MATH 322 Complex Analysis

11. Trigonometric functions

What is sin i??

By Eulers formula,
eix = cos x + i sin x
We can deduce

and eix = cos x i sin x

eix eix = 2i sin x

x R.

and eix + eix = 2 cos x.

We solve for sin x, cos x and deduce

sin x =

We consequently

eix eix
2i

and

cos x =

eix + eix
.
2

define complex sin and cos as follows:

eiz eiz
sin z
2i

and

eiz + eiz
cos z
.
2

(1)

So, sin i = (e1 e)/2i = 2i (e 1/e).

1.1

Basic properties

1. They are entire (follows from ez being entire). The derivatives are what we would hope:
d
sin z = cos z
dz

and

d
cos z = sin z.
dz

2. sin(z) = sin z and cos(z) = cos(z).

3. Check your favourite trig identity, it probably holds: eg. sin2 z + cos2 z = 1; sum formulas, . . .
4. Periodicity: sin(z + 2) = sin z, sin(z + ) = sin z etc.

1.2

Hyperbolic sine and cosine

Recall the calculus defintions for hyperbolic sine and cosine:

sinh y =

ey ey
2

and

cosh y =

ey + ey
.
2

Thus:

sin(iy) = i sinh(y) and

Dr. M. Mishna, Fall 2013

11. Trigonometric functions

cos(iy) = cosh(y).

MATH 322 Complex Analysis

Aha sin(i) = i sinh(1), also.
We can also define complex versions as we have done already.
sinh z

1.3

ez ez
2

and

cosh z =

ez + ez
.
2

Real and complex parts

sin z = sin x cosh y +i cos x sinh y
| {z } | {z }

(2)

cos z = cos x cosh y +i sin x sinh y

|
{z
} | {z }

(3)

u(x,y)

v(x,y)

u(x,y)

v(x,y)

(now use this to compute the derivative! f 0 (z) = ux + ivx )

1.4

Various interesting facts

1. | sin z|2 = sin2 x + sinh2 y This is not bounded. ** a big difference from real variable calculus.
| cos z|2 = cos2 x + sinh2 y, also not bounded.
2. The only zeros of sin z occur at z = n

(n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ). (consider | sin z|2 = 0).

3. The only zeros of cos z occur at z = /2 + n

(n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ).

4. Every trig identity can generate hyperbolic analogues See textbook section 35.
cos z
sin z
Of course, we can also define complex tangent: tan z = cos
z cotangent cot z = sin z , secant sec z =
1
and cosecent csc z = sin z . We can obtain the usual differentiation and periodicity formulas.

1
cos z

Computing the inverse functions

We can solve the equation w = sin1 z for z by using the exponential definition, and taking the inverse
of exp. It is also a multiple-valued function.


sin1 z = i log iz + (1 z 2 )1/2

Example.
1

sin

Now,
and,
So

(i) =

log(1 + 2) =

log(1 2) =
ln(1

Dr. M. Mishna, Fall 2013

2) =

11. Trigonometric functions



q

2
i log i(i) 1 (i) = i log(1 2) from the formula. (4)

ln(1 + 2) + 2ni (n = 0, 1, 2, . . . )
(5)

ln(1 2) + i + 2ni (n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ).
(6)

!1

(1 + 2)
= ln(1 + 2).

ln
(7)
(1 2)(1 + 2)

MATH 322 Complex Analysis

Then,

sin1 (i) = i log(1

2) = i ln(1 +

2) + (1)n n

(n = 0, 1, 2, . . . )

We compute


cos1 z = i log z + i(1 z 2 )1/2 .

The derivatives are easy to obtain

d
1
= sin1 z =
dz
(1 z 2 )1/2

and

d
1
= cos1 z =
dz
(1 z 2 )1/2

Skills
o Know the definition of sin and cos for complex variables; how to derive basic relations, including
their derivative.
o Remember that sin and cos are not bounded as complex functions.
o Know the definition of sinh and cosh
o Know the inverse formulas, and how to use them.

Dr. M. Mishna, Fall 2013

11. Trigonometric functions