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Nursing

As by the INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES (ICN,


1973) as written by Virginia Henderson: The unique function
of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the
performance of those activities contributing to health. Its
recovery, or to a peaceful death that the client would perform
unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge.
Nursing Theories
1. Environmental Theory
Florence Nightingale
Developed the first theory of nursing.
Give light to the environment
Manipulation and changing of the ENVIRONMENT to
assist the patient in the reparative process
How to manipulate and change the environment
Orient the patient to the hospital
Provide quiet environment
2. 14 Fundamental Health Needs
Virginia Henderson
Best definition of Nursing, ICN 1970 (major
contribution)
Pertains to both sick and well individual
3. Typology of 21 Nursing Problems/ Problem- solving
approach
Faye Abdellah
With key nursing problems related to health needs of
people
4. 4 Conservation Principles (Myra Levin)
Energy= complete bed rest
Structural Integrity= halt pathological process
Personal Intergrity= worth as a person
Social Integrity= love and belongingness
= include the family in the care of the patient
5.Behavioral System Model
Dorothy Johnson

7 subsystem
Affiliative
Aggressive
Eliminative
Sexual/ Reproductive function
Achievement
Ingestive
Dependence
Patients behavior as a system that is a whole with
interacting parts
How the client adapts to illness
Goal of nursing is to reduce so that the client can move
more easily through recovery.
6. Interpersonal Nursing/ Nurse- Patient Relationship
Hildegard Peplau
Mother of Psychiatric Nursing
She defined nursing as a therapeutic, interpersonal
process which strives to develop a nurse-patient
relationship in which the nurse serves as a resource
person, counselor and surrogate.
4 Sequential phase
Orientation
Assessment phase
Problem identification phase
Setting of contract
Identification phase
Establishment of rapport
Accept the patient
Self awareness
Exploitation phase
Working phase
Utilize all resources of the client to intervene
Resolution phase
Evaluation phase
7. Self- care Deficit Theory

Dorothea Orem
Wholly, Partial, Supportive- educative compensatory
Nursing care becomes necessary when client is unable
to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental or
social needs
8. 3 C's/ nursing circles
Lydia Hall
Care= intervention/ function of the nurse
Core= collaborative action of the nurse, therapeutic use
of self
Cure= administration of medications, dependent roles
1st to use NCP (1955)
9. Transcultural Nursing
Madeleine Leininger
To accept and respect the culture of your client
Nursing is a humanistic and scientific mode of helping a
client through specific cultural caring processes
(cultural values, beliefs and practices) to improve or
maintain a health condition
10. Adaptation Model
Sister Callista Roy
Aperson is an adaptive system
Adaptive human behavior is directed as an attempt to
maintain homeostais
Each person as a unified bio-psychosocial system in
constant interaction with a changing environment. The
goal of nursing is to help the person adapt to changes
in physiological needs, self-concept, role function and
interdependent relations during health and illness.
11. Goal Attainment Theory
Imogene King
Nurse help individuals to attain, maintain, and restore
health
12. Human- Caring theory
Jean Watson

10 Curative elements
Nursing is the application of the art and human science
through transpersonal caring transactions to help
persons achieve mind-body-soul harmony, which
generates self-knowledge, self-control, self-care and
self-healing.
13. 3 Elements
Ida Jean Orlando
Client behavior, nurse reaction and nurse action
compose the nursing situation. She observed that the
nurse provide direct assistance to meet an immediate
need for help in order to avoid or to alleviate distress or
helplessness.
14. Science of Unitary Human Beings
Martha Rogers
Human beings are more than different from the sum of
their parts; the distinctive properties of the whole are
significantly different from those of its parts.
15. Stress reduction
Betty Neuman
Nursing actions are in primary, secondary or tertiary
level of prevention
Roles and Functions of a Nurse
Caregiver
the caregiver role has traditionally included those
activities that assist the client physically and
psychologically while preserving the clients dignity.
Caregiving encompasses the physical, psychosocial,
developmental, cultural and spiritual levels.
Communicator
communication is an integral to all nursing roles.
Nurses communicate with the client, support persons,
other health professionals, and people in the
community. In the role of communicator, nurses identify
client problems and then communicate these verbally or

in writing to other members of the health team. The


quality of a nurses communication is an important
factor in nursing care.
Teacher
as a teacher, the nurse helps clients learn about their
health and the health care procedures they need to
perform to restore or maintain their health. The nurse
assesses the clients learning needs and readiness to
learn, sets specific learning goals in conjunction with
the client, enacts teaching strategies and measures
learning.
Client advocate
a client advocate acts to protect the client. In this role
the nurse may represent the clients needs and wishes
to other health professionals, such as relaying the
clients wishes for information to the physician. They
also assist clients in exercising their rights and help
them speak up for themselves.
Counselor
counseling is a process of helping a client to recognize
and cope with stressful psychologic or social problems,
to developed improved interpersonal relationships, and
to promote personal growth. It involves providing
emotional, intellectual, and psychologic support.
Change agent
the nurse acts as a change agent when assisting
others, that is, clients, to make modifications in their
own behavior. Nurses also often act to make changes
in a system such as clinical care, if it is not helping a
client return to health.
Leader
a leader influences others to work together to
accomplish a specific goal. The leader role can be
employed at different levels; individual client, family,
groups of clients, colleagues, or the community.

Effective leadership is a learned process requiring an


understanding of the needs and goals that motivate
people, the knowledge to apply the leadership skills,
and the interpersonal skills to influence others.
Manager
the nurse manages the nursing care of individuals,
families, and communities. The nurse-manager also
delegates nursing activities to ancillary workers and
other nurses, and supervises and evaluates their
performance.
Case manager
nurse case managers work with the multidisciplinary
health care team to measure the effectiveness of the
case management plan and to monitor outcomes.
Research consumer
nurses often use research to improve client care. In a
clinical area nurses need to:
Have some awareness of the process and language
of research
Be sensitive to issues related to protecting the rights
of human subjects
Participate in identification of significant researchable
problems
Be a discriminating consumer of research findings
History of Nursing
1. Intuitive Nursing (Primitive to Early Christian)
Intuitive means to do something without a reason
They base their actions on what they think and feel
LID
They do things out of LOVE, INSTINCT and DESIRE
Nomad
Voodoos (evil spirits)
Shaman (medicine man)
Encantation, hypnosis, herbal medicines
Trephining

Boring of holes in the skull without anesthesia


China
Materia Medica
= pharmacology book of herbals
Egyptians
Art of Embalming, Anatomy
Indians
Shushurutu
= List of functions and qualifications of nurses during
that time
= Job Description
Moses
Father of Sanitation
Introduced circumcision (Book of Leviticus)
Hippocrates
Father of Scientific Medicine
Babylonians
Code of Hammurabi
List of the life and practices of the babylonian people
that has something to do with the field of medicine
Roles and Responsibilities of the Doctors
2. Apprentice Period (11th century- 1836)
KAISSERSWORTH INSTITUTE
Germany (Pioneer in Modern Nursing)
Where Nightingale trained nursing for 3-6 months
Important Personalities:
Pastor Theodore Fliedner (founder)
Fredericka Munster Fliedner (founder)
Marked by crimean war
No formal education
Volunteer nurses with trained nurses
Disease oriented nurses
Curative aspect of nursing
Nursing on the job
Sister Catherine of Sienna

First lady with a lamp


Florence Nightingale
Lady with a lamp
3. Dark Period of Nursing
Protestantism and downfall of Christianism
All related to Christian were destroyed (hospitals,
schools)
Hospitals are gloomy and look like a cemetery
No provision for the sick, no one cares for the sick
Work of least desirable women
Charles Dicken Novel Sarey Gamp and Betsy Preg
Stole patients food
Used psychiatrict patients for entertainment
Used alcohol as a tranquilizers
4. Educative Nursing (Period of Enlightenment)
Birth of formal education
June 15, 1860= when Nightingale built her school, St.
Thomas Hospital School of Nursing in London (major
contribution in the field of nursing)
Through this there is formal education, body of
knowledge
From invocation to profession
Florence Nightingale
May 12, 1820
Florence Italy
Mother of Modern Nursing
Lady with a Lamp
5. Contemporary Nursing
Period after World War II up to present
Use of computers
Different researches existed especially has something
to do with new diseases
Use of different equipments and technology for the cure
of diseases
History of Nursing in the Philippines

Hospital Real De Manila= 1577


San Lazaro Hospital= 1578
= Father Juan Clemente
= for leprosy
Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing
First Hospital and School of Nursing
Triad of Nursing Schools
Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing
St. Paul Hospital School of Nursing (Manila)
Mary Johnston Hospital School of Nursing
Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing
1906
Where 1st trained nurses graduated (1909)
St. Paul Hospital School of Nursing (Manila)
1907
PGH school of Nursing
Anastacia Giron Tupaz
1st chief nurse superintendent
Post humor award
Founder of PNA
Tupas awardee
St. Lukes Hospital School of Nursing
1907
Mary Johnston Hospital School of Nursing
Act of 2808
1st nursing law
Act governing the practice of Nursing Profession
March 1919
June 1920 in Manila
1st board exam
Anna Dahlgen
1st topnotcher
93.5%

Iloilo (1946)
1st NLE not in Manila (idea of Giron Tupas)

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