Signal and System6 PDF

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia
UNIT 6
Page 133
2013
6.8
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
The impulse response of a continuous time system is given by

h ^ t h E ^t 1h E ^t 3h. The value of the step response at t 2 is
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
6.9
2013
6.1
6.2
Two systems with impulse responses h1 ^ t h and h2 ^ t h are connected

in cascade. Then the overall impulse response of the cascaded system
is given by
(A) product of h1 ^ t h and h2 ^ t h
(B) sum of h1 ^ t h and h2 ^ t h
(C) convolution of h1 ^ t h and h2 ^ t h
(D) subtraction of h2 ^ t h from h1 ^ t h
The impulse response of a system is h ^ t h tu ^ t h. For an input

u ^t 1h, the output is
2
t ^t 1h
(A) t u ^ t h
(B)
u ^t 1h
2
2
(C)
6.3
6.4
6.5
ONE MARK
^t 1h2
u ^t 1h
2
2
(D) t 1 u ^t 1h
2
6.10
order differential equation has an exact solution given by y ^ t h for

t 0 , when the forcing function is x ^ t h and the initial condition
is y ^0 h. If one wishes to modify the system so that the solution
becomes 2y ^ t h for t 0 , we need to
(A) change the initial condition to y ^0 h and the forcing function
to 2x ^ t h
(B) change the initial condition to 2y ^0 h and the forcing function
to x ^ t h
(C) change the initial condition to j 2 y ^0 h and the forcing function to j 2 x ^ t h
(D) change the initial condition to 2y ^0 h and the forcing function
to 2x ^ t h
6.11
Assuming zero initial condition, the response y ^ t h of the system

given below to a unit step input u ^ t h is
6.7
(B) tu ^ t h
(D) et u ^ t h
Let g ^ t h e , and h ^ t h is a filter matched to g ^ t h. If g ^ t h is

applied as input to h ^ t h, then the Fourier transform of the output is
(A) e Qf
(B) e Qf /2
Qt2
(C) e Q f
(D) e2Qf
A system described by a linear, constant coefficient, ordinary, first
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A band-limited signal with a maximum frequency of 5 kHz is to

be sampled. According to the sampling theorem, the sampling
frequency which is not valid is
(A) 5 kHz
(B) 12 kHz
(C) 15 kHz
(D) 20 kHz
(A) u ^ t h
2
(C) t u ^ t h
2
A
system
described
by
the
differential
equation
dy
d2 y
5 6y ^ t h x ^ t h. Let x ^ t h be a rectangular pulse given by
dt
dt2
1
0t2
x^t h *
0
otherwise
dy
Assuming that y ^0 h 0 and
0 at t 0 , the Laplace transdt
form of y ^ t h is
1 e2s
e2s
(B)
(A)
s ^s 2h^s 3h
s ^s 2h^s 3h
e2s
1 e2s
(C)
(D)
s
2
s
3
s

^
h^
h
^ 2h^s 3h
Available Only at NODIA Online Store
(D) All the roots of the characteristic equation must be located on

the left side of the jX axis.
6.6
(D) 3
SPECIAL EDITION ( STUDY MATERIAL FORM )

At market Book is available in 3 volume i.e. in 3 book binding
form. But at NODIA Online Store book is available in 10 book
binding form. Each unit of Book is in separate binding.
For
a
periodic
signal
v ^ t h 30 sin 100t 10 cos 300t 6 sin ^500t Q/4h, the fundamental
frequency in rad/s
(A) 100
(B) 300
(C) 500
(D) 1500
Which one of the following statements is NOT TRUE for a continuous

time causal and stable LTI system?
(A) All the poles of the system must lie on the left side of the jX
axis
(B) Zeros of the system can lie anywhere in the s-plane
(C) All the poles must lie within s 1
TWO MARKS
The DFT of a vector 8a b c dB is the vector 8B C H EB . Consider

the product
V
R
Sa b c d W
Sd a b c W
8p q r sB 8a b c dBSc d a b W
W
S
Sb c d aW
X
T
The DFT of the vector 8p q r sB is a scaled version of
2
2
2
2
(B) 9 B C
(A) 9B C H E C
H
EC
(C) 8B C C E E H H BB
(D) 8B C H EB
2012
6.12
ONE MARK
The unilateral Laplace transform of f (t) is 2 1

. The unilateral
s s1
Laplace transform of tf (t) is
(A) 2 s
(B) 2 2s 1 2
(s s 1) 2
(s s 1)
s
(C) 2
(D) 2 2s 1 2
(s s 1) 2
(s s 1)
6.13
If x [n] (1/3) n (1/2) n u [n], then the region of convergence (ROC)

of its z -transform in the z -plane will be
(B) 1 z 1
(A) 1 z 3
3
3
2
1
1
(C) z 3
(D) z
2
3
2012
6.14
Page 134
6.19
6.20
TWO MARKS
The input x (t) and output y (t) of a system are related as

y (t)
3
2011
(B) stable and not time-invari6.21
(C) time-invariant and not stable (D) not time-invariant and not
stable
The Fourier transform of a signal h (t) is H (jX) (2 cos X) (sin 2X) /X
. The value of h (0) is
(A) 1/4
(B) 1/2
(C) 1
(D) 2
6.22
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by RK Kanodia
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6.16
If the unit step response of a network is (1 e Bt), then its unit

impulse response is
(A) Be Bt
(B) B1 e Bt
1
Bt
(C) (1 B )e
(D) (1 B) e Bt
# x (U) cos (3U) dU . The system is
(A) time-invariant and stable

ant
6.15
A system is defined by its impulse response h (n) 2n u (n 2). The

system is
(A) stable and causal
(B) causal but not stable
(C) stable but not causal
(D) unstable and non-causal
Let y [n] denote the convolution of h [n] and g [n], where

h [n] (1/2) n u [n] and g [n] is a causal sequence. If y [0] 1 and
y [1] 1/2, then g [1] equals
(A) 0
(B) 1/2
(C) 1
2011
An input x (t) exp ( 2t) u (t) E (t 6) is applied to an LTI system

with impulse response h (t) u (t) . The output is
(A) [1 exp ( 2t)] u (t) u (t 6)
(B) [1 exp ( 2t)] u (t) u (t 6)
(C) 0.5 [1 exp ( 2t)] u (t) u (t 6)
(D) 0.5 [1 exp ( 2t)] u (t) u (t 6)
Two systems H1 (Z ) and H2 (Z ) are connected in cascade as shown
below. The overall output y (n) is the same as the input x (n) with a
one unit delay. The transfer function of the second system H2 (Z ) is
1 0.6z1
z1 (1 0.4z1)
z1 (1 0.4z1)
(C)
(1 0.6z1)
(A)
6.23
(D) 3/2
ONE MARK
TWO MARKS
(B)
z1 (1 0.6z1)
(1 0.4z1)
(D)
1 0.4 z1
z1 (1 0.6z1)
The first six points of the 8-point DFT of a real valued sequence are
5, 1 j 3, 0, 3 j 4, 0 and 3 j 4 . The last two points of the DFT
are respectively
(A) 0, 1 j 3
(B) 0, 1 j 3
(C) 1 j3, 5
(D) 1 j 3, 5
6.17
The differential equation 100 ddty 20 dy

dt y x (t) describes a system
with an input x (t) and an output y (t). The system, which is initially
relaxed, is excited by a unit step input. The output y ^ t h can be
represented by the waveform
2
2010
6.24
ONE MARK
The trigonometric Fourier series for the waveform f (t) shown below
contains
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6.18
The trigonometric Fourier series of an even function does not have

the
(A) dc term
(B) cosine terms
(C) sine terms
(D) odd harmonic terms
(A) only cosine terms and zero values for the dc components
Page 135
(B) only cosine terms and a positive value for the dc components
Which of the above statements are correct ?

(A) P and S
(B) P and R
(C) only cosine terms and a negative value for the dc components
(D) only sine terms and a negative value for the dc components
6.25
6.26
6.27
Consider the z -transform x (z) 5z2 4z1 3; 0 z 3. The

inverse z - transform x [n] is
(A) 5E [n 2] 3E [n] 4E [n 1]
(B) 5E [n 2] 3E [n] 4E [n 1]
(C) 5u [n 2] 3u [n] 4u [n 1]
(D) 5u [n 2] 3u [n] 4u [n 1]
Two discrete time system with impulse response h1 [n] E [n 1]
and h2 [n] E [n 2] are connected in cascade. The overall impulse
response of the cascaded system is
(B) E [n 4]
(A) E [n 1] E [n 2]
(C) E [n 3]
(D) E [n 1] E [n 2]
For a N -point FET algorithm N 2m which one of the following
statements is TRUE ?
(A) It is not possible to construct a signal flow graph with both
input and output in normal order
(B) The number of butterflies in the m th stage in N/m
(C) In-place computation requires storage of only 2N data
(C) Q and S
6.32
6.33
A function is given by f (t) sin2 t cos 2t . Which of the following

is true ?
(A) f has frequency components at 0 and 1 Hz
2Q
(B) f has frequency components at 0 and 1 Hz
Q
1
and 1 Hz
(C) f has frequency components at
Q
2Q
0
.
1
and 1 Hz
(D) f has frequency components at
Q
2Q
The ROC of z -transform of the discrete time sequence
n
n
x (n) b 1 l u (n) b 1 l u ( n 1) is
3
2
(B) z 1
(A) 1 z 1
2
3
2

(D) Computation of a butterfly requires only one complex multiplication.

2010
6.28
6.29
6.30
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TWO MARKS
3s 1
Given f (t) L ; 3
. If lim f (t) 1, then the value
t"3
s 4s2 (k 3) s E
of k is
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
(C) z 1
3
1
A continuous time LTI system is described by

d 2 y (t)
dy (t)
dx (t)
4x (t)
4
3y (t) 2
dt
dt
dt 2
Assuming zero initial conditions, the response y (t) of the above
system for the input x (t) e2t u (t) is given by
(B) (et e3t) u (t)
(A) (et e3t) u (t)
t
3t
(C) (e e ) u (t)
(D) (et e3t) u (t)
The transfer function of a discrete time LTI system is given by
2 3 z1
4
H (z)
1 3 z1 1 z2
8
4
Consider the following statements:
S1: The system is stable and causal for ROC: z 1/2
S2: The system is stable but not causal for ROC: z 1/4
S3: The system is neither stable nor causal for ROC:
1/4 z 1/2
Which one of the following statements is valid ?
(A) Both S1 and S2 are true
(B) Both S2 and S3 are true
(C) Both S1 and S3 are true
(D) S1, S2 and S3 are all true
2009
6.31
(D) Q and R
The Fourier series of a real periodic function has only

(P) cosine terms if it is even
(Q) sine terms if it is even
(R) cosine terms if it is odd
(S) sine terms if it is odd
(D) 2 z 3
2009
6.34
TWO MARKS
Given that F (s) is the one-side Laplace transform of f (t), the Laplace
transform of
t
0
f (U) dU is
(B) 1 F (s)
s
(D) 1 [F (s) f (0)]
s
(A) sF (s) f (0)

(C)
6.35
6.36
s
0
F (U) dU
A system with transfer function H (z) has impulse response h (.)

defined as h (2) 1, h (3) 1 and h (k) 0 otherwise. Consider the
following statements.
S1 : H (z) is a low-pass filter.
S2 : H (z) is an FIR filter.
Which of the following is correct?
(A) Only S2 is true
(B) Both S1 and S2 are false
(C) Both S1 and S2 are true, and S2 is a reason for S1
(D) Both S1 and S2 are true, but S2 is not a reason for S1
Consider a system whose input x and output y are related by the
equation y (t)
# x (t U) g (2U) dU where h (t) is shown in the graph.

3
3
ONE MARK
Which of the following four properties are possessed by the system

?
BIBO : Bounded input gives a bounded output.
Page 136
Causal : The system is causal,

LP : The system is low pass.
LTI : The system is linear and time-invariant.
(A) Causal, LP
(B) BIBO, LTI
(C) BIBO, Causal, LTI
6.37
comes zero are

(A) Q, 2Q
(C) 0, Q
6.43
(D) LP, LTI
The 4-point Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of a discrete time

sequence {1,0,2,3} is
(A) [0, 2 2j , 2, 2 2j ]
(B) [2, 2 2j , 6, 2 2j ]
(C) [6, 1 3j , 2, 1 3j ]
(D) [6, 1 3j , 0, 1 3j ]
2
6.38
An LTI system having transfer function s +s 2+s 1+ 1 and input

x (t) sin (t 1) is in steady state. The output is sampled at a rate
Xs rad/s to obtain the final output {x (k)}. Which of the following
is true ?
(A) y (.) is zero for all sampling frequencies Xs
(B) y (.) is nonzero for all sampling frequencies Xs

by RK Kanodia
Now in 3 Volume
2008
6.40
A discrete time linear shift - invariant system has an impulse

response h [n] with h [0] 1, h [1] 1, h [2] 2, and zero otherwise
The system is given an input sequence x [n] with x [0] x [2] 1,
and zero otherwise. The number of nonzero samples in the output
sequence y [n], and the value of y [2] are respectively
(A) 5, 2
(B) 6, 2
(C) 6, 1
(D) 5, 3
6.44
(C) y (.) is nonzero for Xs 2 , but zero for Xs 2

(D) y (.) is zero for Xs 2 , but nonzero for X2 2
6.39
(B) 0.5Q, 1.5Q

(D) 2Q, 2.5Q
6.45
ONE MARK
Let x (t) be the input and y (t) be the output of a continuous time
system. Match the system properties P1, P2 and P3 with system
relations R1, R2, R3, R4
Properties
Relations
P1 : Linear but NOT time - invariant R1 : y (t) t2 x (t)
P2 : Time - invariant but NOT linear
R2 : y (t) t x (t)
P3 : Linear and time - invariant
R3 : y (t) x (t)
R4 : y (t) x (t 5)
(A) (P1, R1), (P2, R3), (P3, R4)
(B) (P1, R2), (P2, R3), (P3, R4)
(C) (P1, R3), (P2, R1), (P3, R2)
(D) (P1, R1), (P2, R2), (P3, R3)
{x (n)} is a real - valued periodic sequence with a period N . x (n)
and X (k) form N-point Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) pairs.
N1
The DFT Y (k) of the sequence y (n) 1 / x (r) x (n r) is
N r0
N1
(B) 1 / X (r) X (k r)
(A) X (k) 2
N r0
N1
(C) 1 / X (r) X (k r)
N r0
The input and output of a continuous time system are respectively

denoted by x (t) and y (t). Which of the following descriptions
corresponds to a causal system ?
(B) y (t) (t 4) x (t 1)
(A) y (t) x (t 2) x (t 4)
(C) y (t) (t 4) x (t 1)
(D) y (t) (t 5) x (t 5)
(D) 0
Statement for Linked Answer Question 6.31 and 6.32:

In the following network, the switch is closed at t 0 and the
sampling starts from t 0 . The sampling frequency is 10 Hz.
The impulse response h (t) of a linear time invariant continuous

time system is described by h (t) exp (Bt) u (t) exp (Ct) u ( t)
where u ( t) denotes the unit step function, and B and C are real
constants. This system is stable if
(A) B is positive and C is positive
(B) B is negative and C is negative
(C) B is negative and C is negative
(D) B is negative and C is positive
2008
6.41
6.42

TWO MARKS
A linear, time - invariant, causal continuous time system has a

rational transfer function with simple poles at s 2 and s 4
and one simple zero at s 1. A unit step u (t) is applied at the
input of the system. At steady state, the output has constant value
of 1. The impulse response of this system is
(A) [exp ( 2t) exp ( 4t)] u (t)
(B) [ 4 exp ( 2t) 12 exp ( 4t) exp ( t)] u (t)
(C) [ 4 exp ( 2t) 12 exp ( 4t)] u (t)
(D) [ 0.5 exp ( 2t) 1.5 exp ( 4t)] u (t)
The signal x (t) is described by
1 for 1 # t # 1
x (t) )
0 otherwise
Two of the angular frequencies at which its Fourier transform be-
6.46
6.47
The samples x (n), n (0, 1, 2, ...) are given by

(A) 5 (1 e0.05n)
(B) 5e0.05n
5n
(C) 5 (1 e )
(D) 5e5n
The expression and the region of convergence of the z transform of
the sampled signal are
5z , z e0.05
(A) 5z 5 , z e5
(B)
z e0.05
ze
5z , z e0.05
(C)
(D) 5z 5 , z e5
z e0.05
ze
Statement for Linked Answer Question 6.33 & 6.34:

The impulse response h (t) of linear time - invariant continuous
Page 137
time system is given by h (t) exp ( 2t) u (t), where u (t) denotes
the unit step function.
6.48
6.49
The frequency response H (X) of this system in terms of angular

frequency X, is given by H (X)
1
(B) sin X
(A)
X
1 j2X
jX
1
(C)
(D)
2 jX
2 jX
6.58
The output of this system, to the sinusoidal input x (t) 2 cos 2t for
all time t , is
(A) 0
(B) 20.25 cos (2t 0.125Q)
(C) 20.5 cos (2t 0.125Q)
(D) 20.5 cos (2t 0.25Q)

6.59
2007
6.50
ONE MARK
1
If the Laplace transform of a signal Y (s)
, then its final
s (s 1)
value is
(A) 1
(B) 0
(C) 1
(D) Unbounded
2007
6.51
TWO MARKS
t
The 3-dB bandwidth of the low-pass signal e u (t), where u (t) is the
unit step function, is given by
(B) 1
(A) 1 Hz
2 1 Hz
2Q
2Q
(A) 5
(C) 16Q
6.53
6.54
6.55
Q
6.56
6.57
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1 sin t Q
`
4j
2
1
t
(C)
e sin t
2
(A)
X (e jX) dX is
6.60
1
(B) non-causal system

(D) low-pass system
The frequency response of a linear, time-invariant system is given by

H (f) 1 j510Qf . The step response of the system is
t
(A) 5 (1 e5t) u (t)
(B) 5 61 e 5@ u (t)
t
(C) 1 (1 e5t) u (t)
(D) 1 ^1 e 5 h u (t)
2
5
6.61
6.62
ONE MARK
Let x (t)
X (jX) be Fourier Transform pair. The Fourier Transform
of the signal x (5t 3) in terms of X (jX) is given as
j3X
j3X
jX
jX
(A) 1 e 5 X b l
(B) 1 e 5 X b l
5
5
5
5
X
X
j
j
(C) 1 ej3X X b l
(D) 1 e j3X X b l
5
5
5
5
The Dirac delta function E (t) is defined as

1
t0
(A) E (t) )
0
otherwise
(B)
1 sin t Q
`
4j
2
(D) sin t cos t
2006
The z transform X (z) of a sequence x [n] is given by X [z] 1 0.25z .

It is given that the region of convergence of X (z) includes the unit
circle. The value of x [0] is
(A) 0.5
(B) 0
(C) 0.25
(D) 05
2006
2
3
(B) 10Q
(D) 5 j10Q
A Hilbert transformer is a
(A) non-linear system
(C) time-varying system
3

A 5-point sequence x [n] is given as x [ 3] 1, x [ 2] 1, x [ 1] 0,

x [0] 5 and x [1] 1. Let X (eiX) denoted the discrete-time Fourier
transform of x [n]. The value of
1 z 2 then the
3
3
In the system shown below, x (t) (sin t) u (t) In steady-state, the

response y (t) will be
(D) 1 Hz
(C) 3
6.52
3 t0
(B) E (t) )
0
otherwise
3
1 t0
(C) E (t) )
and # E (t) dt 1
3
0 otherwise
3
3 t0
(D) E (t) )
and # E (t) dt 1

3
0 otherwise
If the region of convergence of x1 [n] x2 [n] is
region of convergence of x1 [n] x2 [n] includes
(A) 1 z 3
(B) 2 z
3
3
3
(C) z 3
(D) 1 z
2
3
6.63
TWO MARKS
Consider the function f (t) having Laplace transform

F (s) 2 X0 2 Re [s] 0
s X0
The final value of f (t) would be
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 1 # f (3) # 1
(D) 3
A system with input x [n] and output y [n] is given as y [n] (sin 56 Qn) x [n]
. The system is
(A) linear, stable and invertible
(B) non-linear, stable and non-invertible
(C) linear, stable and non-invertible
(D) linear, unstable and invertible
The unit step response of a system starting from rest is given by
c (t) 1 e2t for t $ 0 . The transfer function of the system is
1
(B) 2
(A)
2s
1 2s
1
(C)
(D) 2s
2s
1 2s
The unit impulse response of a system is f (t) et, t $ 0 . For this
system the steady-state value of the output for unit step input is
equal to
(A) 1
(B) 0
(C) 1
(D) 3
2005
6.64
ONE MARK
(B) 41
Choose the function f (t); 3 t 3 for which a Fourier series

cannot be defined.
(A) 3 sin (25t)
(B) 4 cos (20t 3) 2 sin (710t)
(C) exp ( t ) sin (25t)
(C) 42
(D) 82
2005
6.70
(D) 1
6.65
Page 138
The function x (t) is shown in the figure. Even and odd parts of a
unit step function u (t) are respectively,
TWO MARKS
The output y (t) of a linear time invariant system is related to its

input x (t) by the following equations
y (t) 0.5x (t td T) x (t td ) 0.5x (t td T)
The filter transfer function H (X) of such a system is given by
(A) (1 cos XT) ejXt
d
(B) (1 0.5 cos XT) ejXt

(C) (1 cos XT) ejXt
(D) (1 0.5 cos XT) ejXt
(A) 1 , 1 x (t)
2 2
1
(C) , 1 x (t)
2
2
(B) 1 , 1 x (t)
2 2
(D) 1 , 1 x (t)
2
2
6.71

by RK Kanodia
Now in 3 Volume
6.66
The region of convergence of z transform of the sequence

5 n
6 n
b 6 l u (n) b 5 l u ( n 1) must be
(A) z 5
6
5
(C) z 6
6
5
6.67
Match the following and choose the correct combination.

Group 1
E. Continuous and aperiodic signal
F. Continuous and periodic signal
G. Discrete and aperiodic signal
H. Discrete and periodic signal
Group 2
1. Fourier representation is continuous and aperiodic
2. Fourier representation is discrete and aperiodic
3. Fourier representation is continuous and periodic
4. Fourier representation is discrete and periodic
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
6.72
(B) z 5
6
6
(D) z 3
5
E 3, F 2, G 4, H 1
E 1, F 3, G 2, H 4
E 1, F 2, G 3, H 4
E 2, F 1, G 4, H 3
A signal x (n) sin (X0 n G) is the input to a linear time- invariant

system having a frequency response H (e jX). If the output of the
system Ax (n n0) then the most general form of +H (e jX) will be
(A) n0 X0 C for any arbitrary real
(B) n0 X0 2Qk for any arbitrary integer k
(C) n0 X0 2Qk for any arbitrary integer k
(D) n0 X0 G
Which of the following can be impulse response of a causal system ?
Statement of linked answer question 6.59 and 6.60 :

A sequence x (n) has non-zero values as shown in the figure.

6.68
Let x (n) ( 12 ) n u (n), y (n) x2 (n) and Y (e jX) be the Fourier

transform of y (n) then Y (e j0)
(A) 1
4
(B) 2
(C) 4
(D) 4
3
6.69
The power in the signal s (t) 8 cos (20Q Q2 ) 4 sin (15Qt) is

(A) 40
x ( n2 1),
6.73
The sequence y (n) *
0,
For n even
will be
For n odd
Page 139
The system is stable only if

(A) B 2 , C 2
(C) B 2 , any value of C
6.81
(B) B 2, C 2
(D) C 2 , any value of B
The impulse response h [n] of a linear time invariant system is given

as
2 2
n 1, 1
h [ n] * 4 2
n 2, 2
0
otherwise
If the input to the above system is the sequence e jQn/4 , then the
output is
(A) 4 2 e jQn/4
(C) 4e jQn/4
6.82
(B) 4 2 ejQn/4
(D) 4e jQn/4
Let x (t) and y (t) with Fourier transforms F (f) and Y (f) respectively
be related as shown in Fig. Then Y (f) is

6.74
6.75
For a signal x (t) the Fourier transform is X (f). Then the inverse
Fourier transform of X (3f 2) is given by
j4Qt
(A) 1 x` t j e j3Qt
(B) 1 x` t j e - 3
2 2
3 3
(C) 3x (3t) ej4Qt
(D) x (3t 2)
2004
6.76
6.77
6.78
ONE MARK
The impulse response h [n] of a linear time-invariant system is given

by h [n] u [n 3] u [n 2) 2n [n 7] where u [n] is the unit step
sequence. The above system is
(A) stable but not causal
(B) stable and causal
(C) causal but unstable
(D) unstable and not causal
The Fourier transform of a conjugate symmetric function is always

(A) imaginary
(B) conjugate anti-symmetric
(C) real
(D) conjugate symmetric
6.80
6.83
2y [n] = By [n 2] 2x [n] Cx [n 1]
(C) X (f/2) e j2Qf
(D) X (f/2) ej2Qf

ONE MARK
The Laplace transform of i (t) is given by

2
I (s)
s (1 s)
6.84
The Fourier series expansion of a real periodic signal with

fundamental frequency f0 is given by gp (t)
cn e j2Qf t . It is given
n
=3
that c3 3 j5 . Then c3 is
(B) 3 j5
(A) 5 j3
(C) 5 j3
(D) 3 j5
6.85
A causal LTI system is described by the difference equation
(B) 1 X (f/2) e j2Qf

2
At t 3, The value of i (t) tends to

(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
TWO MARKS
Consider the sequence x [n] [ 4 j51 j25]. The conjugate antisymmetric part of the sequence is
(B) [ j2.5, 1, j2.5]
(A) [ 4 j2.5, j2, 4 j2.5]
(C) [ j2.5, j2, 0]
(D) [ 4, 1, 4]
(A) 1 X (f/2) ejQf

2
2003
The z -transform of a system is H (z) z z0.2 . If the ROC is z 0.2

, then the impulse response of the system is
(A) (0.2) n u [n]
(B) (0.2) n u [ n 1]
n
(C) (0.2) u [n]
(D) (0.2) n u [ n 1]
2004
6.79
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The Fourier transform of y (2n) will be

(B) cos 2X 2 cos X 2
(A) ej2X [cos 4X 2 cos 2X 2]
(C) ejX [cos 2X 2 cos X 2]
(D) ej2X [cos 2X 2 cos 2]
6.86
Let x (t) be the input to a linear, time-invariant system. The required

output is 4Q (t 2). The transfer function of the system should be
(B) 2ej8Qf
(A) 4e j4Qf
j4Qf
(C) 4e
(D) 2e j8Qf
A sequence x (n) with the z transform X (z) z 4 z2 2z 2 3z4
is applied as an input to a linear, time-invariant system with the
impulse response h (n) 2E (n 3) where
1, n 0
E (n) )
0, otherwise
The output at n 4 is
(A) 6
(B) zero
(C) 2
(D) 4
2003
6.87
Page 140
(A) e f u (f)
(C) e f u ( f)
6.93
x (n 1) n # 1
where x (n) is the input and y (n) is the output. The above system
has the properties
(A) P, S but not Q, R
(B) P, Q, S but not R
2002
6.94
6.95
(C) P, Q, R, S

by RK Kanodia
Now in 3 Volume
(D) Q, R, S but not P
6.96
The system under consideration is an RC low-pass filter (RC-LPF)

with R 1 k8 and C 1.0 NF.
Let H (f) denote the frequency response of the RC-LPF. Let f1 be
H (f1)
the highest frequency such that 0 # f # f1
$ 0.95 . Then f1
H (0)
(in Hz) is
(A) 324.8
(B) 163.9
(C) 52.2
(D) 104.4
6.97
6.98
6.89
Let tg (f) be the group delay function of the given RC-LPF and
f2 100 Hz. Then tg (f2) in ms, is
(A) 0.717
(B) 7.17
(C) 71.7
(D) 4.505
2002
6.90
6.91
6.92
TWO MARKS
The Laplace transform of continuous - time signal x (t) is X (s)

. If the Fourier transform of this signal exists, the x (t) is
(B) e2t u ( t) 2et u (t)
(A) e2t u (t) 2et u (t)
2t
t
(C) e u ( t) 2e u (t)
(D) e2t u ( t) 2et u (t)
5s
s2 s 2
If the impulse response of discrete - time system is

h [n] 5n u [ n 1],
then the system function H (z) is equal to
(A) z and the system is stable
z5
(B) z and the system is stable
z5
(C) z and the system is unstable
z5
(D) z and the system is unstable
z5
2001
Common Data For Q. 6.73 & 6.74 :
6.88
A linear phase channel with phase delay Tp and group delay Tg must
have
(A) Tp Tg constant
(B) Tp \ f and Tg \ f
(C) Tp constant and Tg \ f ( f denote frequency)
(D) Tp \ f and Tp = constant
TWO MARKS
Let P be linearity, Q be time-invariance, R be causality and S be

stability. A discrete time system has the input-output relationship,
x (n)
n$1
y (n) *0,
n=0
(B) ef u (f)

(D) ef u ( f)
ONE MARK
The transfer function of a system is given by H (s) 2 1

. The
s (s 2)
impulse response of the system is
(A) (t2 * e2t) u (t)
(B) (t * e2t) u (t)
2
(C) (te t) u (t)
(D) (te2t) u (t)
The region of convergence of the z transform of a unit step function
is
(B) z 1
(A) z 1
(C) (Real part of z ) 0
(D) (Real part of z ) 0
Let E (t) denote the delta function. The value of the integral
3
# 3 E (t) cos b 32t ldt is

ONE MARK
Convolution of x (t 5) with impulse function E (t 7) is equal to

(B) x (t 12)
(A) x (t 12)
(C) x (t 2)
(D) x (t 2)
Which of the following cannot be the Fourier series expansion of a
periodic signal?
(A) x (t) 2 cos t 3 cos 3t
(B) x (t) 2 cos Qt 7 cos t
(C) x (t) cos t 0.5
(D) x (t) 2 cos 1.5Qt sin 3.5Qt
6.99
1
The Fourier transform F {e1 u (t)} is equal to
. Therefore,
1 j2Qf
1
is
F'
1
1 j2Qt
6.100
(A) 1
(B) 1
(C) 0
(D)
Q
2
If a signal f (t) has energy E , the energy of the signal f (2t) is equal
to
(A) 1
(B) E/2
(C) 2E
2001
(D) 4E
TWO MARKS
The impulse response functions of four linear systems S1, S2, S3, S4
are given respectively by
Page 141
h1 (t) 1, h2 (t) u (t),

u (t)
and
t1
3t
h 4 (t) e u (t)
where u (t) is the unit step function. Which of these systems is
time invariant, causal, and stable?
(A) S1
(B) S2
(C) S3
(D) S4
h3 (t)
2000
6.101
ONE MARK
Given
L [f (t)] s2 2 ,
s 1
f (U) g (t U) dU .
that
L [g (t)]
h (t)
0
L [h (t)] is
2
(A) s 1
s3
(C)
(B)
s2 1
s2
(s 3)( s 2) s2 1
s 1
(s 3) (s 2)
2
and
1
s3
6.107
(D) None of the above
The Fourier Transform of the signal x (t) e3t is of the following

form, where A and B are constants :
(A) AeB f
(B) AeBf
2
(C) A B f
(D) AeBf

A system with an input x (t) and output y (t) is described by the

relations : y (t) tx (t). This system is
(A) linear and time - invariant
(B) linear and time varying
(C) non - linear and time - invariant
(D) non - linear and time - varying
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6.102
6.103
6.104
A linear time invariant system has an impulse response e , t 0 . If

the initial conditions are zero and the input is e3t , the output for
t 0 is
(A) e3t e2t
(B) e5t
(C) e3t e2t
(D) None of these
dG (X)
G (X0)
,
dX X = X
X0
dG (X)
X
o
(C)
,
d (X) X = X
G (Xo)
(A)
TWO MARKS
(B) G (Xo),
d2 G (X0)
dX2
(D) Xo G (Xo),
2t
2000
6.105
A system has a phase response given by G (X), where X is the

angular frequency. The phase delay and group delay at X X0 are
respectively given by
Xo
3
1999
6.108
6.109
One period (0, T) each of two periodic waveforms W1 and W2 are shown
in the figure. The magnitudes of the nth Fourier series coefficients of
W1 and W2 , for n $ 1, n odd, are respectively proportional to
6.110
X = Xo
G (M)
ONE MARK
The z -transform F (z) of the function f (nT) a

(A) z T
(B) z T
za
za
z
z
(C)
(D)
z aT
z aT
If [f (t)] F (s), then [f (t T)] is equal to
(A) esT F (s)
(B) esT F (s)
F (s)
F (s)
(C)
(D)
1 esT
1 esT
nT
is
A signal x (t) has a Fourier transform X (X). If x (t) is a real and odd
function of t , then X (X) is
(A) a real and even function of X
(B) a imaginary and odd function of X
(C) an imaginary and even function of X
(D) a real and odd function of X
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
6.106
n3
n2
n1
n4
and
and
and
and
n2
n3
n2
n2
1999
6.111
TWO MARKS
The Fourier series representation of an impulse train denoted by

s (t)
/ d (t nT0) is given by
n 3
3
j2Qnt
(A) 1 / exp
T0 n 3
T0
3
j
nt
Q
(C) 1 / exp
T0 n 3
T0
Let u (t) be the step function. Which of the waveforms in the figure
corresponds to the convolution of u (t) u (t 1) with u (t) u (t 2)
?
6.112
3
jQnt
(B) 1 / exp
T0 n 3
T0
3
j
nt
Q
2
(D) 1 / exp
T0 n 3
T0
The z -transform of a signal is given by
C (z)
1z1 (1 z4)
4 (1 z1) 2
Page 142
1997
6.120
Its final value is

(A) 1/4
(B) zero
(C) 1.0
(D) infinity
The function f (t) has the Fourier Transform g (X). The Fourier
Transform
(A) 1 f (X)
2Q
1998
6.113
ONE MARK
If F (s) 2 X 2 , then the value of Limf (t)

t"3
s X
(A) cannot be determined
(B) is zero
(C) is unity
6.114
6.115
(C) 2Qf ( X)
6.121
(D) is infinite
The trigonometric Fourier series of a even time function can have

only
(A) cosine terms
(B) sine terms
(C) cosine and sine terms
(D) d.c and cosine terms
A periodic signal x (t) of period T0 is given by

by RK Kanodia
Now in 3 Volume
6.123
ff (t) g (t) e
# g (t) ejXt dt o is
3
3
(B) 1 f ( X)
2Q
The Laplace Transform of eBt cos (Bt) is equal to

(s B)
(s B)
(A)
(B)
(s B) 2 B2
(s B) 2 B2
1
(C)
(s B) 2
1996
6.122
ONE MARK
ONE MARK
The trigonometric Fourier series of an even function of time does

not have the
(A) dc term
(B) cosine terms
(C) sine terms
(D) odd harmonic terms
The Fourier transform of a real valued time signal has
(A) odd symmetry
(B) even symmetry
(C) conjugate symmetry
(D) no symmetry
1, t T1
x (t) *
0, T1 t T0
2
The dc component of x (t) is
(A) T1
T0
(C) 2T1
T0
6.116
6.117
The unit impulse response of a linear time invariant system is the

unit step function u (t). For t 0 , the response of the system to an
excitation eat u (t), a 0 will be
(B) (1/a) (1 eat)
(A) aeat
(C) a (1 eat)
(D) 1 eat
The z-transform of the time function
(A) z 1
z
6.118
(B)
/ E (n k) is
k0
z
z1
(z 1) 2
z
(C)
(D)
z
(z 1) 2
A distorted sinusoid has the amplitudes A1, A2, A 3, .... of the
fundamental, second harmonic, third harmonic,..... respectively. The
total harmonic distortion is
2
2
(B) A 2 A 3 .....
(A) A2 A 3 ....
A1
A1
2
2
A 22 A 32 .....
(D) c A 2 A 3 ..... m
2
2
A
1
A A 2 A 3 ....
The Fourier transform of a function x (t) is X (f). The Fourier
dX (t)
transform of
will be
df
dX (f)
(B) j2QfX (f)
(A)
df
X (f)
(D)
(C) jfX (f)
jf
(C)
6.119
(B) T1
2T0
T
(D) 0
T1
2
1

Page 143
SOLUTIONS
Given, the maximum frequency of the band-limited signal

fm 5 kHz
According to the Nyquist sampling theorem, the sampling frequency must be greater than the Nyquist frequency which is given as
6.1
fN 2fm 2 # 5 10 kHz
So, the sampling frequency fs must satisfy
Option (C) is correct.

If the two systems with impulse response h1 ^ t h and h2 ^ t h are
connected in cascaded configuration as shown in figure, then the
overall response of the system is the convolution of the individual
impulse responses.
fs $ fN
fs $ 10 kHz
only the option (A) doesnt satisfy the condition therefore, 5 kHz
is not a valid sampling frequency.
6.5
6.2

Given, the input
x ^ t h u ^t 1h
Its Laplace transform is
s
X ^s h e
s

The impulse response of system is given
h^t h t u^t h
Its Laplace transform is
H ^s h 12
s
Hence, the overall response at the output is
Y ^s h X ^s h H ^s h
s
e3
s
its inverse Laplace transform is
^t 1h2
y^t h
u ^t 1h
2
6.3
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system stability and causality both.
But, Option (C) is not true for the stable system as, S 1
have one pole in right hand plane also.
6.6
Option (A) is correct.

Given, the signal
So we have
v ^ t h 30 sin 100t 10 cos 300t 6 sin ^500t Q4 h
X1 100 rad/s
X2 300 rad/s
X3 500 rad/s
Therefore, the respective time periods are
T1 2Q 2Q sec
X1 100
2
T2 Q 2Q sec
X2
300
2Q
T3
sec
500
So, the fundamental time period of the signal is
LCM ^2Q, 2Q, 2Qh
L.C.M. ^T1, T2 T3h
HCF ^100, 300, 500h
or,
T0 2Q
100
Hence, the fundamental frequency in rad/sec is
X0 2Q 100 rad/s
10
6.4

For a system to be casual, the R.O.C of system transfer function
H ^s h which is rational should be in the right half plane and to the
right of the right most pole.
For the stability of LTI system. All poles of the system
should lie in the left half of S -plane and no repeated pole should
be on imaginary axis. Hence, options (A), (B), (D) satisfies an LTI
Option (B) is correct.

The Laplace transform of unit step fun n is
U ^s h 1
s
So, the O/P of the system is given as
Y ^s h b 1 lb 1 l
s s
1
2
s
For zero initial condition, we check
dy ^ t h
u^t h
dt
&
U ^s h SY ^s h y ^0 h
&
U ^s h s c 12 m y ^0 h
s
or,
U ^s h 1
s
^y ^0 h 0h
Hence, the O/P is correct which is
Y ^s h 12
s
its inverse Laplace transform is given by
y ^ t h tu ^ t h
6.7
No Option is correct.
The matched filter is characterized by a frequency response that is
given as
H ^ f h G * ^ f h exp ^ j2QfT h
f
where
g^t h
G^f h
Now, consider a filter matched to a known signal g ^ t h. The fourier
transform of the resulting matched filter output g 0 ^ t h will be
G0 ^ f h H^ f hG^ f h
Page 144
ordinary, first order differential equation with forcing function x ^ t h

is y ^ t h so, we can define a function relating x ^ t h and y ^ t h as below
dy
P Qy K x ^ t h
dt
G * ^ f h G ^ f h exp ^ j2QfT h
G ^ f h 2 exp ^ j2QfT h
T is duration of g ^ t h
Assume exp ^ j2QfT h 1
So,
G0 ^ f h = G_ f i 2
Since, the given Gaussian function is
g ^ t h e Qt
Fourier transform of this signal will be
f
g ^ t h e Qt
e Qf G ^ f h
Therefore, output of the matched filter is
2
G 0 ^ f h e Qf
where P , Q , K are constant. Taking the Laplace transform both

the sides, we get
....(1)
P sY ^s h Py ^0 h Q Y ^s h X ^s h
Now, the solutions becomes

y1 ^ t h 2y ^ t h
or,
Y1 ^s h 2Y ^s h
So, Eq. (1) changes to
6.8

by RK Kanodia
Now in 3 Volume
y^t h u^t h * h^t h
u ^ t h * 6E ^t 1h E ^t 3h@
at t 2
6.9
u ^t 1h u ^t 3h
y ^2 h u ^2 1h u ^2 3h
1

Given, the differential equation
d2y
dy
5 6y ^ t h x ^ t h
dt
dt2
Taking its Laplace transform with zero initial conditions, we have
s2 Y ^s h 5sY ^s h 6Y ^s h X ^s h
....(1)
Now, the input signal is
1 0t2
x^t h *
0 otherwise
i.e.,
x ^ t h u ^ t h u ^t 2h
Taking its Laplace transform, we obtain
2s
X ^s h 1 e
s
s
2s

1
e

s
Substituting it in equation (1), we get
2s
X ^s h
Y ^s h 2
21 e
s 5s 6
s ^s 5s 6h

6.10
P sY1 ^s h P y1 ^0 h Q Y1 ^s h X1 ^s h
....(2)
2PSY ^s h P y1 ^0 h 2QY1 ^s h X1 ^s h
Comparing Eq. (1) and (2), we conclude that
X1 ^s h 2X ^s h
y1 ^0 h 2y ^0 h
Which makes the two equations to be same. Hence, we require to
change the initial condition to 2y ^0 h and the forcing equation to
2x ^ t h

Given, the impulse response of continuous time system
h ^ t h E ^t 1h E ^t 3h
From the convolution property, we know
x ^ t h * E ^t t 0h x ^t t 0h
So, for the input
x ^ t h u ^ t h (Unit step fun n )
The output of the system is obtained as
1 e2s
s ^s 2h^s 3h
Option (D) is correct.

The solution of a system described by a linear, constant coefficient,
or,
6.11

Given, the DFT of vector 8a b c dB as
D.F.T. %8a b c dB/ 8B C H EB
Also, we have
V
R
Sa b c d W
Sd a b c W
...(1)
8p q r sB 8a b c dBSc d a b W
W
S
Sb c d aW
X
T
For matrix circular convolution, we know
Rh h h VRx V
S 0 2 1WS 0W
x 6n@ * h 6n@ Sh1 h 0 h2WSx1W
SSh h h WWSSx WW
1
0
1
2
XT X
T
where "x 0, x1, x2, are three point signals for x 6n@ and similarly for
h 6n@, h 0 , h1 and h2 are three point signals. Comparing this transformation to Eq(1), we get
VT
R
Sa d c W
Sb a d W
6p q r s@ Sc b aW 8a b c dB
W
S
Sd c b W
X
T
6a b c d @T * 6a b c d @T

Now, we know that

So,
R V
R V
Sa W
Sa W
Sb W
Sb W
S W * S W
c
Sc W
S W
Sd W
Sd W
T X
T X
x1 6n@ * x2 6n@ X1DFT 6k @ X2, DFT 6k @
R V
Sa W
Sb W
Sc W
S W
Sd W
T X
R V R V
Sa W SBW
Sb W SCW
Sc W SH W
S W S W
Sd W SE W
T X T X
R V
SBW
SCW
SHW
S W
SE W
T X
Page 145
9B2 C 2 H2 E 2C
6.12

Using s -domain differentiation property of Laplace transform.
If
f (t)
F (s)
dF (s)

tf (t)
ds
d
1

2s 1

L [tf (t)]
ds ;s2 s 1E (s2 s 1) 2
L
So,
6.13

n
n
x [ n] b 1 l b 1 l u [ n ]
3
2
n
n
n
x [n] b 1 l u [n] b 1 l u [ n 1] b 1 l u (n)
3
3
2
Taking z -transform
X 6z @

/
3
n 3
1 n n
b 3 l z u [n ]
/
3
n 3
1 n n
b 3 l z u [ n 1]
/
3
n 3
3
1
/ b 31z l / b 13 z l
3
/b 1 l
2z
n0
1 44 2
44 3 1 4
42
4
43
II
III
3
n0
Taking m n
m1
14
42
4
43
I
h (0) h1 (0) h2 (0) 1 1 1

2 2
6.16
1 1 or z 1
3
3z
Series II converges if 1 z 1 or z 3
3
Series III converges if 1 1 or z 1
2
2z
Region of convergence of X (z) will be intersection of above three
So,
ROC : 1 z 3
2

Convolution sum is defined as
y [n] h [n] * g [n]
For causal sequence,
1 n n
b 2 l z u [ n]
n
n
n
/ b 1 l zn / b 1 l zn / b 1 l zn
3
3
2
n0
n 3
n0
3
So, inverse Fourier transform of H (jX)

h (t) h1 (t) h2 (t)
y (t)
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For n 0 ,
For n 1,
x (U) cos (3U) dU
3
x (t) E (t)
y (t)
# E (t) cos (3U) dU

3
y (t, t 0)
Delayed output,
From equation (i),

u (t) cos (3t 0)
So,
6.17
y (t t 0) u (t t 0)
y (t, t 0) ! y (t t 0)
System is not time invariant.

Stability :
Consider a bounded input x (t) cos 3t
t
t
t
t
y (t) # cos2 3t # 1 cos 6t 1 # 1dt 1 # cos 6t dt
2
2 3
2 3
3
3
As t " 3, y (t) " 3 (unbounded)
6.15
y [1] h [1] g [1] h [1] g [0] h [1] g [ 1] ....

y [1] h [1] g [1] h [1] g [0]
1 1 g [1] 1 g [0] h [1] 1 1 1
b2l
2
2
2
2
u (t) cos (0) u (t)
# E (t t ) cos (3U) dU
3
y [0] h [0] g [0] h [1] g [ 1] ...........

y [0] h [0] g [0] g [ 1] g [ 2] ....0
...(i)
y [0] h [0] g [0]
1 g [1] g [0]
For a delayed input (t t 0) output is

t
/ h [n] g [n k]

k 3
y [n] h [n] g [n] h [n] g [n 1] h [n] g [n 2] .....
Time Invariance :
Let,
k0
Series I converges if
6.14
y [n]
/ h [n] g [n k]
g [1] 1 g [0]
y [0] 1
1
g [0]
h [0] 1
g [1] 1 1 0

d2 y
dy
We have
100 2 20 y x (t)
dt
dt
Applying Laplace transform we get
100s2 Y (s) 20sY (s) Y (s) X (s)
Y (s)
1
or

H (s)
X (s) 100s2 20s 1
1/100
A
2

s (1/5) s 1/100 s2 2YXn s X2
Here Xn 1/10 and 2YXn 1/5 giving Y 1
Roots are s 1/10, 1/10 which lie on Right side of s plane thus
unstable.
System is not stable.

(2 cos X) (sin 2X)
H (jX)
sin 3X sin X
X
X
X
We know that inverse Fourier transform of sin c function is a
rectangular function.
6.18
6.19

For an even function Fourier series contains dc term and cosine term
(even and odd harmonics).
Function h (n) an u (n) stable if a 1 and Unstable if a H 1
We We have
h (n)
2n u (n 2);
Page 146
Here a 2 therefore h (n) is unstable and since h (n) 0 for n 0

Therefore h (n) will be causal. So h (n) is causal and not stable.
6.20
Constant term is negative.

6.25
0 Be
6.21
Be
Bt
or
Thus
Y (s) H (s) X (s)

6s
1
1 : 1 e6sD
e
s s2
s
s (s 2)

by RK Kanodia
Now in 3 Volume
or
Now
H (z ) H1 (z ) : H2 (z )
6.27
6.28
6.23
and
6.24

For a function x (t) trigonometric fourier series is
x (t) Ao
Where,
/ [An cos nXt Bn sin nXt]
n1
Ao 1 # x (t) dt
T0 T
T0 "fundamental period
3s 1
f (t) L 1 ; 3
s 4s 2 (k 3) s E
lim f (t) 1
t"3
By final value theorem

lim f (t) lim sF (s) 1
t"3
Y (z)
H (z) z1
X (z)

For 8 point DFT, x* [1] x [7]; x* [2] x [6]; x* [3] x [5] and it is
conjugate symmetric about x [4], x [6] 0 ; x [7] 1 j3
h [n] E [n 3]

For an N-point FET algorithm butterfly operates on one pair of
samples and involves two complex addition and one complex
multiplication.
We have
y (n) x (n 1)
Y (z) z1 X (z)
H1 (z) H2 (z) z1

1 0.4z1
1
c 1 0.6z1 m H2 (z) z
z1 (1 0.6z1)
H2 (z)
(1 0.4z1)
h1 [n] E [n 1] or H1 [Z ] Z 1
h 2 [n] E [n 2] or H2 (Z ) Z 2
z1 : z2 z3

or,
6.29
s"0
or
s. (3s 1)
lim 3
1
s " 0 s 4s 2 (k 3) s
s (3s 1)
lim 2
1
s " 0 s [s 4s (k 3)]
1 1
k3
or
k 4

or
x [n] 5E [n 2] 4E [n 1] 3E [n]
Response of cascaded system
or
6.22
BE [n ! a]

We have
and
6s
1
e
Y (s) 1
2s 2 (s 2)
s
y (t) 0.5 [1 exp ( 2t)] u (t) u (t 6)
Inverse Z transform
X (z) 5z 2 4z1 3
Inverse z-transform
6.26

We have
x (t) exp ( 2t) N (t) s (t 6) and h (t) u (t)
Taking Laplace Transform we get
X (s) b 1 e6s l and H (s) 1
s2
s
Now
BZ ! a
We know that
Given that
Impulse response d (step response)

dt
d (1 e Bt)
dt
Bt

System is described as
d 2 y (t)
dt (t)
dx (t)
4x (t)
4
3y (t) 2
dt
dt
dt 2
Taking Laplace transform on both side of given equation
s 2 Y (s) 4sY (s) 3Y (s) 2sX (s) 4X (s)
(s 2 4s 3) Y (s) 2 (s 2) X (s) s
Transfer function of the system

An 2 # x (t) cos nXt dt

T0 T
Bn 2 # x (t) sin nXt dt
T0 T
For an even function x (t), Bn 0
Since given function is even function so coefficient Bn 0 , only cosine
and constant terms are present in its fourier series representation
3T/4
Constant term
A0 1 #
x (t) dt
T T/4
T
/
4
3T/4
1 : # Adt #
2AdtD
T T/4
T/4
1 :TA 2AT D A
2
2
T 2
H (s)
and
Input
or,
2 (s 2)
Y (s)
2 (s 2)

(s 3) (s 1)
X (s) s 2 4s 3
x (t) e2t u (t)

X (s) 1
(s 2)
Y (s) H (s) : X (s)

2 (s 2)
: 1
Y (s)
(s 3) (s 1) (s 2)
By Partial fraction
Y (s) 1 1
s1 s3
Taking inverse Laplace transform
Output
Page 147
y (t) (et e3t) u (t)

6.30

We have
2 34 z 1
1 34 z 1 18 z 2
By partial fraction H (z ) can be written as
1
1
H (z )
1
1
^1 12 z h ^1 14 z h
For ROC : z 1/2
H (z)
It has the finite magnitude values. So it is a finite impulse response

filter. Thus S2 is true but it is not a low pass filter. So S1 is false.
6.36
n
n
h [n] b 1 l u [n] b 1 l u [n], n 0
2
4
1
an u [n], z a
1 z 1
Thus system is causal. Since ROC of H (z ) includes unit circle, so
it is stable also. Hence S1 is True
For ROC : z 1
4
n
n
1
h [n] b l u [ n 1] b 1 l u (n), z 1 , z 1
2
2
4
4
System is not causal. ROC of H (z ) does not include unity circle,
so it is not stable and S 3 is True
6.31
6.32

The Fourier series of a real periodic function has only cosine terms
if it is even and sine terms if it is odd.
6.37

Here h (t) ! 0 for t 0 . Thus system is non causal. Again any
bounded input x (t) gives bounded output y (t). Thus it is BIBO
stable.
Here we can conclude that option (B) is correct.
We have
x [n] {1, 0, 2, 3) and N 4
X [k ]
k 0, 1...N 1

Given function is
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For N 4 ,
of cosine terms is
X [k ]
/ x [ n] e
j2Qnk/4
k 0, 1,... 3
n0
X 2 2Qf
f 1 Hz
Q
Now
The given function has frequency component at 0 and 1 Hz.

Q
n
n
x [n] b 1 l u (n) b 1 l u ( n 1)
3
2
X (z)
n3
n 1
/ b 13 l zn /
n
n0
n3
n 3
n 1
First term gives

Second term gives
x [1]
X [2]
jQn/2
/ x [n] e
jQn
n0
x [0] x [1] ejQ x [2] ej2Q x [3] ejQ3

1023 0
X [3]
/ x [n] e
j3Qn/2
n0
x [0] x [1] ej3Q/2 x [2] ej3Q x [3] ej9Q/2

1 0 2 j3 1 j3
Thus [6, 1 j3, 0, 1 j3]
6.38

We have h (2) 1, h (3) 1 otherwise h (k) 0 . The diagram of
response is as follows :
/ x [ n] e
x [0] x [1] ejQ/2 x [2] ejQ x [3] ejQ3/2

1 0 2 j3 1 j3
Thus its ROC is the common ROC of both terms. that is

1 z 1
3
2
x [ n]
n0
1 z
3
1 z
2
Here function is defined for 0 U t , Thus

t
F (s)
L
f (U)
s
0
x [0] x [1] x [2] x [3]
1 n n
b2l z

By property of unilateral Laplace transform
t
0
# 3 f (U) dU L Fs(s) s1 # 3 f (U) dU
1023 6
n
n
/ b 1 z1 l / b 1 z1 l
3
2
n 3
n0
1 z1 1
3
1 z1 1
2
X [0]
n=0
Taking z transform we have
6.35
j2Qnk/N

The function has a DC term and a cosine function. The frequency
6.34
/ x [ n] e
n0
f (t) sin2 t cos 2t 1 cos 2t cos 2t 1 1 cos 2t

2
2 2
6.33
N1
6.39

The output of causal system depends only on present and past states
only.
In option (A) y (0) depends on x ( 2) and x (4).
In option (B) y (0) depends on x (1).
In option (C) y (0) depends on x ( 1).
In option (D) y (0) depends on x (5).
Thus only in option (C) the value of y (t) at t 0 depends on x ( 1)
past value. In all other option present value depends on future value.
6.40
Page 148
The y (t) t x (t) is not linear, thus option (B) is wrong and (a) is
correct. We can see that
R1: y (t) t2 x (t) Linear and time variant.
R2: y (t) t x (t) Non linear and time variant.
R3: y (t) x (t) Non linear and time invariant
R4: y (t) x (t 5) Linear and time invariant

We have
h (t) eBt u (t) e Ct u ( t)
This system is stable only when bounded input has bounded output For stability Bt 0 for t 0 that implies B 0 and Ct 0
for t 0 that implies C 0 . Thus, B is negative and C is positive.
6.41

K (s 1)
, and R (s) 1
(s 2)( s 4)
s
K (s 1)
C (s) G (s) R (s)
s (s 2)( s 4)
K
K
3K
8s 4 (s 2) 8 (s 4)
c (t) K :1 1 e2t 3 e4tD u (t)
8 4
8
6.45
G (s)
Thus
Given :
Hence
6.46
1
x (t) )
0
Fourier transform is
# 33ejXt x (t) dt
for 1 # t # 1
otherwise
x (n) 5e
6.47
6.48

h (t) e2t u (t)

6.49
# 33 h (t) ejXt dt
#0 3e2t ejXt dt #0 3e(2 jX)t dt
1
(2 jX)

H (jX)
1
(2 jX)
The phase response at X 2 rad/sec is

+H (jX) tan1 X tan1 2 Q 0.25Q
2
2
4

Magnitude response at X 2 rad/sec is
1
1
H (jX)
22 w2
2 2
Input is
x (t) 2 cos (2t)
Output is
1 # 2 cos (2t 0.25Q)
2 2
1 cos [2t 0.25Q]
2
/ x (k) h (n k)
3
/ x (k) h (2 k)
3
k 3

Mode function are not linear. Thus y (t) x (t) is not linear but
this functions is time invariant. Option (A) and (B) may be correct.
5e0.05n For t 0
H (jX)
x (0) h (2 0) x (1) h (2 1) x (2) h (2 2)

h (2) 0 h (0) 1 2 3
There are 5 non zero sample in output sequence and the value of
y [2] is 3.
n
2 # 10
Since
x (n) 5e0.05n u (n) is a causal signal
Its z transform is
1
5z

X (z) 5 :
1 e0.05 z1 D z e0.05
Its ROC is e0.05 z1 1 " z e0.05
k 3
6.44
I I (0) et/RC
I (0+) = V = 5 = 25NA
R
200k
t
2

Given
h (n) [1, 1, 2]
x (n) [1, 0, 1]
y (n) x (n)* h (n)
The length of y [n] is L1 L2 1 3 3 1 5
y (2)
X (k) 2
VR # R 5e V
Here the voltages across the resistor is input to sampler at frequency of 10 Hz. Thus
y (n) x (n) * h (n)
DFT
t
2
This is zero at X Q and X 2Q

6.43
y (n) rxx (n)
I 25e N A
#1 ejXt 1dt
1 [ejXt]11
jX
1 (ejX e jX) 1 ( 2j sin X)
jX
jX
2 sin X
X
x (r) x (n r)
r=0
RC 200k # 10N 2 sec

We have
N-1

Current through resistor (i.e. capacitor) is
Here,
h (t) L1 G (s) ( 4e2t 12e4t) u (t)

6.42
y (n) 1
N
It is Auto correlation.
At steady-state , c (3) 1
K 1 or K 8
Thus
8
8 (s 1)
Then,
12 4
G (s)
(s 4) (s 2)
(s 2)( s 4)

by RK Kanodia
Now in 3 Volume
6.50

Y (s)
1
s (s 1)
Final value theorem is applicable only when all poles of system lies
in left half of S -plane. Here s 1 is right s plane pole. Thus it is
Page 149
a t 0 . The area of dirac delta function is unity.
unbounded.
6.51
6.58
x (t) et u (t)

Taking Fourier transform
X (jX) 1
1 jX
X (jX) 1 2
1X
Magnitude at 3dB frequency is
or
or
or
or
Thus
6.60

Q
X (e jX) dX
or
6.53
Q
Q
F (s) =
X (e jX) e jX0 dX
X (e jX) dX 2Qx [0] 2Q # 5 10Q
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0. 5
1 2z1
Since ROC includes unit circle, it is left handed system
L1 F (s) sin Xo t

f (t) sin Xo t
Thus the final value is 1 # f (3) # 1
x (n) (0.5) (2) n u ( n 1)

x (0) 0
If we apply initial value theorem
6.61
because signal x (n) is defined for n 0 .
6.62

H (f)
H (s)
6.56
6.57
Step response
Y (s)
or
Y (s)
or
y (t)
Let
x (n) E (n)
Now
y (n) sin 0 0 (bounded)
BIBO stable

c (t) 1 e2t
Taking Laplace transform
C (s)
2

C (s)
#s 2
s (s 2)
s2
U (s)

A Hilbert transformer is a non-linear system.
5
1 j10Qf
5
5
1
1 5s
5^s 15 h s
1 a 1
s ^s 5 h
1 11 5 51
s ^s 5 h
s s 5
5 (1 et/5) u (t)

y (n) b sin 5 Qn l x (n)
6
x (0) lim X (z) lim 0.5 1 0.5

z"3
z " 31 2z
That is wrong because here initial value theorem is not applicable
6.55
X0
s2 + X2

X (z)
6.54
thus X 1
Putting n 0 we get
1
2Q
x (t) sin t ,
H (s) 1
s1
H (jX) 1 1
jX 1
j1
1
+ 45c
H (jX)
2
y (t) 1 sin (t Q4 )
2
Now
1
2

For discrete time Fourier transform (DTFT) when N
Q
x [n] 1 # X (e jX) e jXn dX
2Q Q
x [0] 1
2Q

As we have
1
1
2
1 X2
X 1 rad
f 1 Hz
2Q
Thus
6.52
6.59

The ROC of addition or subtraction of two functions x1 (n) and x2 (n)
is R1 + R2 . We have been given ROC of addition of two function and
has been asked ROC of subtraction of two function. It will be same.
6.63

F
x (t)
X (jX)
Using scaling we have
F
1 X jX
x (5t)
5 c 5 m
Using shifting property we get
F
1 X jX e j35X
x ;5 bt 3 lE
5
5 b5l
Dirac delta function E (t) is defined at t 0 and it has infinite value

1
s1
L
x (t) u (t)
X (s) 1
s
Y (s) H (s) X (s) 1 # 1 1 1
s1 s
s s1
h (t) et
1
5
H (s)
y (t) u (t) et

In steady state i.e. t 3, y (3) 1

6.64
6.65

Fourier series is defined for periodic function and constant.
3 sin (25t) is a periodic function.
4 cos (20t 3) 2 sin (710t) is sum of two periodic function and also
a periodic function.
e t sin (25t) is not a periodic function, so FS cant be defined for it.
1 is constant
g (t) g ( t)
2
g (t) g ( t)
odd{g (t)}
2
6.70
Ev{g (t)}
Here
Thus
Page 150
g (t) u (t)
u (t) + u ( t)

ue (t) =
2
u (t) u ( t)

uo (t)
2

y (t)
0.5x (t td T) x (t td ) 0.5x (t td T)
Taking Fourier transform we have
Y (X)
1
2
x (t)
2
0.5ejX ( t T) X (X) ejXt X (X) 0.5ejX ( t T) X (X)

Y (X)
or
ejXt [0.5e jXT 1 0.5ejXT ]
X (X)
d
ejXt [0.5 (e jXT ejXT ) 1]

d
6.66

Here
x1 (n) ` 5 jn u (n)
6
1
X1 (z)
1 ^ 65 z1h
e
ROC : R1
ROC : R2
z 6
5
Thus ROC of x1 (n) x2 (n) is R1 + R2 which is 5 z 6

6
5

by RK Kanodia
Now in 3 Volume
6.67
6.68
6.72
n3
/ y (n) ejXn
n 3
or
Y (e j0)
or
Y (e )
n=0
j0
1
1
n3
...(1)
/ b 14 l ejXn
n
n0
4
3
y ( 2)
y ( 1)
y (0)
y (1)
x ( 22 1) x ( 2) 12
0
x ( 20 1) x ( 1) 1
0

n2
n 3,
n4
n 5,
s (t) 8 cos ` Q 20Qt j 4 sin 15Qt

2
8 sin 20Qt 4 sin 15Qt

Here A1 8 and A2 4 . Thus power is
2
2
2
2
P A1 A2 8 4 40
2
2
2
2

From
x (n) [ 12 , 1, 2, 1, 1, 12 ]
y (n) x ^ n2 1h, n even
0 , for n odd
n 2 ,
n 1,
n 0,
n 1,
Alternative :
Taking z transform of (1) we get
1
Y (z)
1 14 z1
Substituting z e jX we have
1
Y (e jX)
1 14 ejX
Y (e j0) 1 1 4
3
1 4
6.69
R (X) no Xo 2Qk
6.73
1 1
1
1 3
1 4
1
`4j 1 b4l b4lb4l b4l
1
4
n=3
2n
2 n
n
y (n) ;b 1 l E u (n) b 1 l u (n)
2
4
Y (e jX)

For continuous and aperiodic signal Fourier representation is
continuous and aperiodic.
For continuous and periodic signal Fourier representation is discrete
and aperiodic.
For discrete and aperiodic signal Fourier representation is continuous
and periodic.
For discrete and periodic signal Fourier representation is discrete
and periodic.
or
Y (e jX) AejX n X (e jX)

Y (e jX)
or
AejX n
H (e jX)
X (e jX)
Thus
+H (e jX) Xo no
For LTI discrete time system phase and frequency of H (e jX) are
periodic with period 2Q. So in general form
y (n) x2 (n) b 1 l u2 (n)

2
Y (X)
ejXt (cos XT 1)
X (X)
H (X)
y (n) Ax (n no)
Taking Fourier transform

For causal system h (t) 0 for t # 0 . Only (D) satisfy this condition.
x (n) b 1 l u (n)
2
[cos XT 1]
or
z 5
6
6.71
x2 (n) ` 6 jn u ( n 1)
5
1
X1 (z) 1
1 ^ 65 z1h
jXtd
6.74
y (2)
y (3)
y (4)
y (5)
y (6)
x ( 22 1) x (0) 2
0
x ( 24 1) x (1) 1
0
x ( 26 1) x (2) 12
n6
Hence
y (n)
= 1 E (n + 2) + E (n) + 2E (n 2) + E (n 4) + 1 E (n 6)
2
2
Here y (n) is scaled and shifted version of x (n) and again y (2n) is
scaled version of y (n) giving
Page 151
z (n) y (2n) x (n 1)
1 E (n 1) E (n) 2E (n 1) E (n 2) 1 E (n 3)
2
2
Taking Fourier transform.
Z (e jX) 1 e jX 1 2ejX e2jX 1 e3jX
2
2
jX 1 2jX
jX
jX
e b e e 2 e 1 e2jX l
2
2
ejX b e
6.80
x (at)
xb 1 f l
3
X (f)
1 X f
a ca m
3X (3f)
B 2
or

ej2Qf t x (t) X (f f0)

F
1 ej 43 Qt x 1 t
X (3f 2)
b3 l
3
F
ej2Q t x b 1 t l
3X (3 (f 23 ))
3
F
1 ejQ t x 1 t
X [3 (f 23 )]
b3 l
3
0
Thus
2
3
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4
3
6.76
/
3
A system is stable if
n 3
2Y (z) BY (z) z2 2X (z) CX (z) z1

Y (z)
Cz1 2
or
...(i)
c
m
X (z)
2 Bz2
z ( C z)
or
H (z) 22 B
(z 2 )
It has poles at ! B/2 and zero at 0 and C/2 . For a stable system
poles must lie inside the unit circle of z plane. Thus
B 1
2
e2jX e jX 2 ejX
l
2
Thus
4 j 25 ]
2j
We have
2y (n) By (n 2) 2x (n) Cx (n 1)
Taking z transform we get

x (t)
x (n) x* ( n)
2
[ 4 j 25 ,
Z (e jX) ejX [cos 2X 2 cos X 2]
or
6.75
2j X
xcas (n)
But zero can lie anywhere in plane. Thus, C can be of any value.
h (n) 3. The plot of given h (n) is

6.81

x (n) e jQn/4
h (n)
We have
and
= 4 2 E (n + 2) 2 2 E (n + 1) 2 2 E (n 1)
+ 4 2 E (n 2)
y (n) x (n)* h (n)
Now
/
3
Thus
h (n)
k 3
h (n)
111122222
15 3
Hence system is stable but h (n) ! 0 for n 0 . Thus it is not
causal.
6.77
4 2 ej
z
z 0. 2
We know that
z 0. 2
1
1 az1
h [n] (0.2) n u [ n 1]
6.79

We have
x (n) [ 4 j5, 1 2j,

4]
(n 2)
ej
Q
4
Q
4
(n 1)
2 2 ej
@ 2 2 6e j
(n 2)
Q
2
Q
2
Q
2
(n 1)
4 2 ej
ej
Q
4
Q
4
(n 2)
(n 1)
Q
4
Q
4

From given graph the relation in x (t) and y (t) is
y (t) x [2 (t 1)]
x (t)
x (at)
x (2t)
X (f)
1 2j, 4 j5]
(n 1)
r
4
x *( n) [ 4 j5, 1 2j, 4]
x *( n) [4,
Q
4
Q
4
Q
4
z a

The Fourier transform of a conjugate symmetrical function is always
real.
2 2 ej
4 2 e j n 6e j ej @ 2 2 e j n 6e j ej @
4 2 e j n [0] 2 2 e j n [2 cos Q4 ]
or
y (n) 4e j n
6.82
6.78
(n 2)
Q
4
Q
4
an u [ n 1] *
Thus
Q
4
4 2 6e j

H (z)
k 2
y (n) = x (n + 2) h ( 2) + x (n + 1) h ( 1)
+ x (n 1) h (1) + x (n 2) h (2)
or
n 3
n 3
/ x (n k) h (k) / x (n k) h (k)
3
Thus
1 X f
a ca m
1X f
2 c2m
Q
4
Page 152
x (t t0) ej2Qft X (f)

0
x [2 (t 1)]
x [2 (t 1)]
Thus
6.83
2
lim 2
2
s (1 s) s 0 (1 s)
or
or
Ck Ck*
C3 Ck 3 j5
or
Thus

6.89
y (t) 4x (t 2)
Taking Fourier transform we get
Y (e j2Qf ) 4ej2Qf2 X (e j2Qf )
or
Thus
Y (e j2Qf )
4e4jQf
X (e j2Qf )
H (e j2Qf ) 4e4jQf

We have
h (n) 3E (n 3)
or
Taking z transform
H (z) 2z3
4
2
4
X (z) z z 2z 2 3z
Now
Y (z) H (z) X (z)
2z3 (z 4 z2 2z 2 3z4)
2 (z z1 2z2 2z3 3z7)
Taking inverse z transform we have
6.88

The frequency response of RC-LPF is
1
H (f)
1 j2QfRC
2Qf1 RC # 0.329
f1 # 0.329
2QRC
f1 # 0.329
2QRC
f1 # 0.329
2Q1k # 1N
f1 # 52.2 Hz
f1 max 52.2 Hz
1
1 jXRC
R (X) tan1 XRC

dR (X)
RC
tg

dX
1 X2 R2 C2
103

0.717 ms
2
1 4Q # 10 4 # 106
6.90
6.91

If
x (t)* h (t) g (t)
Then
x (t U1)* h (t U2) y (t U1 U2)
Thus
x (t 5)* E (t 7) x (t 5 7) x (t 2)
In option (B) the given function is not periodic and does not satisfy
Dirichlet condition. So it cant be expansion in Fourier series.
x (t) 2 cos Qt 7 cos t
T1 2Q 2
X
2
T2 Q 2Q
1
T1 1 irrational
T2
Q
6.92

From the duality property of fourier transform we have
If
x (t)
FT
X (f)
Then
X (t)
FT
x ( f)


System is non causal because output depends on future value
For n # 1
y ( 1) x ( 1 1) x (0)
Time varying
y (n n0) x (n n0 1)
Depends on Future
y (n) x (n 1)
i.e.
None causal
y (1) x (2)
For bounded input, system has bounded output. So it is stable.
y (n) x (n) for n $ 1
0 for n 0
x (x 1) for n # 1
So system is linear.
1 4Q2 f12 R2 C2 # 1.108

4Q2 f12 R2 C2 # 0.108
Time Shifting property
y (n) = 2[ E (n + 1) + E (n 1) 2E (n 2)
+ 2E (n 3) 3E (n 7)]
At n 4 ,
y (4) 0
6.87
H (0) 1
H (f1)
1

$ 0.95
H (0)
1 4Q2 f12 R2 C2
H (X)

by RK Kanodia
Now in 3 Volume
6.86
or

Here
C3 3 j5
For real periodic signal
Thus
6.85
or
or
or

From the Final value theorem we have
lim i (t) lim sI (s) lim s
6.84
Now
j2Qf
f
f
ej2Qf ( 1) 1 X b l e X b l
2 2
2
2
j2 Q f
f
e
Xc m
2
2
Therefore if
Then
6.93
et u (t)
1
1 j2Qt
FT
1
1 j2Qf
FT
e f u ( f)
and
Thus
R (X) Xt0
R (X)
t0
tp
X
dR (X)
t0
tg
dX
tp tg t0 constant
6.94
Page 153
Option (*) is correct.

5s
2 1
X (s) 2 5 s
s1 s2
s s 2 (s 1)( s 2)
Here three ROC may be possible.
Re (s) 1
and

For left sided sequence we have
6.100
6.101
a u ( n 1)
Thus
5n u ( n 1)
or
5n u ( n 1)
1
1 az1
1
1 5z1
z
z5
where z 5
where z 5
h (n) 5n u ( n 1)
/ h (n) z
3
n
1
/5 z
n 3
n n
1

n 3
/ (5z
3
/ (5z
1 m
1
n 1
/ (5
3
1
6.96
z) m
5 z 1 or z 5
Thus
6.102
x1 (t)* x2 (t)
n
n 3
/ 1. z
3
n
n0
/ (z
3
1 n
n0
n0
6.104
# E (t) 1
3
6.99
# E (t) x (t) # x (0) E (t) dt

3
3
Thus system is linear

We have
h (t) e2t
LS
and
x (t) e3t
LS
3
Let x (t) cos ( 23 t), then x (0) 1

3

Let
x (t) ax1 (t) bx2 (t)
ay1 (t) atx1 (t)
by2 (t) btx2 (t)
Adding above both equation we have
y (t t0) (t t0) x (t t0)

which is not equal. Thus system is time varying.
and this is possible when z1 1. Thus ROC is z1 1 or

z 1
We know that E (t) x (t) x (0) E (t) and
Q2 f2
a
FT
yd (d) tx (t t0)
If output is delayed then we have
/ (z1) n 3
Now

Since normalized Gaussion function have Gaussion FT
Q e
Thus
eat
a
ay1 (t) by2 (t) atx1 (t) btx2 (t)

t [ax1 (t) bx2 (t)]
tx (t)
or
ay1 (t) by2 (t) y (t)
If input is delayed then we have
H (z) is convergent if
6.98
[f (p)] 2 dp E
2
f (t)* g (t) h (t)

H (s) F (s) # G (s)

2
s
s2 1
1
H (s) 2
#

2)( s 3) s 3
s
(
s 1
/ x (n) .z
3
1

We have
h (n) u (n)
H (z)
Click to Buy
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n 3
6.103
6.97
dp 1

2
2
[f (p)] 2
1 n
L
1 # 1
(t * e2t) u (t)
s2 s 2
Here we have used property that convolution in time domain is
multiplication in s domain
LT
3


1
12 # 1
s2
s
s2 (s 2)
X1 (s) X2 (s)
m0
1
1
,
1 51 z
1 5 z
z5
5z
[f (2t)] 2 dt

Since h1 (t) ! 0 for t 0 , thus h1 (t) is not causal
h2 (t) u (t) which is always time invariant, causal and stable.
u (t)
is time variant.
h3 (t)
1t
3t
h 4 (t) e u (t) is time variant.
Let n m, then
H (z)
[f (t)] 2 dt
h (t) f (t)* g (t)

We know that convolution in time domain is multiplication in s
domain.
where z a
Since ROC is z 5 and it include unit circle, system is stable.

Alternative :
H (z)
3
E1
x (t) [ 2et u (t) 2e2t u ( t)]
3
Substituting 2t p we get
Re (s) 2
1 Re (s) 2
Since its Fourier transform exits, only 1 Re (s) 2 include
imaginary axis. so this ROC is possible. For this ROC the inverse
Laplace transform is
6.95
#
E1 #
E
# E (t) dt 1
3
Now output is
3

Let E be the energy of f (t) and E1 be the energy of f (2t), then
Thus
1
s2
X (s) 1
s3
H (s)
Y (s) H (s) X (s)

1 # 1 1 1
s2 s3 s3 s2
y (t) e3t e2t
6.105
Page 154
z1 (1 z4) (z 1)
4 (1 z1) 2
1 4
z z (z 4 1) (z 1)
lim
z"1
4z2 (z 1) 2
3 (z 1) (z 1) (z 2 1) (z 1)
lim z
z"1 4
(z 1) 2
3
lim z (z 1) (z2 1) 1
z"1 4

We know that for a square wave the Fourier series coefficient
sin nX U
Cnsq AU nX U2
T
2
Cnsq \ 1
n
lim
z"1
...(i)
Thus
If we integrate square wave, triangular wave will be obtained,

Hence
Cntri \ 12
n
6.106
6.113

u (t) u (t 1) f (t)
u (t) u (t 2) g (t)
f (t)* g (t)
X
s2 X2
lim f (t) final value theorem states that:
t"3
F (s) G (s)
1
2 [1 es] [1 e2s]
s
12 [1 e2s es e3s]
s
t"3
6.114
For even function x (t), Bn 0

So
x (t) A 0
/ An cos nXt
n1
Series will contain only DC & cosine terms.

6.115

Given periodic signal
1,
t T1
x (t) *
0, T1 t T0
2
The figure is as shown below.

We have
f (nT) anT
Taking z -transform we get
z
z aT
/ anT zn
n 3
/ (aT ) n zn
n 3
/ b az
3
n0
T n
For x (t) fourier series expression can be written as

x (t) A 0

If
L [f (t)] F (s)
Applying time shifting property we can write
6.110
6.111
n1

L [f (t T)] esT F (s)
6.112
n1
F (z)
6.109

Trigonometric Fourier series of a function x (t) is expressed as :
x (t) A 0
f (t)* g (t)
t (t 2) u (t 2) (t 1) u (t 1) (t 3) u (t 3)
The graph of option (B) satisfy this equation.
6.108
s"0
It must be noted that final value theorem can be applied only if

poles lies in ve half of s -plane.
Here poles are on imaginary axis (s1, s2 ! jX) so can not apply
final value theorem. so lim f (t) cannot be determined.
2s
s
3s
12 e 2 e 2 e 2
s
s
s
s
Taking inverse Laplace transform we have
6.107
lim f (t) lim sF (s)
t"3
f (t)* g (t)
F (s)
We have
F (s) 1 [1 es]
s
G (s) 1 [1 e2s]
s

by RK Kanodia
Now in 3 Volume
or
where dc term
T /2
A 0 1 # x (t) dt 1 # x (t) dt
T0 T
T0 T /2
T
T
1 : # x (t) dt # x (t) dt
T0 T /2
T
1 60 2T1 0@
T0
A 0 2T1
T0
0

Given z transform
C (z)
1
4
z (1 z )
4 (1 z1) 2
Applying final value theorem

lim f (n) lim (z 1) f (z)
n"3
z"1
z1 (1 z4)
lim (z 1) F (z) lim (z 1)
z"1
z"1
4 (1 z1) 2
6.116
#T
T0 /2
x (t) dtD

The unit impulse response of a LTI system is u (t)
Let
h (t) u (t)
Taking LT we have
H (s) 1
s
If the system excited with an input x (t) eat u (t), a 0 , the
response
Y (s) X (s) H (s)
1
(s a)
Y (s) 1 1 1 :1 1 D
a s sa
(s a) s
Page 155
6.123

The conjugation property allows us to show if x (t) is real, then
X (jX) has conjugate symmetry, that is
[ x (t) real]
X ( jX) X)(jX)
Proof :
X (s) L [x (t)]
so
replace X by X then
Taking inverse Laplace, the response will be

y (t) 1 61 eat@
a
6.117
x [ n]
X (z)
if x (t) real x)(t) x (t)
/ E (n k)
/ x [n] zn
k0
/ ; / E (n k) znE
3
6.119
x (t)
X (f)
by differentiation property;
dx (t)
F;
jXX (X)
dt E
or
6.120
We have
f (t)
g (X)
by duality property of fourier transform we can write
so
2Qf ( X)
3
# g (t) ejXt dt 2Qf ( X)
F [g (t)]
3
6.121

Given function
Now
x (t) eBt cos (Bt)

L
s
cos (Bt)
s2 B2
x (t)
X (s)
s0 t
e x (t)
eBt cos (Bt)
X (s s 0)
(s B)
(s B) 2 B2
If
then
so
6.122
shifting in s-domain

For a function x (t), trigonometric fourier series is :
x (t) A 0
X)(jX)
3
# x)(t) e jXt dt
3
# x (t) e jXt dt X ( jX)
3

Click to Buy
www.nodia.co.in
then
# x (t) ejXt dtG
dx (t)
F;
j2QfX (f)
dt E
g (t)
3
3
n 3 k 0
Since E (n k) defined only for n k so

3
1
z
X (z) / zk
(z 1)
(1 1/z)
k0
6.118
# x (t) e jXt dt
X (jX) =
)
k0
3
3
X ( jX)

We have
# x (t) ejXt dt
X (jX)
n1
T0 =Fundamental period
A 0 1 # x (t) dt
T0 T
An 2 # x (t) cos nXtdt
T0 T
Bn 2 # x (t) sin nXtdt
T0 T
For an even function x (t), coefficient Bn 0
for an odd function x (t),
A0 0
where
An 0
so if x (t) is even function its fourier series will not contain sine
terms.

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GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS

The impulse response of a continuous time system is given by

Two systems with impulse responses h1 ^ t h and h2 ^ t h are connected

The impulse response of a system is h ^ t h  tu ^ t h. For an input

order differential equation has an exact solution given by y ^ t h for

Assuming zero initial condition, the response y ^ t h of the system

Let g ^ t h  e , and h ^ t h is a filter matched to g ^ t h. If g ^ t h is

A system described by a linear, constant coefficient, ordinary, first

A band-limited signal with a maximum frequency of 5 kHz is to

Available Only at NODIA Online Store

(D) All the roots of the characteristic equation must be located on

SPECIAL EDITION ( STUDY MATERIAL FORM )

Which one of the following statements is NOT TRUE for a continuous

The DFT of a vector 8a b c dB is the vector 8B C H EB . Consider

The unilateral Laplace transform of f (t) is 2 1

If x [n]  (1/3) n  (1/2) n u [n], then the region of convergence (ROC)

The input x (t) and output y (t) of a system are related as

(B) stable and not time-invari6.21

GATE Electronics & Communication

If the unit step response of a network is (1  e Bt), then its unit

# x (U) cos (3U) dU . The system is

(A) time-invariant and stable

A system is defined by its impulse response h (n)  2n u (n  2). The

Let y [n] denote the convolution of h [n] and g [n], where

An input x (t)  exp ( 2t) u (t) E (t  6) is applied to an LTI system

The differential equation 100 ddty  20 dy

For more GATE Resources, Mock Test and

The trigonometric Fourier series of an even function does not have

Which of the above statements are correct ?

Consider the z -transform x (z)  5z2 4z1 3; 0  z  3. The

A function is given by f (t)  sin2 t cos 2t . Which of the following

SPECIAL EDITION ( STUDY MATERIAL FORM )

(D) Computation of a butterfly requires only one complex multiplication.

Available Only at NODIA Online Store

A continuous time LTI system is described by

The Fourier series of a real periodic function has only

(A) sF (s)  f (0)

A system with transfer function H (z) has impulse response h (.)

# x (t  U) g (2U) dU where h (t) is shown in the graph.

Which of the following four properties are possessed by the system

Causal : The system is causal,

comes zero are

(D) LP, LTI

The 4-point Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of a discrete time

An LTI system having transfer function s +s 2+s 1+ 1 and input

GATE Electronics & Communication

A discrete time linear shift - invariant system has an impulse

(C) y (.) is nonzero for Xs  2 , but zero for Xs  2

(B) 0.5Q, 1.5Q

The input and output of a continuous time system are respectively

Statement for Linked Answer Question 6.31 and 6.32:

The impulse response h (t) of a linear time invariant continuous

For more GATE Resources, Mock Test and

A linear, time - invariant, causal continuous time system has a

The samples x (n), n  (0, 1, 2, ...) are given by

Statement for Linked Answer Question 6.33 & 6.34:

The frequency response H (X) of this system in terms of angular

(D) 20.5 cos (2t  0.25Q)

(B) non-causal system

The frequency response of a linear, time-invariant system is given by

The Dirac delta function E (t) is defined as

The impulse response of a system is h ^ t h tu ^ t h. For an input

Let g ^ t h e , and h ^ t h is a filter matched to g ^ t h. If g ^ t h is

If x [n] (1/3) n (1/2) n u [n], then the region of convergence (ROC)

If the unit step response of a network is (1 e Bt), then its unit

A system is defined by its impulse response h (n) 2n u (n 2). The

An input x (t) exp ( 2t) u (t) E (t 6) is applied to an LTI system

The differential equation 100 ddty 20 dy

Consider the z -transform x (z) 5z2 4z1 3; 0 z 3. The

A function is given by f (t) sin2 t cos 2t . Which of the following

(A) sF (s) f (0)

# x (t U) g (2U) dU where h (t) is shown in the graph.

(C) y (.) is nonzero for Xs 2 , but zero for Xs 2

The samples x (n), n (0, 1, 2, ...) are given by

(D) 20.5 cos (2t 0.25Q)

(D) sin t cos t

The z transform X (z) of a sequence x [n] is given by X [z] 1 0.25z .

A 5-point sequence x [n] is given as x [ 3] 1, x [ 2] 1, x [ 1] 0,

In the system shown below, x (t) (sin t) u (t) In steady-state, the

Choose the function f (t); 3 t 3 for which a Fourier series

(B) (1 0.5 cos XT) ejXt

The region of convergence of z transform of the sequence

A signal x (n) sin (X0 n G) is the input to a linear time- invariant

Let x (n) ( 12 ) n u (n), y (n) x2 (n) and Y (e jX) be the Fourier

The power in the signal s (t) 8 cos (20Q Q2 ) 4 sin (15Qt) is

The sequence y (n) *

(C) X (f/2) e j2Qf

(D) X (f/2) ej2Qf

(B) 1 X (f/2) e j2Qf

(A) 1 X (f/2) ejQf

The z -transform of a system is H (z) z z0.2 . If the ROC is z 0.2

The Laplace transform of continuous - time signal x (t) is X (s)

(B) ef u (f)

The transfer function of a system is given by H (s) 2 1

Convolution of x (t 5) with impulse function E (t 7) is equal to

h1 (t) 1, h2 (t) u (t),

The Fourier Transform of the signal x (t) e3t is of the following

A linear time invariant system has an impulse response e , t 0 . If

The z -transform F (z) of the function f (nT) a

If F (s) 2 X 2 , then the value of Limf (t)