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8273
Fig. 1. Three-phase PWM rectifier system with AC-side presented as virtual AC motor
Thus, R and L represent the stator resistance and the stator leakage inductance of the virtual motor and phase-to-phase
line voltages: Uab, Ubc, Uca would be induced by a virtual air gap flux. In other words the integration of the voltages
leads to a virtual line flux vector L, in stationary - coordinates (Fig.2).
L ( est ) s I
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Fig. 3 Relation between voltage and flux for different power flow direction in PWM rectifier
Based on the measured DC-link voltage Udc and the converter switch states Sa, Sb, Sc the rectifier input voltages are
estimated as follows:
1
U s 2 .U dc (S a ( Sb Sc ))
3
2
U s
(2)
1
.U dc (Sb Sc )
2
Then, the virtual flux L components are calculated from the equation (2) in stationary (-) coordinates system.
diL
)dt
dt
di
L L )dt
dt
L ( est ) (U s L
L ( est ) (U s
(3)
Fig. 6. Block scheme of virtual flux estimator with first order filter
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q qref H q d q 1
q qref H q d q 0
(4)
p pref H p d p 1
p pref H p d p 0
(5)
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(n 2)
n (n 1)
6
6
(6)
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L U L dt
(7)
Where:
1
U L
2
UL
U
L
0
2 U ab
3 U bc
L U L dt
U
dt
L
3
iL
2
iL 2
3 3
iL
2
U S U con
(8)
(9)
0 i
a
3 ib
(10)
1 1
U AM
1
U s
2
2
U BM
U
3
s
3 2
0
2 U CM
(11)
U L Ri L
d
Li L s
dt
(12)
UL L
di L d
di
s L L U s
dt dt
dt
(13)
p Re(u L .i L )
*
q Im(u L .i L )
(14)
Where * denotes the conjugate line current vector. The line voltage can be expressed by the virtual flux as:
uL
d
d
d L jt
d L jt
L L e jt
e j L e jt
e j L
dt
dt
dt
dt
(15)
Where L denotes the space vector and L its amplitude. For the virtual flux oriented d-q coordinates (Fig.4), L=Ld,
and the instantaneous active power can be calculated from (14) and (15) as:
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d Ld
iLd Ld iLq
dt
(16)
d Ld
0
dt
p Ld iLq
(17)
Which means that only the current components orthogonal to the flux L vector, produce the instantaneous active
power. Similarly, the instantaneous reactive power can be calculated as:
d Ld
iLq Ld iLd
dt
(18)
q Ld iLd
(19)
However, to avoid coordinate transformation into d-q coordinates, the power estimator for the DPC system should use
stator-oriented quantities, in - coordinates (Fig.4).
dL
dL
iL
iL ( L iL L iL )
dt
dt
dL
d L
q
iL
iL ( L iL L iL )
dt
dt
p
(20)
For sinusoidal and balanced line voltage the derivatives of the flux amplitudes are zero. The instantaneous active and
reactive powers can be computed as [13], [14].
The measured line currents ia, ib and the estimated virtual flux components L, L are delivered to the instantaneous
power estimator block (PE) as depicted in Fig.8.
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8279
Pref
d 1
( CU dc2 )
dt 2
(21)
U dc2 Pref
2
C.S
(22)
kp
ki 1 S
S
Ti S
(23)
F ( s)
With:
We found:
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kp
Ti
2
CTi
02 (1 )
S 2 20 S 02
and:
and:
1
ki
Ti
2CTi
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Several tests were conducted to verity feasibility of the proposed technique. Fig 10 shows the simulated waveforms
under unity power factor operation in the steady for purely sinusoidal supply line voltage.
(b)
(a)
15
800
700
10
600
5
ia, ib, ic(A)
Udc(v)
500
400
300
-5
200
-10
100
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
time(s)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-15
0.4
0.405
0.41
0.415
0.42
0.425
time(s)
0.43
0.435
0.44
0.445
0.45
(d)
(c)
40
ia(A)
Va(v)/10
30
20
10
-10
-20
-30
-40
0.4
0.405
0.41
0.415
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0.42
0.425
time(t)
0.43
0.435
0.44
0.445
0.45
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(e)
(f)
4000
50
3500
40
3000
30
Reactive power(var)
Active power(Kw)
2500
20
10
2000
1500
1000
-10
500
-20
-30
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
time(s)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-500
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
time(s)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Fig.10. Simulated basic signal waveforms and line current harmonic spectrum under purely sinusoidal line voltage for
Udc=600V: From the top: a) output voltage, b) line currents, c) Line current in phase with line voltage d) harmonic
spectrum of the line current THD = 3.17%, e) instantaneous active, f) reactive power.
From this figure, it can be seen that the line currents are very close to sine wave (Fig. b) and in phase with the power
source voltages (Fig. c) because the reactive power command qref is set to zero (Fig. f). The active power is constant on
average (4.6KW). The reactive power is zero on average because of the unity power factor operation.
The effect of dc side load on the operation of system is shown in figure 11. As shown in these figure the change in load
dont affect DC link voltage and only change the amplitude of the line current and the line side active power.
(b)
25
640
20
630
15
620
10
610
5
ia, ib, ic(A)
Udc(v)
(a)
650
600
590
580
-10
570
-15
560
550
0.6
0
-5
-20
0.7
0.8
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0.9
1.1
time(s)
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
-25
0.95
0.96
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0.97
0.98
0.99
1
time(s)
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
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(d)
(c)
40
ia
Va/10
30
20
10
-10
-20
-30
-40
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
time(s)
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
(f)
(e)
4000
60
3500
50
3000
40
2500
active power (kw)
30
20
10
2000
1500
1000
0
500
-10
0
-20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
time(s)
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
-500
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
time(s)
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Fig.11. Simulated basic signal waveforms and line current harmonic spectrum under purely sinusoidal line voltage:
From the top: a) output voltage, b) line currents, c) Line current in phase with line voltage d) harmonic spectrum of
the line current THD = 3.08%, e) instantaneous active, f) reactive power.
Fig.12 Show that when the DC voltage reaches the new reference value (Fig. a), the active power and consequently
the line current increase (Fig. b). At the moment of DC step variation reactive power is sensibly reduced. The line
voltage and current are almost in phase (fig .c), and thus the power-factor is almost equal to 1. In the case the wave
shape of the line current close to the sinusoid, and hence the THD= 3.15%. In order to maintain the continuous bus
charged, the DC voltage variation involves a reference variation in the instantaneous active power.
(a)
(b)
1000
50
Udcref
Udc
900
40
800
30
700
20
10
ia, ib, ic(A)
Udc(v)
600
500
400
0
-10
300
-20
200
-30
100
-40
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
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0.8
1
time(s)
(c)
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
-50
0.94
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0.96
0.98
1.02
1.04
time(s)
1.06
1.08
1.1
1.12
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(d)
40
data1
data2
30
20
10
-10
-20
-30
-40
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.02
time(s)
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.1
(e)
(f)
70
5000
60
4000
50
3000
reactive power (var)
40
30
20
2000
1000
10
0
-10
-20
-1000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
time(s)
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
time(s)
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Fig.12. Simulated basic signal waveforms and line current harmonic spectrum under purely sinusoidal line voltage:
From the top: a) output voltage, b) line currents, c) Line current in phase with line voltage d) harmonic spectrum of
the line current THD = 3.08%, e) instantaneous active, f) reactive power.
VI.CONCLUSION
Regarding the advantages of PWM rectifier, in this paper a new control strategy of PWM rectifiers is presented and
discuted. To predict behaviour of DPC/PWM rectifier in different load, dynamic model is implemented in
matlab/simulink. This method uses the estimated Virtual Flux (VF) vector instead of the line voltage vector.
Consequently, voltage sensorless line power estimation is much less noisy thanks to the natural low-pass behaviour of
the integrator used in the calculation algorithm. Also, differentiation of the line current is avoided in this scheme. So,
the presented VF-DPC of PWM rectifier has the following features and advantages:
- no line voltage sensors are required,
- lower sampling frequency (as conventional DPC),
- sinusoidal line currents (low THD),
- no current regulation loops,
- high dynamic, decoupled active and reactive power control,
- Simple algorithm
It is an important advantage of this converter particularly in speed control drive system that the operation of drive
should be robust for line voltage disturbed conditions. As simulation results show, the reactive power is programmable
in this system and can be set to obtain unity power factor. Also the lines current have sinusoidal wave form.
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8284
J.L. Duate, A, Van Zwam, C, Wijinands, A.Vandenput Reference frames fit for controlling PWM rectifiers. IEEE Trans. On Ind.
Electronics, Vol.46, No.3, pp. 628-630, 1999.
S.Hansen, M.Malinowski, F.Blaadjerg, M.P. Kazmiekowski, Cotrole strategies for PWM rectifiers without line voltage sensors, IEEEAPEC,
2000.
M.P. Kazmierkowski, L.Malesani, Current control techniques for three phase voltage source PWM converters: a survey, IEEE Trans. On Ind.
Electronics, Vol.45,No,5,pp.691-703,1998.
L. Angquist, L. Lindberg, Inner phase angle control of voltage source converter in high power application in proc. IEEE-PESC Conf., pp.
293-298,1991
M. Malinowski, M.P. Ka mierkowski, S. Hansen, F. Blaabjerg, G. D. Marques, Virtual flux based Direct Power Control of three-phase
PWM rectifier , IEEE Trans. on Ind. Applications, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 1019-1027, Jul/Aug 2001.
V. Manninen, Application of Direct Torque Control modulation technology to a line converter, in Proc. EPE Conf., Sevilla, pp.1.292-1.296,
1995.
V. Valouch, J. Skramlink, Analysis of direct self control in voltage type PWM rectifier in proc. EPE Conf., pp.3.195-3.199, 1997.
M. Weinhold, A new control scheme for optimal operation of a three-phase voltage dc link PWM converter, in proc. PCIM Conf., pp.3713833, 1991.
S. Bhattacharya, A. Veltman, D. Divan, R.D. Lorenz, Flux-based active filter controller IEEE Trans. on Ind. Application, vol. 32, no.3, pp.
491-502, May/June 1996.
T. Noguchi, H. Tomiki, S. Kondo, I. Takahashi, Direct Power Control of PWM converter without power-source voltage sensor IEEE
Trans. on Ind. Applications, vol.34, no. 3, pp. 473-479, May/June 1998.
T. Ohnishi, Three-phase PWM converter/inverter by means of instantaneous active and reactive power control In proc. IEEE-IECON Conf.,
pp. 819-824, 1991.
J. L. Duarte, A. Van Zwam, C. Wijnands, A. Vandenput, Reference frames fit for controlling PWM rectifiers IEEE Trans. on Ind.
Electronics, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 628-630, 1999.
P. J. M. Smidt, J. L. Duarte, An unity power factor converter without current measurement, in proc. EPE Conf., Sevilla, pp. 3.275-3.280,
1995.
M. Malinowski, M.P. Kamierkowski, S. Hansen, F. Blaabjerg, G. D. Marques, Virtual flux based Direct Power Control of three-phase PWM
rectifier, IEEE Trans. on Ind. Applications, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 1019-1027, Jul/Aug 2001.
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In proc. IEEE-ISIE Conf., Puebla, pp. 442-447, 2000.
BIOGRAPHY
Jawad Lamterkati was born in Morocco in 1980. He received the Bachelors and Masters
degrees in electrical engineering from the Faculty of Science and Technology in 2005 and the
Faculty of Science Semlalia in 2007, Marrakech, Morocco, respectively. He prepares,
currently, a Doctorate Thesis in Electrical Engineering Department at the National Higher
School of Electricity and Mechanics (ENSEM), Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco.
Mohamed Khafallah was born in Morocco in 1964. He received B.Sc., M.Sc. and Doctorate
degrees from Hassan II University, Casablanca II, in 1989, 1991 and 1995 respectively, all in
Electrical Engineering. In 1995 he joined the Department of Electrical Engineering at the
National Higher School of Electricity and Mechanics (ENSEM), Hassan II University,
Casablanca. His current research interests are in the application of power electronics converts
and motor drives.
Lahcen Ouboubker was born in Morocco in 1982. He received the Bachelors and Masters
degrees in electrical engineering from the Faculty of Science in 2005 and the Faculty of
Science Semlalia in 2007, Marrakech, Morocco, respectively. He prepares, currently, a
Doctorate Thesis in Electrical Engineering Department at the National Higher School of
Electricity and Mechanics (ENSEM), Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco.
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