Analysis And Interpretations…

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS

The aim of the study is to study the attitudes of 10th class

students towards opting science at senior secondary school level
and to have a comparative picture of the attitudes. For the latter
15 groups of students were made. The data gathered on the
attitude scale was scored and tabulated. Total, Mean, Standard
Deviation, Standard Error Difference, ‘t’ Test and Degree of
Freedom was calculated using MS-Excel.

The following Cross Combination Matrix shows the

combinations of groups on the basis of the type of
school & students :-

Group Govt. Pvt. Boys Girls Urban Rural

s

Govt. x x x x x x

Pvt. Govt.-Pvt. x x x x x

Boys Govt. -Boys Pvt. -Boys x x x x

Girls Govt. -Girls Pvt. -Girls Boys- Girls x x x

Urban Govt. -Urban Pvt. -Urban Boys- Urban Girls- Urban x x

Rural Rural-Govt. Rural -Pvt. Boys- Rural Girls- Rural Urban- Rural x

37
 Analysis And Interpretations…

Table 4.1: Comparison between Government and Private

school students in their attitude towards opting science at
senior secondary level.

Groups Sample Mean S.D. S.E.D. t df Result

Size (M) At 0.05 At 0.01
(N) level level
Govt. 100 171.6 13.279 2.477 8.098 198 S S

Pvt. 100 151.54 20.911

In the above table it can be inferred that the calculated

‘t’ value is 8.098 and that from the table is 1.97 and 2.60 at
0.05 and 0.01 level of confidence respectively. Therefore it
can be concluded that the hypothesis Ho1, “The attitude of the
Government school students and Private school students do not differ
significantly” is rejected.

The mean of each group, Standard Deviation is given in the

graphical form in the following figure:-

Graph 4.1: Showing the comparison between

Government and Private school students in their
attitude towards opting science at senior secondary
level.

171.6
151.54
200
150
Scores 100 Govt.
13.279 20.911 Pvt.
50
0
Mean SD
Group

Table 4.2: Comparison between Boys and Girls in their

attitude towards opting science at senior secondary level.

38
 Analysis And Interpretations…

Groups Sample Mean S.D. S.E.D. t df Result

Size (M) At 0.05 At 0.01
(N) level level
Boys 100 161.53 21.994 2.858 0.028 198 NS NS

Girls 100 161.61 18.251

In the above table calculated ‘t’ value is 0.028. The table value for
degree of freedom 198 is 1.97 and 2.60 for 0.05 and 0.01
level of confidence respectively. Therefore it is inferred that
there is no significant difference between attitudes of boys
and girls at any level of confidence hence Ho2, “The attitude of
boys and girls do not differ significantly” is accepted.

The mean of each group, Standard Deviation is given in the

graphical form in the following figure:-

Graph 4.2 Showing the comparison between

Boys and Girls in their attitude towards opting
science at senior secondary level.

161.53 161.61
180
160
140
120
100 Boys
Scores
80
21.994 Girls
60 18.251
40
20
0
Mean SD
Group

39
 Analysis And Interpretations…

Table 4.3: Comparison between Urban and Rural school

students in their attitude towards opting science at senior
secondary level.

Groups Sample Mean S.D. S.E.D. t df Result

Size (M) At 0.05 At 0.01
(N) level level
Urban 100 160.95 15.509 2.856 0.434 198 NS NS

Rural 100 162.19 23.990

In the above table the calculated ‘t’ value for the group
is 0.434. Whereas the table value for Degree of Freedom 198
is 1.97 and 2.60 at 0.05 and 0.01 level of confidence
respectively. It is inferred that the Ho3, “The attitude of the Urban
students and Rural students do not differ significantly” is accepted.

The mean of each group, Standard Deviation is given in the

graphical form in the following figure:-

Graph 4.3 Showing the comparison between

Urban and Rural school students in their attitude
towards opting science at senior secondary level.

200 160.95 162.19

150

Scores 100 Urban

15.509 23.99 Rural
50

0
Mean SD
Group

40
 Analysis And Interpretations…

Table 4.4: Comparison between Private school Boys and

Private school Girls in their attitude towards opting science at
senior secondary level.

Groups Sample Mean S.D. S.E.D. t df Result

Size (M) At 0.05 At 0.01
(N) level level
Pvt-boys 50 150.4 21.913 4.197 0.543 98 NS NS

Pvt-girls 50 152.68 20.016

In the above table the calculated ‘t’ value for the group is
0.543 whereas the table value for Degree of Freedom 98 is 2.07 and
2.68 at 0.05 and 0.01 level of confidence respectively. Hence, the
hypothesis Ho4, “The attitude of the Private school boys and Private school
girls do not differ significantly” is accepted.

The mean of each group, Standard Deviation is given in the

graphical form in the following figure:-

Graph 4.4 Showing the comparison between Private

school Boys and Private school Girls in their attitude
towards opting science at senior secondary level.

200 150.4 152.68

150
Pvt-Boys
Score 100 21.913 20.016 Pvt-Girls
50
0
Mean SD
Group

41
 Analysis And Interpretations…

Table 4.5: Comparison between Private-Urban Students

and Private-Rural school students in their attitude towards
opting science at senior secondary level.

Groups Sample Mean S.D. S.E.D. t df Result

Size (M) At 0.05 At 0.01
(N) level level
Pvt-urban 50 158.18 18.835 3.984 3.334 98 S S

Pvt-rural 50 144.9 20.945

In the above level the calculated ‘t’ value for the group is
3.334 and the table value for Degree of Freedom 98 is 2.01 and
2.68 at 0.05 and 0.01 levels of confidence respectively. As the
calculated value of ‘t’ is more than that in table the hypotheses Ho5,
“ The attitude of the Private-Urban students and Private-Rural students do not
differ significantly” is rejected.

The mean of each group, Standard Deviation is given in the

graphical form in the following figure:-

Graph 4.5 Showing the comparison between

Private-Urban school Students and Private-Rural
school students in their attitude towards opting
science at senior secondary level.

200 158.18
144.9

150

Score 100 Pvt-urban

18.835 20.945 Pvt-rural
50

0
Mean SD
Group

42
 Analysis And Interpretations…

Table 4.6 : Comparison between Government school Boys

and Government school Girl students in their attitude towards
opting science at senior secondary level.

Groups Sample Mean S.D. S.E.D. t df Result

Size (M) At 0.05 At 0.01
(N) level level
Govt.-boys 50 172.66 15.633 2.661 0.797 98 NS NS

Govt.-girls 50 170.54 10.469

In the above table the calculated ‘t’ value for the group is
0.797 and table for Degree of Freedom 98 is 2.01 and 2.68 at 0.05
and 0.01 levels of confidence respectively. As the calculated value of
‘t’ is less than that in table the Hypotheses Ho6, “The attitude of the
Government-school-Boys and Government-school-Girls do not differ
significantly” is accepted.

The mean of each group, Standard Deviation is given in the

graphical form in the following figure:-

Graph 4.6 Showing the comparison between

Government school Boys and Government school
Girls students in their attitude towards opting science
at senior secondary level.

172.66 170.54
200
150
Score 100 Govt.-Boys
15.633 10.469
50 Govt.-Girls
0
Mean SD
Group

43
 Analysis And Interpretations…

Table 4.7 : Comparison between Government-Urban

Students and Government-Rural school students in their
attitude towards opting science at senior secondary level.

Groups Sample Mean S.D. S.E.D. t df Result

Size (M) At 0.05 At 0.01
(N) level level
Govt.-urban 50 163.72 10.750 15.911 0.991 98 NS NS

Govt.-rural 50 179.48 10.677

In the above table the calculated ‘t’ value for the group is 0.991 and
table value for Degree of Freedom 98 is 2.01 and 2.68 at 0.05 and
0.01 levels of confidence respectively. As calculated value of ‘t’ is
less than that in table the hypotheses Ho7, “The attitude of students of
the Urban-Government school and Rural-Government school do not differ
significantly” is accepted.

The mean of each group, Standard Deviation is given in the

graphical form in the following figure:-

Graph 4.7 Showing the comparison between

Government-Urban and Government-Rural school
students in their attitude towards opting science at
senior secondary level.

163.72 179.48
200
150
Scores 100 Govt.-Urban
10.75 10.68
50 Govt.-rural
0
Mean SD
Group

44
 Analysis And Interpretations…

Table 4.8 : Comparison between Boys-Urban Students and

Boys-Rural students in their attitude towards opting science at
senior secondary level.

Groups Sample Mean S.D. S.E.D. t df Result

Size (M) At 0.05 At 0.01
(N) level level
Boys-urban 50 159.74 19.044 4.406 0.812 98 NS NS

Boys-rural 50 163.32 24.660

In the above table the calculated ‘t ’value for the group is

0.822 and table value for Degree of Freedom 98 is 2.01 and 2.68 at
0.05 and 0.01 levels of confidence respectively. As the value of
calculated ‘t’ is less than table value the hypotheses Ho8, “The attitude
of the Urban-Boys and Rural-Boys do not differ significantly” is accepted.

The mean of each group, Standard Deviation is given in the

graphical form in the following figure:-

Graph 4.8 Showing the comparison between Boys-

Urban Students and Boys-Rural students in their
attitude towards opting science at senior secondary
level.

159.74 163.32
200
150
Boys-Urban
Scores 100
19.044 24.66
50 Boys-Rural
0
Mean SD
Group

45
 Analysis And Interpretations…

Table 4.9 : Comparison between Girls-urban Students and

Girls-Rural students in their attitude towards opting science at
senior secondary level.

Groups Sample Mean S.D. S.E.D. t Df Result

Size (M) At 0.05 At 0.01
(N) level level
Girls-urban 50 162.16 10.968 3.667 0.300 98 NS NS

Girls-rural 50 161.06 23.496

In the above table the calculated to value for the group is

0.300 and table value’ for Degree of Freedom 98 is 2.01 and 2.68 at
0.05 ad 0.01 level of confidence respectively. As the value of
calculated ‘t’ is less than the table value of ‘t’ the hypotheses Ho9,
“ The attitude of the Urban-Girls and Rural-Girls do not differ significantly” is
accepted.

The mean of each group, Standard Deviation is given in the

graphical form in the following figure:-

Graph 4.9 Showing the comparison between Girls-

urban Students and Girls-Rural students in their
attitude towards opting science at senior
secondary level.

200 162.16 161.06

150

Scores 100 Girls-Urban

10.968 23.496 Girls-Rural
50

0
Mean SD
Group

46
 Analysis And Interpretations…

Table 4.10 : Comparison between Boys-Private and Boys-

Government students in their attitude towards opting science
at senior secondary level.

Groups Sample Mean S.D. S.E.D. t df Result

Size (M) At 0.05 At 0.01
(N) level level
Boys-Pvt 50 150.4 21.91263 3.807 5.848 98 S S

Boys-Govt 50 172.66 15.6330498

In the above table the calculated ‘t’ value for the group is
5.848 and table value for Degree of Freedom 98 are 2.01 and 2.68
at 0.05 and 0.01 level of confidence respectively. As the value of ‘t’
is more than table value’ of ‘t’ the hypotheses Ho10, “The attitude of the
Private school boys and Government school boys do not differ significantly” is
rejected.

The mean of each group, Standard Deviation is given in the

graphical form in the following figure:-

Graph 4.10 Showing the comparison between

Boys-Private and Boys-Government school
students in their attitude towards opting science
at senior secondary level.

200 172.66
152.68
150 Boys-Pvt.
Scores

Boys-Govt.
100
50 20.016 10.469
0
Mean SD
Group

47
 Analysis And Interpretations…

Table 4.11 : Comparison between Girls-Private and Girl-

Government students in their attitude towards opting science
at senior secondary level.

Groups Sample Mean S.D. S.E.D. t df Result

Size (M) At 0.05 At 0.01
(N) level level
Girls-Pvt. 50 152.68 20.016 3.194 5.591 98 S S

Girls-Govt. 50 170.54 10.469

In the above table he calculated ‘t’ value for the group is

5.591 whereas the table value for Degree of Freedom 98 is 2.01 and
2.68 at 0.05 and 0.01 level of confidence respectively. It is inferred
that the Ho11, “The attitude of the Private school girls and Government school
girls do not differ significantly” is rejected.

The mean of each group, Standard Deviation is given in the

graphical form in the following figure:-

Graph 4.11 Showing the comparison between

Girls-Private and Girls-government school
students in their attitude towards opting science
at senior secondary level.

170.54
200 152.68

150
Girls-Pvt.
Scores 100 Girls-Govt.
20.016 10.469
50

0
Mean SD
Group

48
 Analysis And Interpretations…

Table 4.12 : Comparison between Urban-Private and

Urban-Government school students in their attitude towards
opting science at senior secondary level.

Groups Sample Mean S.D. S.E.D. t df Result

Size (M) At 0.05 At 0.01
(N) level level
Urban-Pvt. 50 158.18 18.835 3.067 1.806 98 NS NS

Urban-Govt. 50 163.72 10.750

In the above table the calculated ‘t’ value for the group is
1.806 whereas the ‘t’ value of Degree of Freedom 98 is 2.01 and
2.68 and 0.05 and 0.01 levels of confidence. Therefore the
attitudinal difference is not significant at any level of confidence
and Ho12, “The attitude of the Urban Private students and Urban Government
students do not differ significantly” is accepted.

The mean of each group, Standard Deviation is given in the

graphical form in the following figure:-

Graph 4.12 Showing the comparison between

Urban-Private and Urban-Government school
students in their attitude towards opting science
at senior secondary level.

200 158.18 163.72

150
Urban-Pvt.
Scores 100
18.835 10.75 Urban-Govt.
50
0
Mean SD
Group

49
 Analysis And Interpretations…

Table 4.13 : Comparison between Urban-Boys and Urban-

Girls students in their attitude towards opting science at senior
secondary level.

Groups Sample Mean S.D. S.E.D. t df Result

Size (M) At 0.05 At 0.01
(N) level level
Urban-Boys 50 159.74 19.044 3.108 0.779 98 NS NS

Urban-Girls 50 162.16 10.968

From the above table the calculated value of ‘t’ is o.779 and
the table value of ‘t’ is 2.01 and 2.68 at Degree of Freedom 98 at
0.05 and 0.01 levels of confidence respectively, therefore the
hypotheses Ho13, “The attitude of the Urban-Girls and Urban-Boys do not
differ significantly” is accepted.

The mean of each group, Standard Deviation is given in the

graphical form in the following figure:-

Graph 4.13 Showing the comparison between Urban-

Boys and Urban-Girls students in their attitude
towards opting science at senior secondary level.

159.74 162.16
200
150
Urban-Boys
Score 100
19.044 10.968 Urban-Girls
50
0
Mean SD
Group

50
 Analysis And Interpretations…

Table 4.14 : Comparison between Private-Rural and

Government-Rural school students in their attitude towards
opting science at senior secondary level.

Groups Sample Mean S.D. S.E.D. t df Result

Size (M) At 0.05 At 0.01
(N) level level
Pvt.-Rural 50 144.9 20.945 3.325 10.400 98 S S

Govt.-Rural 50 179.48 10.678

From the above table it is observed that the calculated value

of ‘t’ is 10.400 and that in the table is 2.01 and 2.68 respectively at
0.05 and 0.01 levels of confidence respectively. Therefore the
hypothesis Ho14, “The attitude of the Private-Rural students and Government-
Rural students do not differ significantly” is rejected.

The mean of each group, Standard Deviation is given in the

graphical form in the following figure:-

Graph 4.14 Showing the comparison between

Private-Rural and Government-Rural school
students in their attitude towards opting science
at senior secondary level.

200 179.48
144.9
150
Scores

Pvt.-Rural
100
Govt.-Rural
50 20.945 10.678
0
Mean SD
Group

51
 Analysis And Interpretations…

Table 4.15 : Comparison between Rural-Boys and Rural-

girls students in their attitude towards opting science at senior
secondary level.

Groups Sample Mean S.D. S.E.D. t df Result

Size (M) At 0.05 At 0.01
(N) level level
Rural-Boys 50 163.32 24.661 4.817 0.469 98 NS NS

Rural-Girls 50 161.06 23.495

From the above table it is seen that the calculated value of ‘t’
is 0.469 and that in table is 2.01 and 2.68 at 0.05 and 0.01 levels
of confidence respectively. Hence the hypotheses Ho15, “The attitude of
the Rural-Boys and Rural-Girls do not differ significantly” is accepted at all
levels of confidence.

The mean of each group, Standard Deviation is given in the

graphical form in the following figure:-

Graph 4.15 Showing the comparison between

Rural-Boys and Rural-girls students in their
attitude towards opting science at senior
secondary level.

163.32 161.06
200
150
Rural-Boys
Scores 100 24.661 23.495
Rural-Girls
50
0
Mean SD
Group

52
 Analysis And Interpretations…

Table 4.16 : Comparison between CBSE and HPBSE

students in their attitude towards opting science at senior
secondary level.

Groups Sample Mean S.D. S.E.D. t Df Result

Size (M) At 0.05 At 0.01
(N) level level
CBSE 50 144.9 169.61
1.828 13.514 198 S S
HPBSE 150 20.945 18.285

From the above table it is seen that the calculated value of ‘t’
is 13.514 and that in table is 2.01 and 2.68 at 0.05 and 0.01 levels
of confidence respectively. Hence the hypotheses, “The attitude of the
CBSE students and HPBSE students do not differ significantly” is rejected.

The mean of each group, Standard Deviation is given in the

graphical form in the following figure:-

Graph 4.16 Showing comparison between CBSE

& HPBSE Students' attitude towards opting
science at senior secondary level.

169.61
180 144.9
160
140
120 CBSE
100
Score HPBSE
80
60 20.95 18.29
40
20
0
Mean SD
Group

53
 Analysis And Interpretations…

Findings
The findings of the study, “An attitude study of
students of 10th class of Mandi District towards opting
science as a subject at senior secondary level.”
1. There is no significance difference between
Government and Private school students in
their attitude towards opting science at senior
secondary level.
2. There is no significance difference between
Boys and Girls in their attitude towards opting
science at senior secondary level.
3. There is no significance difference between
Urban and Rural school students in their
attitude towards opting science at senior
secondary level.
4. There is no significance difference between
Private school-Boys and Private school-Girls
students in their attitude towards opting
science at senior secondary level.
5. There is no significance difference between
Private-Urban and Private-Rural school
students in their attitude towards opting
science at senior secondary level.
6. There is no significance difference between
Government school-Boys and Government
school-Girls in their attitude towards opting
science at senior secondary level.
7. There is no significance difference between
Government-Urban and Government-Rural
school students in their attitude towards opting
science at senior secondary level.

54
 Analysis And Interpretations…

8. There is no significance difference between

Urban-Boys and Rural-Boys in their attitude
towards opting science at senior secondary
level.
9. There is no significance difference between
Urban-Girls and Rural-Girls in their attitude
towards opting science at senior secondary
level.
10. There is no significance difference between
Private-Boys and Government-Boys students in
their attitude towards opting science at senior
secondary level.
11. There is no significance difference between
Private school-Girls and Government school-
Girls school students in their attitude towards
opting science at senior secondary level.
12. There is no significance difference between
Urban-Private and Urban-Government school
students in their attitude towards opting
science at senior secondary level.
13. There is no significance difference between
Urban-Boys and Urban-Girls in their attitude
towards opting science at senior secondary
level.
14. There is no significance difference between
Rural-Private and Rural-Government school
students in their attitude towards opting
science at senior secondary level.
15. There is no significance difference between
Rural-Boys and Rural-Girls in their attitude
towards opting science at senior secondary
level.

55
 Analysis And Interpretations…

16. There is no significance difference between

CBSE and HPBSE students in their attitude
towards opting science at senior secondary
level.
17. The attitude in Government school students is
13.23% more than in Private school students.
18. The attitude in Urban-Private school students
is 9.16% more than in Rural-Private school
students.
19. The attitude in Government school-Boys is
14.8% more than in Private school-Boys.
20. The attitude 14.8% more than in Private
school-Boys.

The rank wise scores obtained by the students are as

follows:-

R category Score in
ank %age
1. Govt.- 179.48
Rural
2. Govt.-Boys 172.66
3. Govt. 171.6
4. Govt.-Girls 170.54 R category Score in
5 Govt.- 163.72 ank %age
Urban 12 Urban 160.95
6 Rural-Boys 163.32 13 Urban- 159.74
7 Rural 162.19 Boys
8 Urban- 162.16 14 Pvt.-Urban 158.18
Girls
9 Girls 151.54 15 Pvt.-Girls 152.68
10 Boys 161.53
11 Rural-Girls 161.06
16 Private 151.54

56
 Analysis And Interpretations…

17 Pvt-Boys 150.4

18 Pvt-Rural 144.9

57