CARMEL B. SABADO CE-162 PROF. GERONIDES P.

ANCOG
BSCE-5 2nd Excel Program 18-Aug-09
*note:the boxes in yellow should be inputed by the designer,while blue ones are computed by the program. =)
****====DESIGN OF GRAVITY RETAINING WALL====****

w, kN/m³ φ, degrees f, coefficient

1. Soil or gravel without fine particles, 17.25 - 18.85 33 -40 0.5 -0.6
highly permeable.
2. Sand or gravel with silt mixture, low 18.85 - 20.40 25 - 35 0.4 - 0.5
permeability
3. Silty sand, sand and gravel with high 17.25 - 18.85 23 - 30 0.3 - 0.4
clay content
4. Medium or stiff clay 15.70 - 18.85 25 - 35 0.2 - 0.4
5. Soft clay, silt 14.10 - 17.25 20 -25 0.2 - 0.3
Table 1: Unit weights w, effective angles of internal friction φ, and coefficients of friction with concrete f.

0.5 m
qs = 20 kPa

3.50 m
0.25

0.25

1.10 m 0.60 m

Solution: (Use class 2 of the table given above)

Composite Section c7 W7

a h'

W3 c5 W5
W4 W6
c6
c3 c4
3.50 m h
W2
c2 W1
1.10 m e
d c1

Soil pressure coefficient, Rankine equation for horizontal soil surface

φ= 30 ° Passive soil pressure coefficient
w= 18.85 kN/m³
1+sin φ
qs = 20.00 kPa C ph = = 3.00
1−sin φ
h' = 1.061 m
Distances computation
Active soil pressure coefficient c1 = B/2 = 2.0000 m
c2 = e/2 = 0.1250 m
1−sin φ
Cah = = 0.33333 c3 = e + a/2 = 0.5000 m
1+sin φ
c4 = (B - 2e - a)/3 + e + a = 1.7500 m
c5 = B - e + e/2 = 3.8750 m
 c6 = (B - 2e - a)2/3 + e + a = 2.7500 m
c7 = (B - e - a)/2 + e + a = 2.3750 m
Given retaining wall dimensions:
a= 0.50 m Passive soil pressure:
b= 1.10 m h = b= 1.10 m
c= 3.50 m
1
d= 0.60 m P ph= C ph wh2 = 34.2128 kN
2
e= 0.25 m
h
Active soil pressure: y ph= = 0.36667 m
3
h= b+c= 4.60 m Tentative wall base dimension:
1
Pah = C ah wh ( h+ 2 h' ) = 97.1443 kN B= 4.00 m
2
2
h +3 hh '
y ah= = 1.77536 m
3 ( h+2 h ' )
Check retaining wall stability: wc = 23.60 kN/m³
Friction coeff., f = 0.50

component weights Wi ci RM=Wici

W1 = Bdwc = 56.640 2.0000 113.280
W2 = e(b - d)ws = 2.356 0.1250 0.295
W3 = a(b + c - d)wc = 47.200 0.5000 23.600
W4 = (B - 2e - a)(b + c - d)wc/2 = 141.600 1.7500 247.800
W5 = (B - 2e - a)(b + c - d)ws/2 = 113.100 3.8750 438.263
W6 = e(b + c - d)ws = 18.850 2.7500 51.838
W7 = qs(B - e - a) = 65.000 2.3750 154.375
ΣWi = 444.746 ΣWici = 1029.450

Overturning moment: OM Factor of safety against overturning:

OM = Pahyah = 172.466 kN-m RM =∑ W i ci
Location of resultant with respect to toe: FSoverturning = = 5.9690083 > 2.00, ok!
OM =Pah y ah
RM −OM
x= = 1.92691 m Factor of safety against sliding:
R v =∑ W i
B ( fR v = f ∑ W i )+ P ph
e= −x = 0.07309 m FSsliding = = 2.641285 > 1.50, ok!
2 P ah

B/3 = 1.33 m
the middle third of the base. No tension will occur on the foundation.
Rv
qalignl ¿ max ¿min ¿=
B (1± 6eB )¿
2 qmax = 121.61 kPa
qmin = 100.763 kPa
qa =
143 kPa
qmax < qa, the wall is safe against soil bearing.

0.5 m
Retaining Wall Details qs = 20 kPa

3.50 m
0.25
0.25
1.10 m 0.60 m

4.00 m
CARMEL B. SABADO CE-162 PROF. GERONIDES P. ANCOG
BSCE-5 2nd Excel Program 18-Aug-09

****====DESIGN OF GRAVITY RETAINING WALL====****

Table 1: Unit weights w, effective angles of internal friction φ, and coefficients of friction with concrete f.
w, kN/m³ φ, degrees f, coefficient
1. Soil or gravel without fine particles, 17.25 - 18.85 33 -40 0.5 -0.6
highly permeable.
2. Sand or gravel with silt mixture, low 18.85 - 20.40 25 - 35 0.4 - 0.5
permeability
3. Silty sand, sand and gravel with high 17.25 - 18.85 23 - 30 0.3 - 0.4
clay content
4. Medium or stiff clay 15.70 - 18.85 25 - 35 0.2 - 0.4
5. Soft clay, silt 14.10 - 17.25 20 -25 0.2 - 0.3

*note:the boxes in yellow should be inputed by the designer,while blue ones are computed by
computed by the program. 0.5 m
qs = 20 kPa

3.50 m
0.25

0.25

1.10 m 0.60 m

Solution: (Use class 2 of the table given above)

Composite Section c7 W7

a h'

W3 c5 W5
W6
W4 c6
c3 c4
3.50 m h
W2
c2 W1
1.10 m e
d c1

Soil pressure coefficient, Rankine equation for horizontal soil surface

φ= 30 ° Passive soil pressure coefficient
w= 18.85 kN/m³
1+sin φ
qs = 20.00 kPa C ph = = 3.00
1−sin φ
h' = 1.061 m
Distances computation
Active soil pressure coefficient c1 = B/2 = 2.0000 m
c2 = e/2 = 0.1250 m
1−sin φ
Cah = = 0.333333 c3 = e + a/2 = 0.5000 m
1+sin φ
c4 = (B - 2e - a)/3 + e + a = 1.7500 m
c5 = B - e + e/2 = 3.8750 m
c6 = (B - 2e - a)2/3 + e + a = 2.7500 m
 c7 = (B - e - a)/2 + e + a = 2.3750 m

Given retaining wall dimensions:

a= 0.50 m Passive soil pressure:
b= 1.10 m h = b= 1.10 m
c= 3.50 m
1
d= 0.60 m P ph= C ph wh2 = 34.21275 kN
2
e= 0.25 m
h
Active soil pressure: y ph= = 0.366667 m
3
h= b+c= 4.60 m Tentative wall base dimension:
1
Pah = C ah wh ( h+ 2 h' ) = 97.14433 kN B= 4.00 m
2
2
h +3 hh '
y ah= = 1.775356 m
3 ( h+2 h ' )
Check retaining wall stability: wc = 23.60 kN/m³
Friction coeff., f = 0.50

component weights Wi ci RM=Wici

W1 = Bdwc = 56.640 2.0000 113.280
W2 = e(b - d)ws = 2.356 0.1250 0.295
W3 = a(b + c - d)wc = 47.200 0.5000 23.600
W4 = (B - 2e - a)(b + c - d)wc/2 = 141.600 1.7500 247.800
W5 = (B - 2e - a)(b + c - d)ws/2 = 113.100 3.8750 438.263
W6 = e(b + c - d)ws = 18.850 2.7500 51.838
W7 = qs(B - e - a) = 65.000 2.3750 154.375
ΣWi = 444.746 ΣWici = 1029.450

Overturning moment: OM Factor of safety against overturning:

OM = Pahyah = 172.466 kN-m RM =∑ W i ci
Location of resultant with respect to toe: FSoverturning = = 5.9690083 > 2.00, ok!
OM =Pah y ah
RM −OM
x= = 1.92691 m Factor of safety against sliding:
R v =∑ W i
B ( fR v = f ∑ W i )+ P ph
e= −x = 0.07309 m FSsliding = = 2.641285 > 1.50, ok!
2 P ah

B/3 = 1.33 m
the middle third of the base. No tension will occur on the foundation.
Rv
qalignl ¿ max ¿min ¿=
B (1± 6eB )¿
2 qmax = 121.6103 kPa
qmin = 100.7628 kPa
qa = 143 kPa

0.5 m
Retaining Wall Details qs = 20.00
0.25

3.50 m
0.25

1.10 m 0.60 m
 4.00 m
CARMEL B. SABADO CE-162 PROF. GERONIDES P. ANCOG
BSCE-5 2nd Excel Program 18-Aug-09
*note:the boxes in yellow should be inputed by the designer,while blue ones are computed by the program.=)

****====Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall====****

Right Side Loading

Given:
fc' = 20.70 Mpa Retaining wall dimensions:
fy = 414.00 Mpa a= 0.30 m
ωs = 18.82 kN/m3 c= 4.50 m
Φ= 40 o

μ= 0.50 Tentative dimentions:

ωc = 23.60 kN/m3 B= 3.20 m
qa = 143.50 kPa b= 0.40 m
qs = 19.30 kPa d= 0.50 m
backfill height = 3.65 m
Øb(main) = 25 mm Use Wu = 1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7H
Øb(temp) = 16 mm
a
Es = 200000 Mpa
Øshear = 0.85 qs = 19.30 kPa
Øflexure = 0.9

smax = [ 3t , 450 ]min c

h' = 1.026 m

Cantilever Retaining Wall Figure:

b
Property Line
W6
a
W5 C6
h'
C5

W4

W2 C4
C2

c W3 h
C3
W1
Pah
C1
yah
d
 b

Soil pressure coefficient, Rankine equation for horizontal surface:

Active soil pressure coeffecient: Cah = 0.217443

Active soil pressure: h= 5.00 m

Pah = 1 Cahωh(h+2h') =
2 72.137 kN
yah = h2 + 3hh' =
3(h + 2h') 1.9091 m

Check the retaining wall stability:

components weights Wi ci RM = Wici
W1 = 37.760 1.6000 60.4160
W2 = 31.860 0.1500 4.7790
W3 = 5.310 0.3333 1.7700
W4 = 237.132 1.8000 426.8376
W5 = 4.235 0.3333 1.4115
W6 = 55.97 1.75 97.9475
∑Wi = 372.267 ∑RM = 593.1616

Overturning moment: OM = 137.7138 kN-m

Factor of safety against overturning:

FSoverturning = RM = 4.307 > 2.00 safe!!!!
OM

Factor of safety against sliding:

FSsliding = (f ∑Wi) = 2.580 > 1.50 safe!!!!

Pah

Check for bearing pressure: qa = 143.50 kPa

Location of resultant with respect to toe:

x = RM - OM = 1.2234 m
∑Wi
e= B - x = 0.376554 m
2
B/3 = 1.07 m
The middle third of the base where No tension will occur on the foundation.

q = ∑Wi 1 + 6e qmax = 142.001 kPa

B B2 qmin = 90.666 kPa

Since qmax < qa, wall is safe againts soil bearing.

Design of stem:

p1=qs

M y P1
 M y P1
y/2 P2
V
p2 = Cahwsy

Ve
d
Vmax Mmax

Stem P V M

Soil pressure at y: Moment equation at level y:

p1 = q s = 19.30 kPa My = p1y1 + p2y2 = qsy2/2 + 0.5cahwsy3/3
p2 = cahwsy = 4.09227 y kPa M1 = qsy2/2 = 9.65 y2
M2 = 0.5cahwsy /3 =3
0.68205 y3
Shear equation at level y:
Vy = p1 + p2 = qsy + 0.5cahwsy2 At level y = 4.50 m
p 1 = q sy = 19.30 y Vu = 218.0833 kN
p2 = 0.5cahwsy 2
= 2.04614 y 2 Mu = 437.8587 kN-m

Ao = ∏ Db = ρmin = 1.4 / fy
2
490.874 mm2 = 0.003382
4 ρmax = .75 .85fc'b1 600 = 0.016032
Atemp = ∏ Dtemp2 = 201.062 mm 2
fy 600+fy
4

Try d = 400 mm ; b= 1000 mm

Ru = Mu = 3.040685
fbd 2

ρ = .85fc' 1 - 1 - 2Ru = 0.00812

fy .85fc'

Use: ρ = 0.00812

As,flexure = ρbd = 3248.172 mm2/m

s = 1000Ao = 151.1231 mm cc
As
As,temp = ρbd =0.002bd = 800 mm2/m

stemp = 1000 Atemp = 251.3274 mm cc

As

Check for shear: Vuc = Ø √fc' bd = 257.8178 kN/m

6
At d distance from the bottom of stem:
yd = 4.10 m
Vud = 192.9935 kN/m < Vuc, safe!!!!

At y = 3.00 m
Try d = 300 mm
Ru = Mu = 2.209270
fbd2

ρ = .85fc' 1 - 1 - 2Ru = 0.005722

fy .85fc'

Use: ρ = 0.005722
 As,flexure = ρbd = 1716.459 mm2/m
s = 1000Ao = 285.9805 mm cc
As
As,temp = ρbd =0.002bd = 600 mm2/m
stemp = 1000 Atemp = 335.1032 mm cc
As

Design of Base:
qs =
19.30

5.00

0.50

qmin

qmax

Note: The expected worst condition of loading, the passive earth pressure of soil is generally
neglected due to erosion of top soil, and the soil bearing at the toe is neglected due to
the empending action to overturn.

Use: 1.4 for DL

1.7 for LL and service load bearing pressure

qmax x 1.7 = 241.401 kPa V = (-Ws-Wc-qs)L = -470.11 kN

qmin x 1.7 = 154.132 kPa M = (-Ws-Wc-qs)L2/2 = -658.15 kN-m
Ws = 1.4ωsc = 118.566 kPa
qs x 1.7 = 32.810 kPa
Wc = 1.4ωcd = 16.520 kPa
e= 0.377 m
L = B - b) = 2.800 m

Try d = 400 mm
b= 1000 mm
Ru = Mu = 4.570502 As,flexure = ρbd = 5216.20 mm2/m
fbd2 s = 1000Ao = 94.11 mm cc
As
ρ = .85fc' 1 - 1 - 2Ru = 0.013041 s,temp = ρbd =0.002bd
A = 800.00 mm2/m
fy .85fc' stemp = 1000 Atemp = 251.33 mm cc
As
Use: ρ = 0.013041

Check for shear: Vuc = Ø √fc' bd = 257.8178 kN/m > V, safe!!!!

6
 Retaining Wall Details:
Note: the spacing of the reinforcement is upon the desire of the designer based on the computed bar spacing above.

0.30

25 mm Ø @ 240 oc

16 mm Ø temp. @ 16
260 oc bw mm Øtemp @ 250 oc

5.00 25 mm Ø @ 250 oc
m
25 mm Ø @ 360 oc

0.50 meters

16 mm Ø temp. bars
250 oc bw

0.40 meters
CARMEL B. SABADO CE-162 PROF. GERONIDES P. ANCOG
BSCE-5 2nd Excel Program 18-Aug-09
*note:the boxes in yellow should be inputed by the designer,while blue ones are computed by the program.=)

****====Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall===****

Left Side Loading

Given:
fc' = 27.50 Mpa Retaining wall dimensions: Tentative dimentions:
fy = 275.00 Mpa a= 0.30 m B= 3.00 m
ωc = 23.60 kN/m3 H= 3.20 m b= 0.40 m
ωs = 17.25 kN/m3 h= 1.00 m D= 0.50 m
Φ= 35 o

μ= 0.45 Surcharge load: Es = 200000 Mpa

qa = 120.00 kPa qs2 = 19.50 kPa Фshear = 0.85
Øb(main) = 25 mm qs1 = 19.20 kPa Фflexure = 0.9
Øb(temp) = 16 mm
smax = [ 3t , 450 ]min
Minimun factor safety requirements:
Overturning = 2.00
Sliding = 1.50

Cantilever Retaining Wall Figure:

qs2 = 19.50 kPa

a

h' = 1.11 m
H' = 1.13 m
H

qs1 = 19.20 kPa

b
B
Property Line
a

H' qs2
 W1 W4

H W2
W5 W3 qs1

h'
h

D
x

b
B

Soil pressure coefficient, Rankine equation for horizontal surface:

Active soil pressure coeffecient: Passive soil pressure coefficient:

Cah = 0.271 Cph = 3.690
h= 3.20 m h= 1.61 m
Active soil pressure:
Pah = 51.549 kN Passive soil pressure:
yah = 1.467 m Pph = 177.889 kN
yph = 1.079 m
Check the retaining wall stability:
components weights Wi xi Mi B-xi Mx
W1 = 22.656 0.1500 3.3984 2.850 64.5696
W2 = 3.776 0.3333 1.2587 2.667 10.0693333
W3 = 35.400 1.5000 53.1000 1.500 53.1
W4 = 144.690 1.7000 245.9730 1.300 188.097
W5 = 18.225 0.3780 6.8890 2.622 47.7859524
Total = 202.091 310.6191 ∑RM = 363.621886

Overturning moment: OM = 75.6346 kN-m

θ = 0.031239833 x= 0.066

Factor of safety against overturning:

FSoverturning = RM = 4.808 > 2.00 safe!!!
OM
Factor of safety against sliding:
FSsliding = (f ∑Wi)+Pph = 5.215 > 1.50 safe!!!
Pah
Check for bearing pressure:
B/3 = 1.000 m
x = RM - OM = 1.4250 m within 1/3 of base
∑Wi
q = 2WT , when x < 1/3 B = 94.543 kPa
3x
qmax = [4B - 6x]WT/B2 = 77.46 kPa safe!!!
qmin = [6x - 2B]WT/B 2
= 57.26 kPa safe!!!

Design of stem:
 Vu = 1.7 [qsH + 0.5CahwsH2 = 146.768 kN/m
Mu = 1.7 Mmax = 220.696 kN-m/m

M = qsy2/2 + 1/3Cahwsy3

Amain = ∏ Dmain
2
y M = 490.874 mm2
0.50 2.693 kN-m 4
1.00 11.797 kN-m Atemp = ∏ Dtemp2 = 201.062 mm2
1.50 27.196 kN-m 4
2.00 51.466 kN-m ρmin = 0.5 [1.4/fy, √fc'/4fy] = 0.00238366
2.50 85.284 kN-m ρmax = .75 .85fc'b1 600 = 0.03715714
3.00 129.821 kN-m fy 600+fy

Vuc = Ф √fc' = 0.7429 kN/m

6

Depth as required by shear: b= 1000 mm

d = Vu = 197.56 mm
Vucb
Design for flexure:

Try h = = 400 mm
d = h - (100+Φs/2) = 287.5 mm
Ru = Mu = 2.966719
fbd2

ρ = .85fc' 1 - 1 - 2Ru = 0.011576

fy .85fc'

Use: ρ = 0.011576376

As = ρbd = 3328.208 mm2/m

spacing, S = [1000Ao/As, 3t,450]min = 147 mm oc
Atemp = 0.0018bd = 517.50 mm2/m
spacing, S = [1000Atemp/As, 5t,450]min = 388 mm oc

Design of Toe:

Vu = 1.7b [(qmax + qmin)/2 - (wcd + ws (h+h'))]

= 97.4797 kN/m
Mu = 1.7 [(B-b) /2][qmin +2/3(B-b)(qmax - qmin) - [wc(d)-ws(h+h')]]
2

= 253.0727332 kN-m/m

ρmin = 0.5 [1.4/fy, √fc'/4fy] = 0.002383656

ρmax = .75 .85fc'b1 600 = = 0.037157143
 fy 600+fy
Vuc = Ф √fc' = 0.7866 kN/m
6
Depth as required by shear: b= 1000 mm
d = Vu = 123.9243 mm
Vucb
Design for flexure:

Try h = 400 mm
d = h - (100+Φs/2) = 287.5 mm
Ru = Mu = 3.401944
fbd2

ρ = .85fc' 1 - 1 - 2Ru = 0.013432 Use: ρ = 0.013431989

fy .85fc'

As = ρbd = 3861.697 mm2/m

spacing, S = [1000Ao/As, 3t,450]min = 127.00 mm oc
3t = 1200.00
450 = 450

Compare: 1000Ao/AS AND 3t, compare 3t and 450 whichever is smallest.

SINCE 127.00 mm < 450.00 mm

Use: 127.00 mm
Atemp = 0.0018bd = 517.50 mm2/m
spacing, S = [1000Atemp/As, 5t,450]min = 489 mm oc

Retaining Wall Details:

0.30

25 mmΦ @
137 oc

16 mmΦtemp @
3.70 338 oc

25 mmΦ @
117.00 oc

0.50 m

3.00
16 mmΦtemp @
0.40 338 oc
Note: the spacing of the reinforcement is upon the desire of the designer based on the computed bar spacing above.
CARMEL B. SABADO CE-162 PROF. GERONIDES P. ANCOG
BSCE-5 2nd Excel Program 18-Aug-09
*note:the boxes in yellow should be inputed by the designer,while blue ones are computed by the program.=)

****====DESIGN OF A CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL===****

(with shear key)

fc ' = 20.7 Mpa Figure: x=1.5m
fy = 414 Mpa x a

ws = 18.82 kN/m³ qa = 19.2 kPa

φ= 35 °
f= 0.5
wc = 23.6 kN/m³ e=3.65m
qa = 143.5 kPa e
qs = 19.2 kPa
backfill height = 3.65 m
b
Use Wu = 1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7H c=1.0m
Use 25mmφ for main rebars, 16mmφ for
temperature bars.

Solution: B
Composite section and location of forces
x a W7
x 7h
W6 h

x6
e
W2 x5 W5
x2
H
W4 W3
x3
x4 W1
c
d x1
f x8
W8

Given retaining wall dimensions:

 a= 0.20 m Distances:
c= 1.00 m x1 = B/2 = 1.5000 m
e= 3.65 m x2 =xh + a/2 = 1.6000 m
xh = 1.50 m x3 = xh + a + (b - a)/3 = 1.7667 m
x4 = xh/2 = 0.7500 m
Tentative dimensions: x5 = xh + b + (B - xh - b)/2 = 2.4500 m
B= 3.00 m x6 = xh + a + 2(b - a)/3 = 1.8333 m
b= 0.40 m x7 = xh + a + (B - xh - a)/2 = 2.3500 m
d= 0.50 m x8 = xh + g/2 = 1.7000 m
f= 0.40 m H=d+c+e= 5.1500 m
g= 0.40 m h' = qs/ws = 1.0202 m
h= 0.20 m

Active soil pressure coefficient Passive soil pressure coefficient

1−sin φ = 0.2709901 1+sin φ

Cah = C ph = = 3.69
1+sin φ 1−sin φ

Active soil pressure: h= 5.15 m Passive soil pressure: h = 1.50 m

1 1
Pah= C ah wh ( h+2 h' ) = 94.428307 kN P ph= C ph wh2 = 78.130174 kN
2 2
2
h +3 hh ' h
y ah= = 1.960 m y ph= = 0.500 m
3 ( h+2 h ' ) 3
Check retaining wall stability:

Component weights Wi xi RM=Wixi

W1 = Bdwc = 35.4 1.5000 53.1
W2 = a(c + e)wc = 21.948 1.6000 35.1168
W3 = 0.5(b - a)(c + e)wc = 10.974 1.7667 19.3874
W4 = c(x)ws = 28.23 0.7500 21.1725
W5 = (B - x - b)(c + e)ws = 96.2643 2.4500 235.847535
W6 = 0.5(b - a)(c + e)ws = 8.7513 1.8333 16.04405
W7 = qs(B - x - a) = 24.96 2.3500 58.656
W8 = 0.5f(g +h)qs = 2.304 1.7000 3.9168
ΣWi = 228.8316 ΣWixi = 443.241085

Overturning moment: OM Factor of safety against overturning:

OM = Pahyah = 185.1014 kN-m RM =∑ W i ci
Location of resultant with respect to toe: FSoverturning = = 2.39458534 > 2.00, ok!
OM =Pah y ah
RM −OM
x= = 1.128077 m Factor of safety against sliding:
R v =∑ W i
B ( fR v =f ∑ W i )+ P ph
e= −x = 0.371923 m FSsliding = = 2.03907049 > 1.50, ok!
2 P ah
B/3 = 1.00 m > e, Rv will fall within the middle third of the base.
No tension will occur on the foundation.

Rv
qalignl ¿ max ¿min ¿=
B (1± 6eB )¿
2

qmax = 95.190024 kPa

qmin = 57.364376 kPa
qa = 143.5 kPa
qmax < qa, the wall is safe against soil bearing
Design of stem:

p1 = qs
P1
M y y/2 P2
V y/3
p2 = Cahwsx

Ve
d
Vmax Mmax
STEM P V M

Soil pressure at level y: Shear equation at level y:

p1 = qs = 19.2 kPa Vy = P1 + P2 = qsy + 0.5Cahwsy²
p2 = Cahwsx = 5.100033 y kPa P1 = qsy = 19.2 y
P2 = 0.5Cahwsy² = 2.55 y²
Moment equation at level y:
My = P1y1 +P2y2 = qsy²/2 + 0.5Cahwsy³/3
M1 = P1y1 = qsy²/2 = 9.6 y²
M2 = P2y2 = 0.5Cahwsy³/3 = 0.85000547 y³
Given:
Level, y Vy Vu=1.7Vy My Mu=1.7My
0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Es = 200 GPa
0.50 10.238 17.404 2.506 4.261 fy = 414 MPa
1.00 21.750 36.975 10.450 17.765 fc ' = 20.7 MPa
1.50 34.538 58.714 24.469 41.597 fshear = 0.85
2.00 48.600 82.620 45.200 76.840 fflexure = 0.90
2.50 63.938 108.694 73.281 124.578 Db = 25 mmφ
3.00 80.550 136.935 109.350 185.895 Dtemp = 16 mmφ
3.50 98.438 167.344 154.044 261.875 Smax = [3t, 450]min
4.00 117.600 199.920 208.000 353.601
4.50 138.038 234.664 271.857 462.156
4.65 144.418 245.510 293.039 498.167

Compute:

π 490.874 mm²
π 201.062 mm²
A o= D 2= A temp = D 2 =
4 b 4 temp

1.4 = 0.00338164
ρmin =
fy

. 85 f c ' β 1 . 003 E s
ρmax =. 75
[ fy . 003 E s + f y ] = 0.01603

try d = 400 mm
Mu/φ
Ru = = 3.4595
bd 2

ρ=
1
ω [ √
1− 1−
fy
=
fy ]
2ωR u . 85 f c '
1− 1−
2Ru
. 85 f c '[ √ ]
 ρ=
1
ω [ √
1− 1−
fy
=
fy ]
2ωR u . 85 f c '
1− 1−
2Ru
. 85 f c '[ √ ] = 0.00939 ok!

As,flexure = ρbd = 3757.84 mm²/m

1000 A o
s= = 130.627 mm oc
As
As,temp = ρtempbd = 0.002bd = 800 mm²/m
1000 A temp
s temp= = 251.327 mm oc
A s ,temp
Check for shear:

V uc =φ vc
√ f c ' bd = 257.818 kN/m
6
At d distance from bottom of stem:
y= 4.25 m
Vud = 1.7(19.2y + 3.13667y²) = 235.035373 kN/m
At 3.00 m
Try d = 300 mm
Mu/φ
Ru = = 2.29500
bd 2

ρ=
1
ω [ √
1− 1−
fy
=
fy ]
2ωR u . 85 f c '
1− 1−
2Ru
. 85 f c '[ √ ] = 0.00596 ok!

As,flexure = ρbd = 1788.48 mm²/m

1000 A o
s= = 274.464 mm oc
As
As,temp = ρtempbd = 0.002bd = 600 mm²/m
1000 A temp
s temp= = 335.103 mm oc
A s ,temp
Design of heel and toe:

ws2 Qs

subject to erosion ws1 a b

heel toe
a b
L1 L2

Use load factor:

1.4 for DL qmax qmin
1.7 for ll and service load bearing pressures q1 q2
qmax x 1.7 = 161.82304 kPa e = 0.3719229 m
qmin x 1.7 = 97.519439 kPa At a, x =B/2 - xh = 0m
ws1 = 1.4(ws)c = 26.348 kPa q1 = 129.67124 kPa
ws2 = 1.4(ws)(c + e) = 122.5182 kPa At b, x = [B/2 - (xh + b)] = -0.4 m
qs x 1.7 = 32.64 kPa q2 = 103.9498
Wc = 1.4(wc)d = 16.52 kPa L1 = x h = 1.50 m
L2 = B - (xh + b) = 1.10 m
 Va = .5(qmax - q1)L1 + q1L1 - (ws1=0)L1 - WcL1 = 193.840711 kN
Ma = (qmax - q1)L1²/3 + (q1 - (ws1 = 0) - Wc)L1²/2 = 151.408996 kN-m
Vb = (.5(q2 - qmin)L2 = 0) + [(qmin = 0) - ws2 - wc - qs]L2 = -188.84602 kN
Mb = [(q2 - qmin) = 0]L2²/6 + [(qmin = 0) - ws2 - wc - qa]L2²/2 = -103.86531 kN-m

ws1 is taken equal to zero due to erosion of top soil at the heel, the expected worst condition of loading.
At the toe, the worst condition of loading is when the wall is at empending action to overturn, soil bearing
at the heel is assumed to be zero.

At Heel:
try d = 400 mm
Mu/φ
Ru = = 1.05145136
bd 2

ρ=
1
ω [ √
1− 1−
fy
=
fy ]
2ωR u . 85 f c '
1− 1−
[ √
2Ru
. 85 f c ' ] = 0.00262053 not ok!-use pmin

As,flexure = ρbd = 1352.657 mm²/m

1000 A o
s= = 362.896026 mm oc
As
As,temp = ρtempbd = 0.002bd = 800 mm²/m
1000 A temp
s temp= = 251.327412 mm oc
A s ,temp

Check for shear:

V uc =φ vc
√ f c ' bd = 257.817765 kN/m > Va, safe
6
At Toe:
try d = 400 mm
Mu/φ
Ru = = 0.72129
bd 2

ρ=
1
ω [ √
1− 1−
fy
=
fy ]
2ωR u . 85 f c '
1− 1−
[ √
2Ru
. 85 f c ' ] = 0.00177949 not ok!-use pmin

As,flexure = ρbd = 1352.657 mm²/m

1000 A o
s= = 362.896026 mm oc
As
As,temp = ρtempbd = 0.002bd = 800 mm²/m
1000 A temp
s temp= = 251.327412 mm oc
A s ,temp
Check for shear:

V uc =φ vc
√ f c ' bd = 257.817765 kN/m > Va, safe
6
Design of Key:

pph1 pah1

f
 pph2 h pah2

pah=Cah w ( h+h ' ) p ph=C ph wh

Cah = 0.27099 Cph = 3.69
At pah1: At pph1:
yah = h' + c + e + d = 6.170 m yph = c = 1.00 m
pah1 = Cahwsyah1 = 31.4681781 kPa pph1 = Cphwsyph1 = 69.449043 kPa
At pah2: At pph2:
yah = h' + c + e + d + f = 6.5702 m yph = c + f = 1.40 m
pah2 = Cahwsyah2 = 33.5081912 kPa pph2 = Cphwsyph2 = 97.228661 kPa
Vah = 1.7[pah1f + (pah2 - pah1)f/2] Vph = 1.7[pah1f + (pah2 - pah1)f/2]
Vah = 22.0919655 kN Vph = 56.670419 kN
Mah = 1.7[pah1f²/2 + (pah2 - pah1)f²/3] Mph = 1.7[pah1f²/2 + (pah2 - pah1)f²/3]
Mah = 4.465 kN-m Mph = 11.964 kN-m
Net Shear:
Vu = Vph - Vah = 34.5784538 kN
Net Moment:
Mu = Mph - Mah = 7.499 kN-m

try d = 300 mm
Mu/φ
Ru = = 0.09258
bd 2

ρ=
1
ω [ √
1− 1−
fy
=
fy ]
2ωR u . 85 f c '
1− 1−
[ √
2Ru
. 85 f c ' ] = 0.00022 not ok!-use pmin

As,flexure = ρbd = 1014.49275 mm²/m

1000 A o
s= = 483.861369 mm oc
As
As,temp = ρtempbd = 0.002bd = 600 mm²/m

1000 A temp = 335.103216 mm oc

s temp=
A s ,temp
Check for shear:

V uc =φ vc
√ f c ' bd = 193.363324 kN/m > Va, safe
Details: 6
Note: the spacing of the reinforcement is upon the desire of the designer based on the computed bar spacing above.

1.00 m

mm Φ @
1.50 m 25
240 oc
16
0 250 oc
mmΦtemp @ 250 oc bw mmΦtemp @
16
3.65 120 oc
0 16
mmΦtemp @ 250 oc bw 360 oc
0.40 mm Φ @
m
 0.40
m

0.00 m 0.50 -0.10 m

0 mmΦtemp @
0.00 m 250 oc bw
CARMEL B. SABADO CE-162 PROF. GERONIDES P. ANCOG
BSCE-5 2nd Excel Program 18-Aug-09
*note:the boxes in yellow should be inputed by the designer,while blue ones are computed by the program.=)

****====Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall===****

Right Side Loading

Given:
fc' = 20.70 Mpa Retaining wall dimensions:
fy = 414.00 Mpa a = 0.30 m
ωs = 18.82 kN/m3 c= 4.50 m
Φ= 40 o
μ= 0.50 Tentative dimentions:
ωc = 23.60 kN/m3 B= 3.20 m
qa = 143.50 kPa b= 0.40 m
qs = 19.30 kPa d= 0.50 m
backfill height = 3.65 m
Øb(main) = 25 mm Use Wu = 1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7H
Øb(temp) = 16 mm
a
Es = 200000 Mpa
Øshear = 0.85 qs = 19.30 kPa
Øflexure = 0.9

smax = [ 3t , 450 ]min c

h' = 1.026 m

Cantilever Retaining Wall Figure:

b
Property Line
W6
a
W5 C6 h'
C5

W4
W2 C4
C2
c h
W3
C3
W1
Pah
C1
yah
d
b

B
Soil pressure coefficient, Rankine equation for horizontal surface:

Active soil pressure coeffecient: Cah = 0.217443

Active soil pressure: h= 5.00 m

Pah = 1 Cahωh(h+2h') =
2 72.137 kN
 yah = h2 + 3hh' =
3(h + 2h') 1.9091 m

Check the retaining wall stability:

components weights Wi ci RM = Wici
W1 = 37.760 1.6000 60.4160
W2 = 31.860 0.1500 4.7790
W3 = 5.310 0.3333 1.7700
W4 = 237.132 1.8000 426.8376
W5 = 4.235 0.3333 1.4115
W6 = 55.97 1.75 97.9475
∑Wi = 372.267 ∑RM = 593.1616

Overturning moment: OM = 137.7138 kN-m

Factor of safety against overturning:

FSoverturning = RM = 4.307 > 2.00 safe!!!!
OM

Factor of safety against sliding:

FSsliding = (f ∑Wi) = 2.580 > 1.50 safe!!!!

Pah

Check for bearing pressure: qa = 143.50 kPa

Location of resultant with respect to toe:

x = RM - OM = 1.2234 m
∑Wi
e= B - x = 0.376554 m
2
B/3 = 1.07 m

The middle third of the base where No tension will occur on the foundation.

q = ∑Wi 1 + 6e qmax = 142.001 kPa

B B2 qmin = 90.666 kPa

Since qmax < qa, wall is safe againts soil bearing.

Design of stem:

p1=qs
M y P1
y/2 P2
V
p2 = Cahwsy

Ve
d
Vmax Mmax
Stem P V M

Soil pressure at y: Moment equation at level y:

p1 = qs = 19.30 kPa My = p1y1 + p2y2 = qsy2/2 + 0.5cahwsy3/3
p2 = cahwsy = 4.09227 y kPa M1 = qsy2/2 = 9.65 y2
M2 = 0.5cahwsy /3 =
3
0.68205 y3
Shear equation at level y:
Vy = p1 + p2 = qsy + 0.5cahwsy2 At level y = 4.50 m
p1 = qsy = 19.30 y Vu = 218.08 kN
p2 = 0.5cahwsy 2
= 2.04614 y2 Mu = 437.86 kN-m

Ao = ∏ Db = ρmin = 1.4 / fy
2
490.874 mm2 = 0.003382
4 ρmax = .75 .85fc'b1 600 = 0.016032
Atemp = ∏ Dtemp2 = 201.062 mm2 fy 600+fy
4

Try d = 400 mm ; b= 1000 mm

Ru = Mu = 3.040685
fbd2

ρ = .85fc' 1 - 1 - 2Ru = 0.00812

fy .85fc'

Use: ρ = 0.0081204

As,flexure = ρbd = 3248.172 mm2/m

s = 1000Ao = 151.1231 mm cc
As
As,temp = ρbd =0.002bd = 800 mm2/m

stemp = 1000 Atemp = 251.3274 mm cc

As

Check for shear: Vuc = Ø √fc' bd = 257.8178 kN/m

6
At d distance from the bottom of stem:
yd = 4.10 m
Vud = 192.99346 kN/m < Vuc, safe!!!!

At y = 3.00 m
Try d = 300 mm
Ru = Mu = 2.209270
fbd2

ρ = .85fc' 1 - 1 - 2Ru = 0.005722

fy .85fc'

Use: ρ = 0.0057215

As,flexure = ρbd = 1716.459 mm2/m

s = 1000Ao = 285.9805 mm cc
As
As,temp = ρbd =0.002bd = 600 mm2/m
stemp = 1000 Atemp = 335.1032 mm cc
As

Design of Base:
qs = 19.30

5.00

0.50
 qmin

qmax
Note: The expected worst condition of loading, the passive earth pressure of soil is generally
neglected due to erosion of top soil, and the soil bearing at the toe is neglected due to
the empending action to overturn.

Use: 1.4 for DL

1.7 for LL and service load bearing pressure

qmax x 1.7 = 241.401 kPa V = (-Ws-Wc-qs)L = -470.11 kN

qmin x 1.7 = 154.132 kPa M = (-Ws-Wc-qs)L /2 2
= -658.15 kN-m
Ws = 1.4ωsc = 118.566 kPa
qs x 1.7 = 32.810 kPa
Wc = 1.4ωcd = 16.520 kPa
e= 0.377 m
L = B - b) = 2.800 m

Try d = 400 mm
b= 1000 mm
Ru = Mu = 4.570502 As,flexure = ρbd = 5216.20 mm2/m
fbd2 s = 1000Ao = 94.11 mm cc
As
ρ = .85fc' 1 - 1 - 2Ru = 0.013041 As,temp = ρbd =0.002bd = 800.00 mm2/m
fy .85f c' stemp = 1000 Atemp = 251.33 mm cc
As
Use: ρ = 0.013041

Check for shear: Vuc = Ø √fc' bd = 257.8178 kN/m > V, safe!!!!

6

Retaining Wall Details:

Note: the spacing of the reinforcement is upon the desire of the designer based on the computed bar spacing above.

0.30

25 mm Ø @ 240 oc

16 mm Ø temp. @ 16
260 oc bw mm Øtemp @ 250 oc

5.00 25 250 oc
m
25 mm Ø @ 360 oc

0.50 meters

16 mm Ø temp. bars
250 oc bw

0.40 meters
CARMEL B. SABADO CE-162 PROF. GERONIDES P. ANCOG
BSCE-5 2nd Excel Program 18-Aug-09
*note:the boxes in yellow should be inputed by the designer,while blue ones are computed by the program.=)

****====Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall===****

Left Side Loading

Given:
fc' = 27.50 Mpa Retaining wall dimensions: Tentative dimentions:
fy = 275.00 Mpa a= 0.30 m B= 3.00 m
ωc = 23.60 kN/m3 H= 3.20 m b= 0.40 m
ωs = 17.25 kN/m3 h= 1.00 m D= 0.50 m
Φ= 35 o

μ= 0.45 Surcharge load: Es = 200000 Mpa

qa = 120.00 kPa qs2 = 19.50 kPa Фshear = 0.85
Øb(main) = 25 mm qs1 = 19.20 kPa Фflexure = 0.9
Øb(temp) = 16 mm
smax = [ 3t , 450 ]min

Minimun factor safety requirements:

Overturning = 2.00
Sliding = 1.50

Cantilever Retaining Wall Figure:

qs2 = 19.50 kPa

a

h' = 1.11 m
H' = 1.13 m
H

qs1 = 19.20 kPa

b
B
Property Line

H' qs2

W1 W4

H W2
W 5 W3 qs1

h'
h

D
x
 b
B

Soil pressure coefficient, Rankine equation for horizontal surface:

Active soil pressure coeffecient: Passive soil pressure coefficient:

Cah = 0.271 Cph = 3.690
h= 3.20 m h= 1.61 m
Active soil pressure:
Pah = 51.549 kN Passive soil pressure:
yah = 1.467 m Pph = 177.889 kN
yph = 1.079 m
Check the retaining wall stability:
components weights Wi xi Mi B-xi Mx
W1 = 22.656 0.1500 3.3984 2.850 64.5696
W2 = 3.776 0.3333 1.2587 2.667 10.069333
W3 = 35.400 1.5000 53.1000 1.500 53.1
W4 = 144.690 1.7000 245.9730 1.300 188.097
W5 = 18.225 0.3780 6.8890 2.622 47.785952
Total = 202.091 310.6191 ∑RM = 363.62189

Overturning moment: OM = 75.6346 kN-m

θ = 0.0312398 x= 0.066

Factor of safety against overturning:

FSoverturning = RM = 4.808 > 2.00 safe!!!
OM
Factor of safety against sliding:
FSsliding = (f ∑Wi)+Pph = 5.215 > 1.50 safe!!!
Pah
Check for bearing pressure:
B/3 = 1.000 m
x = RM - OM = 1.4250 m within 1/3 of base
∑Wi
q = 2WT , when x < 1/3 B = 94.543 kPa
3x
qmax = [4B - 6x]WT/B2 = 77.46 kPa safe!!!
qmin = [6x - 2B]WT/B 2
= 57.26 kPa safe!!!

Design of stem:

Vu = 1.7 [qsH + 0.5CahwsH2 = 146.768 kN/m

Mu = 1.7 Mmax = 220.696 kN-m/m
 M = qsy2/2 + 1/3Cahwsy3

Amain = ∏ Dmain
2
y M = 490.874 mm2
0.50 2.693 kN-m 4
1.00 11.797 kN-m Atemp = ∏ Dtemp2 = 201.062 mm2
1.50 27.196 kN-m 4
2.00 51.466 kN-m ρmin = 0.5 [1.4/fy, √fc'/4fy] = 0.002383656
2.50 85.284 kN-m ρmax = .75 .85fc'b1 600 = 0.037157143
3.00 129.821 kN-m fy 600+fy

Vuc = Ф √fc' = 0.7429 kN/m

6

Depth as required by shear: b= 1000 mm

d = Vu = 197.56 mm
Vucb
Design for flexure:

Try h = = 400 mm
d = h - (100+Φs/2) = 287.5 mm
Ru = Mu = 2.966719
fbd2

ρ = .85fc' 1 - 1 - 2Ru = 0.011576

fy .85fc'

Use: ρ = 0.0115764

As = ρbd = 3328.208 mm2/m

spacing, S = [1000Ao/As, 3t,450]min = 147 mm oc
Atemp = 0.0018bd = 517.50 mm2/m
spacing, S = [1000Atemp/As, 5t,450]min = 388 mm oc

Design of Toe:

Vu = 1.7b [(qmax + qmin)/2 - (wcd + ws (h+h'))]

= 97.4797 kN/m
Mu = 1.7 [(B-b) /2][qmin +2/3(B-b)(qmax - qmin) - [wc(d)-ws(h+h')]]
2

= 253.07273 kN-m/m

ρmin = 0.5 [1.4/fy, √fc'/4fy] = 0.0023837

ρmax = .75 .85fc'b1 600 = = 0.0371571
fy 600+fy
Vuc = Ф √fc' = 0.7866 kN/m
6

Depth as required by shear: b= 1000 mm

d = Vu = 123.9243 mm
Vucb
Design for flexure:

Try h = 400 mm
d = h - (100+Φs/2) = 287.5 mm
Ru = Mu = 3.401944
 fbd2

ρ = .85fc' 1 - 1 - 2Ru = 0.013432 Use: ρ = 0.013431989

fy .85fc'

As = ρbd = 3861.697 mm2/m

spacing, S = [1000Ao/As, 3t,450]min = 127.00 mm oc
3t = 1200.00
450 = 450

Compare: 1000Ao/AS AND 3t, compare 3t and 450 whichever is smallest.

SINCE 127.00 mm < 450.00 mm

Use: 127.00 mm
Atemp = 0.0018bd = 517.50 mm2/m
spacing, S = [1000Atemp/As, 5t,450]min = 489 mm oc

Retaining Wall Details:

0.30

25 mmΦ @
137 oc

16 mmΦtemp @
3.70 338 oc

25 mmΦ @
117.00 oc

0.50 m

3.00
16 mmΦtemp @
0.40 338 oc

Note: the spacing of the reinforcement is upon the desire of the designer based on the computed bar spacing above.
CARMEL B. SABADO CE-162 PROF. GERONIDES P. ANCOG
BSCE-5 2nd Excel Program 18-Aug-09
*note:the boxes in yellow should be inputed by the designer,while blue ones are computed by the program.=)

****====DESIGN OF A CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL===****

(with shear key)

fc' = 20.7 Mpa Figure: x=1.5m
fy = 414 Mpa x a

ws = 18.82 kN/m³ qa = 19.2 kPa

φ= 35 °
f= 0.5
wc = 23.6 kN/m³ e=3.65m
qa = 143.5 kPa e
qs = 19.2 kPa
backfill height = 3.65 m
b
Use Wu = 1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7H c=1.0m
Use 25mmφ for main rebars, 16mmφ for
temperature bars.

Solution: B
Composite section and location of forces
x a W7
x 7h
W6 h

x6
e
W2 x5 W5
x2
H
W4 W3
x3
x4 W1
c
d x1
f x8
W8

Given retaining wall dimensions:

a= 0.20 m Distances:
c= 1.00 m x1 = B/2 = 1.5000 m
e= 3.65 m x2 =xh + a/2 = 1.6000 m
xh = 1.50 m x3 = xh + a + (b - a)/3 = 1.7667 m
x4 = xh/2 = 0.7500 m
Tentative dimensions: x5 = xh + b + (B - xh - b)/2 = 2.4500 m
B= 3.00 m x6 = xh + a + 2(b - a)/3 = 1.8333 m
b= 0.40 m x7 = xh + a + (B - xh - a)/2 = 2.3500 m
d= 0.50 m x8 = xh + g/2 = 1.7000 m
f= 0.40 m H=d+c+e= 5.1500 m
g= 0.40 m h' = qs/ws = 1.0202 m
h= 0.20 m

Active soil pressure coefficient Passive soil pressure coefficient

1−sin φ = 0.27099 1+sin φ

Cah = C ph = = 3.69
1+sin φ 1−sin φ
Active soil pressure: h= 5.15 m Passive soil pressure: h = 1.50 m

1 1
Pah= C ah wh ( h+2 h' ) = 94.42831 kN P ph= C ph wh2 = 78.13017 kN
2 2

h2 +3 hh ' h
y ah= = 1.960 m y ph= = 0.500 m
3 ( h+2 h ' ) 3
Check retaining wall stability:

Component weights Wi xi RM=Wixi

W1 = Bdwc = 35.4 1.5000 53.1
W2 = a(c + e)wc = 21.948 1.6000 35.1168
W3 = 0.5(b - a)(c + e)wc = 10.974 1.7667 19.3874
W4 = c(x)ws = 28.23 0.7500 21.1725
W5 = (B - x - b)(c + e)ws = 96.2643 2.4500 235.8475
W6 = 0.5(b - a)(c + e)ws = 8.7513 1.8333 16.04405
W7 = qs(B - x - a) = 24.96 2.3500 58.656
W8 = 0.5f(g +h)qs = 2.304 1.7000 3.9168
ΣWi = 228.8316 ΣWixi = 443.2411

Overturning moment: OM Factor of safety against overturning:

OM = Pahyah = 185.1014 kN-m RM =∑ W i ci
Location of resultant with respect to toe: FSoverturning = = 2.394585 > 2.00, ok!
OM =Pah y ah
RM −OM
x= = 1.128077 m Factor of safety against sliding:
R v =∑ W i
B ( fR v =f ∑ W i )+ P ph = 2.03907 > 1.50, ok!
e= −x = 0.371923 m FSsliding =
2 P ah
B/3 = 1.00 m > e, Rv will fall within the middle third of the base.
No tension will occur on the foundation.

Rv
qalignl ¿ max ¿min ¿ =
B (1± 6eB )¿
2

qmax = 95.19002 kPa

qmin = 57.36438 kPa
qa = 143.5 kPa
qmax < qa, the wall is safe against soil bearing

Design of stem:

p1 = qs
P1
M y y/2 P2
V y/3
p2 = Cahwsx

Ve
d
Vmax Mmax
STEM P V M

Soil pressure at level y: Shear equation at level y:

p1 = qs = 19.2 kPa Vy = P1 + P2 = qsy + 0.5Cahwsy²
p2 = Cahwsx = 5.100033 y kPa P1 = qsy = 19.2 y
P2 = 0.5Cahwsy² = 2.55 y²
 Moment equation at level y:
My = P1y1 +P2y2 = qsy²/2 + 0.5Cahwsy³/3
M1 = P1y1 = qsy²/2 = 9.6 y²
M2 = P2y2 = 0.5Cahwsy³/3 = 0.850005 y³
Given:
Level, y Vy Vu=1.7Vy My Mu=1.7My
0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Es = 200 GPa
0.50 10.238 17.404 2.506 4.261 fy = 414 MPa
1.00 21.750 36.975 10.450 17.765 fc ' = 20.7 MPa
1.50 34.538 58.714 24.469 41.597 fshear = 0.85
2.00 48.600 82.620 45.200 76.840 fflexure = 0.90
2.50 63.938 108.694 73.281 124.578 Db = 25 mmφ
3.00 80.550 136.935 109.350 185.895 Dtemp = 16 mmφ
3.50 98.438 167.344 154.044 261.875 Smax = [3t, 450]min
4.00 117.600 199.920 208.000 353.601
4.50 138.038 234.664 271.857 462.156
4.65 144.418 245.510 293.039 498.167

Compute:

π 490.874 mm²
π
A o= D 2= A temp = D 2 = 201.062 mm²
4 b 4 temp

1 . 4 = 0.003382
ρmin =
fy

. 85 f c ' β 1 . 003 E s
ρmax =. 75
[ fy . 003 E s +f y ]
= 0.01603

try d = 400 mm
Mu/φ
Ru = = 3.4595
bd 2

ρ=
1
ω [ √
1− 1−
fy
=
fy]
2ωR u . 85 f c '
1− 1−
[ √
2Ru
. 85 f c '
= 0.00939 ok!
]
As,flexure = ρbd = 3757.84 mm²/m

1000 A o
s= = 130.627 mm oc
As
As,temp = ρtempbd = 0.002bd = 800 mm²/m
1000 A temp
s temp= = 251.327 mm oc
A s ,temp
Check for shear:

V uc =φ vc
√ f c ' bd = 257.818 kN/m
6
At d distance from bottom of stem:
y= 4.25 m
Vud = 1.7(19.2y + 3.13667y²) = 235.0354 kN/m
At 3.00 m
Try d = 300 mm
Mu/φ
Ru = = 2.29500
bd 2

ρ=
1
ω [ √
1− 1−
fy
=
fy]
2ωR u . 85 f c '
1− 1−
[ √
2Ru
. 85 f c ' ]
 ρ=
1
ω [ √
1− 1−
fy
=
fy ]
2ωR u . 85 f c '
1− 1−
2Ru
. 85 f c ' [ √
= 0.00596 ok!
]
As,flexure = ρbd = 1788.48 mm²/m
1000 A o
s= = 274.464 mm oc
As
As,temp = ρtempbd = 0.002bd = 600 mm²/m
1000 A temp
s temp= = 335.103 mm oc
A s ,temp
Design of heel and toe:

ws2 Qs

subject to erosion ws1 a b

heel toe
a b
L1 L2

Use load factor:

1.4 for DL qmax qmin
1.7 for ll and service load bearing pressur q1 q2
qmax x 1.7 = 161.823 kPa e = 0.371923 m
qmin x 1.7 = 97.51944 kPa At a, x =B/2 - xh = 0m
ws1 = 1.4(ws)c = 26.348 kPa q1 = 129.6712 kPa
ws2 = 1.4(ws)(c + e) = 122.5182 kPa At b, x = [B/2 - (xh + b)] = -0.4 m
qs x 1.7 = 32.64 kPa q2 = 103.9498
Wc = 1.4(wc)d = 16.52 kPa L1 = xh = 1.50 m
L2 = B - (xh + b) = 1.10 m

Va = .5(qmax - q1)L1 + q1L1 - (ws1=0)L1 - WcL1 = 193.8407 kN

Ma = (qmax - q1)L1²/3 + (q1 - (ws1 = 0) - Wc)L1²/2 = 151.409 kN-m
Vb = (.5(q2 - qmin)L2 = 0) + [(qmin = 0) - ws2 - wc - qs]L2 = -188.846 kN
Mb = [(q2 - qmin) = 0]L2²/6 + [(qmin = 0) - ws2 - wc - qa]L2²/2 = -103.865 kN-m

ws1 is taken equal to zero due to erosion of top soil at the heel, the expected worst condition of loading.
At the toe, the worst condition of loading is when the wall is at empending action to overturn, soil bearing
at the heel is assumed to be zero.

At Heel:
try d = 400 mm
Mu/φ
Ru = = 1.051451
bd 2

ρ=
1
ω [ √
1− 1−
fy
=
fy ]
2ωR u . 85 f c '
1− 1−
2Ru
. 85 f c ' [ √
= 0.002621 not ok!-use pmin
]
As,flexure = ρbd = 1352.657 mm²/m

1000 A o
s= = 362.896 mm oc
As
As,temp = ρtempbd = 0.002bd = 800 mm²/m
1000 A temp
s temp=
A s ,temp
 1000 A temp
s temp= = 251.3274 mm oc
A s ,temp
Check for shear:

V uc =φ vc
√ f c ' bd = 257.8178 kN/m > Va, safe
6
At Toe:
try d = 400 mm
Mu/φ
Ru = = 0.72129
bd 2

ρ=
1
ω [ √
1− 1−
fy
=
fy ]
2ωR u . 85 f c '
1− 1−
[ √
2Ru
. 85 f c ' ]
= 0.001779 not ok!-use pmin

As,flexure = ρbd = 1352.657 mm²/m

1000 A o
s= = 362.896 mm oc
As
As,temp = ρtempbd = 0.002bd = 800 mm²/m
1000 A temp
s temp= = 251.3274 mm oc
A s ,temp
Check for shear:

V uc =φ vc
√ f c ' bd = 257.8178 kN/m > Va, safe
6
Design of Key:

pph1 pah1

pph2 h pah2

pah =Cah w ( h+h ' ) p ph=C ph wh

Cah = 0.27099 Cph = 3.69
At pah1: At pph1:
yah = h' + c + e + d = 6.170 m yph = c = 1.00 m
pah1 = Cahwsyah1 = 31.46818 kPa pph1 = Cphwsyph1 = 69.44904 kPa
At pah2: At pph2:
yah = h' + c + e + d + f = 6.5702 m yph = c + f = 1.40 m
pah2 = Cahwsyah2 = 33.50819 kPa pph2 = Cphwsyph2 = 97.22866 kPa
Vah = 1.7[pah1f + (pah2 - pah1)f/2] Vph = 1.7[pah1f + (pah2 - pah1)f/2]
Vah = 22.09197 kN Vph = 56.67042 kN
Mah = 1.7[pah1f²/2 + (pah2 - pah1)f²/3] Mph = 1.7[pah1f²/2 + (pah2 - pah1)f²/3]
Mah = 4.465 kN-m Mph = 11.964 kN-m
Net Shear:
Vu = Vph - Vah = 34.57845 kN
Net Moment:
Mu = Mph - Mah = 7.499 kN-m

try d = 300 mm
Mu/φ
Ru = = 0.09258
bd 2

ρ=
1
ω [ √
1− 1−
fy
=
fy ]
2ωR u . 85 f c '
1− 1−
[ √
2Ru
. 85 f c ' ]
 ρ=
1
ω[ √
1− 1−
fy
=
fy]
2ωR u . 85 f c '
1− 1−
[ √
2Ru
. 85 f c ' ]
= 0.00022 not ok!-use pmin

As,flexure = ρbd = 1014.493 mm²/m

1000 A o
s= = 483.8614 mm oc
As
As,temp = ρtempbd = 0.002bd = 600 mm²/m

1000 A temp = 335.1032 mm oc

s temp=
A s ,temp
Check for shear:

V uc =φ vc
√ f c ' bd = 193.3633 kN/m > Va, safe
Details: 6
Note: the spacing of the reinforcement is upon the desire of the designer based on the computed bar spacing above.
0.20 m

3.65 m 25 mm Φ @
240 oc
16 mmΦtemp @
16 250 oc
mmΦtemp @ 250 oc bw
25 mm Φ @
1.00 120 oc
16 25
mmΦtemp @ 250 oc bw mm Φ @ 360 oc
0.50
m
0.40
m

1.50 m 0.40 1.10 m

16 mmΦtemp @
0.20 m 250 oc bw
mmΦtemp @