You are on page 1of 6

MATIBAG, CHERRIELLYN B.

CHE- 3301

PORTLAND CEMENTS, CALCIUM AND COMPOUNDS MAGNESIUM


PORTLAND CEMENTS
HISTORICAL
A cement was used by the Egyptians in constructing the Pyramid.
The Greeks and Romans used volcanic tuff mixed with lime for cement.
Joseph Aspdin- patented an artificial cement made by the calcination of an
argillaceous limestone.
- He called this Portland
Concrete- artificial stone made from a carefully controlled mixture of cement,
water and lime and course aggregate.
hydraulic calcium silicates- posses the ability to harden without drying.
Portland cement- product obtained by pulverizing clinker consisting essentially
of hydraulic calcium silicates.
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
Regular portland (type I) - usual products for general construction.
Moderate-heat-of-hardening and sulfate-resisting portland cement (type II)
use where moderate heat of hydration is required or for general concrete
construction exposed to moderate sulfate action.
High-early-strength (type III) made from raw materials with a lime to-silica
ratio higher than that of type I.
- contains higher proportion of tricalcium silicate.
Low heat portland cement (type IV)- contain a lower proportion of tricalcium
silicate and tricalcium aluminate.
Sulfate resisting portland cement (Type V)- resist sulfate better than the other
four types .

Air Entrainment- Increase the resistance of the hardened concrete to scaling from
alternate freezing and thawing and the use of de-icers.
MANUFACTURING PROCEDURES
TWO TYPES OF MATERIALS:
RICH IN CALCIUM (calcareous)
-Limestone
-chalk
RICH IN SILICA (argillaceous)
-clay
CEMENT ROCK
-

Made from argillaceous limestone that is found in New Jersey and the Lehigh
District of Pennsylvania.

SAND, WASTE BAUXITE, IRON


-

Use in small amounts to adjust the composition of the mix.

GYPSIUM
- Added to regulate the setting time of the cement.
CEMENT CLINKER
-

Manufactured by both wet and dry processes.

WET PROCESS the solid material, after dry crushing, is reduced to a fine state of
division in wet tube or ball mills and passes as a slurry through bowl classifiers or
screens.
DRY PROCESS the materials may be roughly crushed, passed through gyratory and
hammer mills, dried, sized, and more finely ground in tube mills, followed by air
separators
COMPOUNDS IN CEMENT
Portland cements contain a mixture of compounds present in amounts partly
dependent on the degree of attainment of equilibrium conditions during burning.
SETTING AND HARDENING OF CEMENT
Hydration products have very low solubility in water.

CALCIUM NITRITE added to inhibit the corrosion of steel reinforcing bars in


concrete
One important
DERIVATIVES

group

is

the

SUPERPLASTICIZER

NAPHTHALENE

ADMIXTURES extend the supply of cement and add other important


properties.
CONCRETE based on cement is broadening in application and increasing in
quantity each year. The PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCIATION, which has offices in
many cities, will furnish extensive data o uses.
OTHER CEMENTS
POZZOLANS a material which is not cementitious itself which becomes so
upon admixture with lime.
HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT manufactured by fusing a mixture of limestone and
bauxite, the latter usually containing iron oxide, silica, magnesia and other
impurities.
SILICATE CEMENTS withstand all concentrations of inorganic acids except
hydrofluoric.
SULFUR CEMENTS have been available commercially as simple mixtures of
fillers (1990) and as homogenous plasticized filled sulfur ingots possessing low
coefficients of expansion.
- resistant to nonoxidizing acids and salts.
Thiokol-plasticized silica-filled sulfur cements standard material for joining
bricks, tile and cast iron pipe.
POLYMER CONCRETE polymer-bonded concretes and usually no portland
cement.
MAGNESIUM OXYCHLORIDE CEMENT discovered by French chemist Sorel
and sometimes called Sorels cement, is produced by the exothermic action of a
20 % solution of magnesium chloride on a blend of magnesia obtained by
calcining magnesite and magnesia obtained from brines.
LIME
HISTORICAL
The manufacture of lime and its application can be traced back to the Roman,
Greek and Egyptian civilizations, but the first definite written information was
handed down by the ROMANS.

MARCUS POLLIO In his book De Architectura he deals with the use of lime for
mortar involved in the construction of harbor works and buildings.
USES AND ECONOMICS
Used for medicinal purposes, insecticides, plant and animal food, gas absorption,
precipitation, dehydration and causticizing.
Reagent in the sulfite process.
Use for mortar and plaster and serves as a basic raw material in the production
of calcium salt and improving the quality of certain soils.
TYPES OF LIMES
HYDRAULIC LIME obtained from the burning of limestone containing clay.
HIGH-CALCIUM-CONTENT LIME harden only with the absorption of calcium
dioxide from the air.
MAGNESIUM LIME (dolimes) work better under the trowel.
REFRACTORY LIME refractory patching material in open hearth furnaces
HYDRATED LIME finding increased favor in the building trades over the less
stable quicklime.
QUICKLIME almost invariably slaked or hydrated before use.
MANUFACTURE
LIME
has always been a cheap commodity because limestone deposits are readily
available in so many sections of United States.
It is produced from limestone near centers of consumption so that freights costs
are low.
GYPSIUM
Mineral that occurs in large deposits throughout the world.
Hydrated calcium sulfate.
CALCINATED GYPSIUM can be made into wall plaster by the addition of the
filler material such as asbestos, wood pulp, or sand.
ANHYDRITE anhydrous calcium sulfate.
MISCELLANEOUS CALCIUM COMPOUNDS

CALCIUM CARBONATE very widely used industrial chemical in both its pure
and impure contents.
CALCIUM SULFIDE made reducing calcium sulfate with coke.
HALIDE SALTS

CALCIUM CHLORIDE by-product of chemical manufacture and from natural


brines which contain more or less magnesium chloride.

CALCIUM BROMIDE AND IODIDE prepared by the action of halogen acids on


calcium oxide or calcium carbonate.
CALCIUM ARSENATE produced by the reaction of calcium chloride, calcium
hydroxide, and sodium arsenate or lime and arsenic acid.
CALCIUM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ACETATE formerly pyrolyzed in large amounts to produce acetone.
LACTATE sold for use in medicine and foods as a source of calcium.
CALCIUM SOAPS made by the action of sodium salts of the acids on a soluble
salts such as the chloride.
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS
One of the most widely distributed elements, occupying 1.9 percent of the Earths
crust.
Occurs usually in the chloride, silicate, hydrates oxide, sulfate or carbonate, in
either a complex or in simple salts.
OXIDES AND HYDROXIDES OF MAGNESIUM
MAGNESIUM OXIDE - formed from heating magnesium carbonate or hydroxide.
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE principally made directly from seawater.
MAGNESIUM PEROXIDE available from the reaction of magnesium sulfate
and barium peroxide.
MAGNESIUM SULFATE prepared by the action of sulfuric acid on magnesium
carbonate or hydroxide.
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE made from hydrochloric acid and magnesium
hydroxide.
MAGNESIUM SILICATE includes two widely used naturally occurring
compounds, asbestos and talc.

ASBESTOS magnesium silicate mixed with varying quantities of silicates of


calcium and iron.
TALC a rather pure magnesium silicate.

You might also like