Shear Calculation
According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 6.4.2 the design horizontal
seismic coefficient Ah for a structure shall be determined by the following
expression:
Ah

Z I Sa
2Rg

Where,
Z = Zone factor given by IS 1893 (Part I):2002 Table 2, Here for Zone
V,
9

Z = 0.36
I = Importance Factor,
I = 1 for commercial building.
R = Response reduction factor given by IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Table 7,
R = 5.0
Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient which depends on
Fundamental natural period of vibration (Ta).
According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 7.6.1
The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (T a) in second of
moment resisting frame building with brick infill panel may be estimated by
empirical expression:
0.09h
TX,Y = d 1 /2
for RC frame building considering infill wall
Where,
h= height of building in metre. This excludes the basement storeys, where
basement walls are connected with the ground floor deck or fitted between
the building columns. But, it includes the basement storeys, when they are
not so connected.
z I Sa 0.36 1
A h= =
2.5=0.18
2 R g
2
5
According to IS 1893 (Part I) : 2002 Cl. No. 7.5.3 the total design lateral
force or design seismic base shear (V B) along any principle direction is
given by
VB = Ah x W
Where, W = Seismic weight of the building
W= 118755.82 KN
Then,Vb=0.18*118755.82 KN= 21376.05 KN
The total base shear is firstly distributed horizontally in basement in
proportion to the stiffness. Then according to IS 1893 (part I):2002 C.L. No.
7.7.1 the design base shear (VB) computed above shall be distributed along
the height of the building as per the following expression:
Qi=

Vb(Wih i2 )
n

Wih i2
j=1

10

Fig:storey shear in Y- direction

Store
y
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

Weight(
w) (KN)
1913.3
13745.3
7
14087.1
15603.2
7
14547.8
1
14547.8
1
14547.8
1
14440.2
4
15323.1
1

hi
(m)
32.9
4
29.2
8
25.6
2
21.9
6
18.3
14.6
4
10.9
8
7.32
3.66

wihi^2
2076013.
92
11784158
.62
9246552.
68
7524545.
89
4871916.
09
3118026.
3
1753889.
79
773742.7
2
205262.2
5
11

Wi
(KN)
1073.1
6091.2
6
4779.5
7
3889.4
6
2518.3
1
1611.7
2
906.59
399.95
106.09

Vi (KN)
1073.1
7164.3
6
11943.
93
15833.
39
18351.
7
19963.
42
20870.
01
21269.
96
21376.
05

118755.
82

41354108
.26

21376.
05

10

Storey no.

0
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Lateral force(KN)

12

5000

6000

7000

Joint Displacements
Joint
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

U1
-0.012582
-0.012285
-0.01183
-0.011248
-0.010007
-0.008428
-0.006564
-0.004479
-0.002244

drift(m)
0.000297
0.000455
0.000582
0.001241
0.001579
0.001864
0.002085
0.002235
0.002244

0.012582
0.012285
0.01183
0.011248
0.010007
0.008428
0.006564
0.004479
0.002244

Allowable drift

13

drift(mm)
0.297
0.455
0.582
1.241
1.579
1.864
2.085
2.235
2.244
14.63 mm, Hence
O.K.

Storey Drift
10
9
8
7
6

Storey no.

5
4
3
2
1
0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

Drift(mm)

Additional Moment Calculation Due to Torsion in Building

Store
y

CM
(')

(Moment EL-Y)
CS
(')
e (')

9 15.76

16

-0.24

1.76

-1.57

Force
(KN)
536.5
5

8 53.84

3.615

0.225

1.75

-1.58

6091.
26

10659.7
1

7 54.71

54

1.97
14

-1.43

4779.
57

9415.75

0.71

eda(
m)

edb(m
)

Ta(KNm)
944.33

Tb(KN
m)
-842.38
9624.1
9
6834.7
9

6 52.89

54

-1.11

2.15

-1.31

5 52.85

54

-1.15

2.17

-1.3

3889.
46
2518.
31

8362.34

5095.1
9

5464.73

-3273.8

CHAPTER 4
MODELING AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

4.1 Salient Feature of SAP2000

SAP2000 represents the most sophisticated and user-friendly release
of SAP series of computer programs. Creation and modification of the
model, execution of the analysis, and checking and optimization of the
design are all done through this single interface. Graphical displays of the
results, including real-time display of time-history displacements are easily
produced.
The finite element library consists of different elements out of which
the three dimensional FRAME element was used in this analysis. The Frame
element uses a general, three dimensional, beam-column formulation
which includes the effects of biaxial bending, torsion, axial deformation,
and biaxial shear deformations. Structures that can be modeled with this
element include:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

Three-dimensional frames
Three-dimensional trusses
Planar frames
Planar grillages
Planar trusses
4.2 Structural Analysis

The structural analysis is done using the SAP 2000(V14). Since the design is
aimed for the adequate resistance to the earthquake, the analysis is done by
both methods of analysis namely Static and Dynamic analysis.For the static
analysis, the design lateral force is distributed to the various floor levels
which is then distributed to individual lateral load resisting elements
depending on floor diaphragm action. In SAP 2000, the modeling for rigid
15

floor diaphragm is done. A floor diaphragm is modeled as rigid horizontal

plane parallel to each other in X Y plane.

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
Seismic analysis was done during the project by taking design basis
earthquake which makes our building earthquake resistant. Earthquake
force in a building was determined by using Seismic Co-efficient Method.
While calculating lateral load, the Base Shears obtained by mass
lumped at floor level. The value of Base Shear was 21376.05KN and total
mass of the building was 118755.82KN.
The net bearing capacity of soil was assumed to 110 KN/m 2 for the
particular site.

Conclusion on Beam Design:

In case of design of beam sections, following conclusions can be

extracted:
For the analysis of beam, the envelope is taken as governing combinations.
Negative moments is higher in support sides rather than in mid of the
beam. So at support sides we provided sufficient reinforcement.
For tension reinforcement, curtailment was made at specified distance
from edge of the support as per IS 13920.
For compression reinforcement, curtailment was made at mid part of
beam.
Spacing of stirrups are also designed as prescribed by Ductility Code i.e. IS
13920:1993.

Conclusion on Column Design:

With increase in load with time, steel will attain yield strength before
concrete attains its full strength. The column will carry further load
because steel will sustain yield stress while concrete will carry additional
load until it attains its full strength.
The maximum axial load and moments acting along the length of the
column was considered for the design of the column section by Limit State
Method. The design required determination of area of longitudinal steel
(load carrying capacity) and its distribution and transverse steel.
The Section of all the floors was same except for that of the basement
column.
16

Conclusion on Slab Design:

Most of the slab panels were found to be two-way.
The entire slab panel are safe in Deflection and Shear check.

Conclusion on Staircase Design:

Both geometrical design as well as structural designs was done by
conservative methods and not in SAP analysis.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCE BOOKS:

Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design - Jain, A. K.

Reinforced Concrete Design - Sinha, S. N.
Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete- Varghese, P.C.
Reinforced Concrete Design- Pillai, S. Unnikrishna&Menon, Devdas
Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures- Agarwal,
Pankaj&Shrikhande,
Manish
Dynamics Of Structures- Anil K. Chopra

REFERENCE CODES:

IS 456 : 2000
Concrete
IS 875 : 1987
and

Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced

Code of Practice for Design Load for Building

o Structures (Part I Dead Loads; Part II

Imposed Loads)
IS 1893(Part I):2002
Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures
IS 4326 : 1993
Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction
of Buildings
o Code of Practice
IS 13920 : 1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures
o Subjected to Seismic Forces Code of Practice
SP 16
Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS
456:1978
SP 34
Handbook of Concrete Reinforcement And Detailing

17