EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Tourism is changing rapidly as nature, heritage, and recreational destinations

become more important, and as conventional tourism is forced to meet tougher
environmental requirements. This presents a challenge to government and private
enterprise to develop new approaches to the tourism market. Our goal is to enable people
to enjoy and learn about the natural, historical and cultural characteristics of unique
environments while preserving the integrity of those sites and stimulating the economic
development opportunities in local communities.

Ecotourism is cultural tourism (a cross-cultural experience), nature tourism

(assisting with conservation programmes), a travel-learn experience (discover how we are
coping with modernity), a little bit of soft adventure (just being here is an adventure), and
benefiting the well-being of indigenous peoples.

Tourism which takes account of environmental, cultural and social considerations

is what eco-tourism all about. Ecotourism is a tourism market based on an area's natural
resources that attempts to minimize the ecological impact of the tourism.

Whether it's about a nature camping or organizing trekking trips towards the
virgin and inaccessible regions, one should always keep in mind not to create any mishap
or disturbance in the life cycle of nature. With over 500 species of mammal, 2000 types
of Bird and at least 30,000 kinds of insects, India provides an unmatched range and
diversity

that

justifies

several

ecotourism

travel

trips.

India is a rich land in terms of both natural beauty as well as cultural heritage, and
this is what eco tourists actually look for in their trip. Hence, eco tourism has tremendous
scope

in

India.

Ecotourism is entirely a new approach in tourism. Ecotourism is a preserving

travel to natural areas to appreciate the cultural and natural history of the environment,
taking care not to disturb the integrity of the ecosystem, while creating economic
opportunities that make conservation and protection of natural resources advantageous to
the

local

people.

In short, ecotourism can be categorized as tourism programme that is - "Nature

based, ecologically sustainable, where education and interpretation is a major constituent
and

where

local

people

are

benefited."

All this together can be called ecotourism. If a travel does not satisfy any one of these
constituents, then it is not called a real ecotouris

CONTENTS
Topic

Page No.

1. Research Methodology
1.1 Research Methodology

2.

1.1.1. Objectives of Study

1.1.2. Limitations of the Study

Travel and Tourism

2.1 An overview

2.2 Concept

2.3 Definition

2.4 Types

2.5 Special forms of tourism

3. A Perfect Tourist Destination-INDIA

13

4. Tourism in India

20

5. Ecotourism
5.1 An Introduction

23

5.2. Meaning and Concept

25

6. Ecotourism in India
6.1 An Introduction

29

6.2 Ecotourism resources in India

31

6.3 Ecotourism development in India

33

6.4 Ecotourism promotion in India

35

6.5 Role and Responsibilities

36

6.6 Motivations for Involvement in Ecotourism

41

6.7 Approaches to Ecotourism in India

43

7. Ecotourism Policy of Madhya Pradesh

7.1 Introduction

45

7.2 Objectives

46

7.3 Principles

47

7.4 Madhya Pradesh Ecotourism Development Board

49

7.5 Activities and Facilities

50

8. Ecotourism Project
8.1 Ecotourism Project of Kerala

55

9. Eco Hotels
Orchid An Eco Hotel

64

9. Conclusion and Suggestion

77

Annexure

Webliography and Bibliography

Chapter I
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The following Flow-chart or schematic representation shows the methodology of study:

INPUT

STUDY TOPIC
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

RELATED LITERATURE

METHOD OF STUDY

SOURCES

ARTICLES

EXAMPLES

PUBLICATIONS

ANALYSIS

CONCLUSION

OUTPUT
1.2.1 Objectives of the Study
To study the concept of travel and tourism and India as a Tourist destination.

To study the concept of ecotourism and development of ecotourism in India.

To study ecotourism projects implemented in India.

To study the concept of eco hotels with an example of Orchid- An eco-hotel.

1.2.2 Limitations of the Study
The project is purely based on the secondary information obtained from various
sources.

Chapter II
TRAVEL AND TOURISM

TRAVEL AND TOURISM

2.1 An overview
It is difficult for us to have a command on the cyclic movement of fashion, needs
and requirements and the lifestyles. The process of change is, of course, influenced by the
law of nature which forces us to welcome change.

If we delay, the seeds of

dissatisfaction and monotony get a conducive nexus for their germination and
development. Hence to control or regulate the process, we allow a change which
influences our decision making behaviour and forces us to welcome a change of place. It
was against this bankground that the tarvelling was transformed into business and of late
is an industry. The process of transformation has witnneesed a number of ups and downs
in almost all areas. Right from the very beginning of culture and civilization, we find
process of change continuing, of course as a pilgrimage. There is no dought in it that the
Roman Empire injected life, strenght and continuity to travelling and therefore, the
credibility for development of tourism industry ultimately goes to them.
During the rule of Alexander the Great, 700,000 tourists visited what is now a part
of Turkey. This was considerably helped by the well built and organized roads, whilst on
the journey groups had the ability to change a team of horses, stay at rest houses, and
refreshments were available along the trip. During this time, the roads were crowded.
Alexander the Great traveled to India and found the road systems and facilities well
arranged. It was during the same period that pleasure travel begun taking place in China
and Japan. The Chinese emperor, Wu Di traveled plenty in the 2nd century. His
adventures were well described in his writing.
During the reign of Elizabeth the 1st tourism reached a high. Coach travel had
become popular because of its style. Young gentlemen who came from wealthy
backgrounds undertook the Grand Tour in this era. They would travel to parts of Great
Britain, France, and Italy, it was considered crucial for the education of the young men.

The tour was used improperly on many occasions, the youngsters would go on
major shopping sprees and a lot of the time they would meet local ladies and generally
behave badly. During the 18th Century, the Industrial revolution changed tourism
considerably. A great deal of the rural folk joined the urban society, which allowed them
more time and money to spend on travel. Thomas Cook was the first person around the
world to begin chartered travel and open travel agents. His first chartered trip was a rail
trip in which he offered two brass bands, a gala, tea and buns, and speeches for the
guests. Thomas cook was of the view that beauty is for the people. The opinion of Mr.
Cook generated new dimensions in the tourism business which paved copious avenues
for the development of tourism as an industry.
The developed, less developed and even the developing countries have assigned
due weight age to the tourism industry in their national development agenda. With
tremendous socio-economic potentials, the tourism industry is considered to be an
economic bonanza which paves avenues for the development of allied industries, such as
hotels, communication banking, and transportation and so on. In addition tourism is a
potential source for making possible world peace through mutual appreciation and
international understanding.

2.2 Concept
Tourism is the act of travel for the purpose of recreation and business, and the
provision of services for this act. Tourists are people who are "travelling to and staying
in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated
from within the place visited". The distance between these two places is of no
significance.
A more comprehensive definition would be that tourism is a service industry,
comprising a number of tangible and intangible components. The tangible elements
include transport systems air, rail, road, water and now, space; hospitality services
accommodation, foods and beverages, tours, souvenirs; and related services such as
banking, insurance and safety and security. The intangible elements include: rest and
relaxation, culture, escape, adventure, new and different experiences.

10

2.3 Definitions
One of the earliest definitions of Tourism was given by the Austrian economist
Hermann Von Schullard in 1910. He defined it as, "sum total of operators, mainly of an
economic nature, which directly relate to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners
inside and outside a certain country, city or a region."

Hunziker and Krapf, in 1943, defined Tourism as, "Tourism is the totality of the
relationship and phenomenon arising from the travel and stay of strangers, provided that
the stay does not imply the establishment of a permanent residence and is not connected
with a remunerative activities."
In 1976 Tourism Society of England defined it as "Tourism is the temporary,
short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live
and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements
for all purposes."
In 1981 International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined
Tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the
home environment.

11

2.4 Types
Tourism may be classified into the following types:
1. Domestic tourism:This takes place when the residents/citizen of one country travels only within the
country.
Thus the Sharma family from Mumbai making an itinerary that includes the
Golden temple of Delhi, Jaipur and Agra would de considered as domestic tourism. For
India, domestic tourists are the largest- over 100 million and growing fast- and cannot be
ignored in any tourism strategy.Major hotel chains like the Taj group, the Oberois, Days
Inn, the Mahindras with their gateway hotels- all have started catering to this vast market.
2. Inbound tourism: This involves the travel of a non-resident- be he/she a foreigner or a national
resident in the given country in that country, after arrival from another country. Thus a
group of germans coming in on a chater flight of UVI Holidays and having a 23-day
itinerary in india would be inbound tourism.this is growing and at the best of times has
reach a figure of 2.5 million for India.
3. Outbound tourism: This takes place when residents of a country travel to another country or
countries. Thus when Shetty of Banglore take up package tour offer of RAJ for a 20-days
journey to theUSA, they would be classified as outbound tourists.
The three basic types can be combined in various ways to derive the following categories
of tourism, viz.:

Internal Tourism: - This comprises Domestic Tourism and Inbound Tourism.

National Tourism: - this comprises Domestic Tourism and Outbound Tourism.

International Tourism: - This consists of Inbound Tourism and Outbound Tourism.

12

2.5 Special forms of tourism

For the past few decades other forms of tourism, also known as niche tourism, have been
becoming more popular, particularly:

Adventure tourism: tourism involving travel in rugged regions, or adventurous sports

such as mountaineering and hiking .

Agritourism: farm based tourism, helping to support the local agricultural economy.

Ancestry tourism: is the travel with the aim of tracing one's ancestry, visiting the birth
places of these ancestors and sometimes getting to know distant family.

Armchair tourism and virtual tourism: not travelling physically, but exploring the
world through internet, books, TV, etc.

Audio tourism: includes audio walking tours and other audio guided forms of tourism
including museum audio guides and audio travel books.

Bookstore Tourism is a grassroots effort to support independent bookstores by

promoting them as a travel destination.

Cultural tourism: includes urban tourism, visiting historical or interesting cities, such
as Berlin, Kathmandu, Lahore, Lima, Buenos Aires, London, Paris, Delhi, Rome,
Prague, Dubrovnik, Beijing, Istanbul, Kyoto, Warsaw, and experiencing their cultural
heritages. This type of tourism may also include specialized cultural experiences,
such as art museum tourism where the tourist visits many art museums during the
tour, or opera tourism where the tourist sees many operas or concerts during the tour.

13

Dark tourism: is the travel to sites associated with death and suffering. The first
tourist agency to specialise in this kind of tourism started with trips to Lakehurst,
New Jersey, the scene of the Hindenburg airship disaster.

Disaster tourism: travelling to a disaster scene not primarily for helping, but because
it is interesting to see. It can be a problem if it hinders rescue, relief and repair work.

Drug tourism: travel to a country to obtain or consume drugs, either legally or

illegally.

Ecotourism: sustainable tourism which has minimal impact on the environment, such
as safaris (Kenya), Rainforests (Belize) and hiking (Lapland), or national parks.

Educational tourism: may involve travelling to an education institution, a wooded

retreat or some other destination in order to take personal-interest classes, such as
cooking classes with a famous chef or crafts classes.

Extreme tourism tourism associated with high risk

Gambling tourism, e.g. to Atlantic City, Las Vegas, Palm Springs, California, Macau
or Monte Carlo for the purpose of gambling at the casinos there.

Garden tourism visiting botanical gardens famous places in the history of gardening,
such as Versailles and the Taj Mahal.

Heritage tourism: visiting historical (Rome, Athens, Cracow) or industrial sites, such
as old canals, railways, battlegrounds, etc.

Health tourism: usually to escape from cities or relieve stress, perhaps for some 'fun
in the sun', etc. Often to "health spas".

14

Hobby tourism: tourism alone or with groups to participate in hobby interests, to meet
others with similar interests, or to experience something pertinent to the hobby.

Inclusive tourism: tourism marketed to those with functional limits or disabilities.

Referred to as "Tourism for All" in some regions. Destinations often employ
Universal Design and Universal Destination Development principles.

Medical tourism, e.g.:

for what is illegal in one's own country, e.g. abortion,

euthanasia; for instance, euthanasia for non-citizens is provided by Dignitas in

Switzerland,for advanced care that is not available in one's own country,in the case
that there are long waiting lists in one's own country , for use of free or cheap health
care organisations

Pop-culture tourism: tourism by those that visit a particular location after reading
about it or seeing it in a film.

Perpetual tourism: wealthy individuals always on vacation; some of them, for tax
purposes, to avoid being resident in any country.

Pilgrimage Tourism: pilgrimages to ancient holy places (Rome and Santiago de

Compostela for Catholics, Temples and stupas of Nepal for the Hindus and Buddhist,
Mount Athos or Painted churches of northern Moldavia for the Orthodox), religious
sites such as mosques, shrines, etc.

Solo Travel: travelling alone

Sport travel: skiing, golf and scuba diving are popular ways to spend a vacation. Also
in this category is vacationing at the winter home of the tourist's favorite baseball
team, and seeing them play everyday.

15

Space tourism: Vacilando is a special kind of wanderer for whom the process of
travelling is more important than the destination.

Chapter III
A PERFECT TOURIST DESTINATION INDIA

16

A PERFECT TOURIST DESTINATION - INDIA

India
The land to travel to, a heaven of tourism delights, a civilization to tour through.
Tourists come to India for its wealth of sights, cultural exuberance, diversity of terrain
and in search of that special something, an extra punch that only India promises and
delivers. Teeming with over a billion people who voice over a million concerns in fifteen
hundred different languages, India is where people live with variety, thrive on diversity
and are too familiar with largeness to let it boggle them.

Culture
Few countries of the world have such an ancient and diverse culture as Indias.
Stretching back in an unbroken sweep over 5000 years, Indias culture has been enriched
by successive waves of migration, which were absorbed into the Indian way of life. It is
this variety that is the hallmark of India. Its physical, religious and racial variety is as
immense as its linguistic diversity. Underneath this diversity lies the continuity of Indian
civilization and social structure from the very earliest times until the present day. Modern
India represents a picture of unity in diversity to which history provides no parallel.

Religion
India probably has the most religious diversity in any country. Its the birthplace
of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism. Its among the few places to have a
resident Zoroastrian population. The Syrian Christian Church is well established in
Kerala; the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Goa, old churches in Calcutta and Delhi, synagogues

17

in Kerala, temples from the tiny to the tremendous, stupas, gompas and the Bodhi tree,
the Ajmer Sharif and Kaliya Sharif in Bombay, all reflect the amazing multiplicity of
religious practice in India. Tribal people in the northeast, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat
practice forms of nature worship.

Language
India is the home of many languages. India is the home of many languages. India
is a huge country with lot of cultural and geographical differences. There are a number of
languages spoken in India. The national language of India is Hindi, which in one form or
another is spoken all over the north. In the Deccan (south India), the languages are
completely different. The states were formed on the basis of language so each has its
own. On the whole though, dialects, accents, idioms and linguistic flourishes change
every few miles. There are 18 official languages but over a thousand recognized dialects.
English is widely spoken.

Clothing
To the foreign traveler, one of the most powerful attractions in India is the
colorful and diversified attire of the people. The silk saris, brightly colored mirrored
cholis, colorful lehangas and the traditional salwar-kameez have fascinated many a
traveler over the centuries.

Food
The food available in India is as diverse as its culture, its racial structure, its
geography and its climate. The essence of good Indian cooking revolves around the
appropriate use of aromatic spices. These spices are also used as appetisers and
digestives. Besides spices, the other main ingredients of Indian cooking and Indian meals
are milk products like ghee (used as a cooking medium) and curd or dahi.
Although a number of religions exist in India, the two cultures that have
influenced Indian cooking and food habits are the Hindu and the Muslim traditions. The
Hindu vegetarian tradition is widespread in India, although many Hindus eat meat now.
18

The Muslim tradition is most evident in the cooking of meats.A typical North-Indian
meal would consist of chapatis or rotis or parathas, rice and an assortment of accessories
like dals, fried vegetables, curries, curd, chutney, and pickles. All along the coast and
extensively in the northeast fish is consumed almost as a staple. Both fresh water and sea
fish are popular. For dessert one could choose from the wide array of sweetmeats from
Bengal like rasagulla, sandesh, rasamalai and gulab-jamuns.
South Indian food is largely non-greasy, roasted and steamed. Rice is the staple
diet and forms the basis of every meal. It is usually served with sambhar, rasam, dry and
curried vegetables and a curd preparation called pachadi. Coconut is an important
ingredient in all South Indian food. The South Indian dosa, idli and vada, which is made
of fermented rice and dal, are now popular throughout the country. The popular dishes
from Kerala are appams and thick stews. Desserts from the south include the Mysore pak
and the creamy payasum. Also available are the snacks on the roadside like bhel puri and
paapri chaat. Vegetarians will feel like theyve come home, especially in the south.
Indians love their sweets.. Theres also a huge variety in drinks. Besides chai (tea) and
coffee, sweetened/salty churned yoghurt called lassi, the neemboo-pani or lemon-water,
fruit and aerated drinks are readily available in India. IMFL expands into Indian made
Foreign Liquor and spans the entire range from beer to whiskey. Some examples of local
brews are chaang in Arunachal, today in the South and Goas famous feni.

Festivals

19

The festive celebration of India is woven with the fibers of a galore of traditions,
culture, heritage and rituals storing each region's fragrance in it. The fairs and festivals of
India are nothing but the outburst of this multi-fragrant basket in different times at
different corners of the country. The Indian calendar is one long procession of festivals.
These are as varied in origin as they large in number. There are innumerable national,
regional, local, religious, seasonal and social festivities. This is not surprising considering
the fact that India is the land of gods, goddesses, saints, gurus, and prophets. Colour,
gaiety, enthusiasm, feasts, and a variety of prayers and rituals characterize festivals here.
some festivals such as Diwali, Raksha Bandhan, Dussehra, Eid, etc. are celebrated in all
parts of the country with same energy and exuberance.in India every month is signify
different festivals

Art and Handicrafts:-

In India, art is a like an energy booster. It is a mystical force, which gives shape to
the vision of the artist. It speak volumes of the quickness and expertness of
craftsmanship. For the artists these creations are not pulse less objects but full of life,
carrying their passion and exactness. You can experience the variety, vibrancy and
discreetness of traditional Indian art and crafts as there are a myriad number of things in
terms of gems of Indian stone work, metal work, jewelry, woodcrafts, leather work,
carpets, pottery, paintings, textile and furniture.
20

Indian Paintings can be broadly classified as the murals & miniatures. Murals are
huge works carried out on the walls of solid structures. Classic examples are the paintings
in Ajanta & Kailasantaha. More recently the opulent paintings of Raja Ravi Varma, the
paintings of M.F. Hussain, Jamini Roy and Ganesh Pyne among others rule the art scene.

Dance

Dance and music are an integral part of Indian life. The Natya Shastra, written by
Baratha between 2 B.C. and 2 A.D., is the source for all forms of Indian classical dance.
It is regarded as the fifth Veda. The legacy of dance in India is tremendous. On temple
walls, on an urban stage, in impromptu bursts by a mellow evening fire, men and women
twinkle their toes in expression of joy. The classical dances of India are numerous.
Characterized by stylized movements and elaborate costumes, these dances communicate
age-old tales of love, longing and rage. Kathakali of Kerala, Bharatnatyam of Tamil
Nadu, Kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh, Manipuri and Odissi from Orissa are the prominent
dance forms in this country that sways to an altogether novel beat. The robust bhangra of
Punjabi men, the graceful whirling of Rajasthani women, the gentle sway of northeastern
dancers, vigorous tribal dances, every corner has developed its own unique form.

Heritage
The glorious past of India has ensured that the present and subsequent generations
have plenty of historical and cultural heritage to be proud of. The fascinating monuments

21

and heritage sites in the country stand quietly today to retell their story of joy, sorrow,
courage and sacrifice before you. Each of the story is so enchanting and singular that you
will be left asking for more at the end of each narration. Indian history and heritage. At
the end of your trip, you will surely develop a huge respect for the Indian heritage while
craving for more such tour in the near future.
On the whole the Indians are a warm welcoming people. The guest is next only to
God and they are great hosts. But what exactly is it that gets two and a half million
people to pack their bags, book their tickets, and wing their way to India? Given that this
is the land of the Taj, granted too that tea, tobacco, tempestuous democracy and terrific
travel are a great combination but surely that's not reason enough.India has inspired more
than any one place's fair share of travel lore. And, perhaps that's what it is - the legends of
India - that's what inspires people from far and near to travel here, to sort out for
themselves what's true and what's just a whole lot of tourism pamphlet hype.

Pilgrimage

The multi hued country, India is probably the ultimate destination of all kinds of
pilgrims following any faith around the world. The great religions like Hinduism,
Buddhism, Jainism, Islam, Christianity and Sikhism are the integral part of Indian culture
and heritage whose values and faiths are mingled with the air, soil and the sky of India

22

A pilgrimage tour in the divine land of India will surely bring all the faces of Indian
devotions and you will be moved by seeing the unconditional faiths and beliefs of the
Indians for the God, who may have any name or identity. Your spirituality and devotion is
sure to attain a new height after a pilgrimage tour in India and who knows, you may
return home with an enlightenment which you have searched for all your life.

Chapter IV
TOURISM IN INDIA

23

TOURISM IN INDIA
The acceptance of 'going away' on holiday, commonly referred to as tourism, as a
part of our lifestyle in contemporary western society may lead us to believe that it has
always been a feature of people's lives. Yet the word 'tourist' is a fairly new addition to
the English language, the word 'tour-ist' (deliberately hyphenated), first appearing in the
early
Over the last 40 years, international arrivals worldwide rose dramatically from 70
million to 710 million. The tourism industry as a whole is currently estimated to earn
over US$ 3.5 trillion worldwide creating a job every 2.4 seconds with every one of those
direct jobs creating another 11 indirect ones. Spending on tourism amounts to 5%-10% of
total consumer spending in a year, worldwide.
India was one of the first countries to become a member of the World Tourism
Organization in 1951. The government of India also took note of the new phenomenon of
international tourism and appointed a committee in 1946 under the chairmanship of Sir
John Sargent, Secretary, and Department of Education. In pursuance of its
recommendation, the government set up a small tourist branch under ministry of transport
in 1949 and in 1951 established four field offices in Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and
Chennai. In 1955, the Estimates Committee recommended the starting up of a separate
Department of tourism, and this was done in 1957. A national apex body, the Tourism
Development council, was set up in 1958.in 1951, there were 17,000 tourists who visited
India; and in 1980, the number has gone up from 80 to150. In 1980, the share of India in
international tourism was 0.39 %.the average length of stay, which determines the
24

volume of tourism and foreign exchanged earned from it, is 25 days for India, one of the
highest in the world. It is estimated that in 1980 tourist spent between Rs. 5,500 and Rs.
6,000 million in foreign exchange in India. This was 0.79 percent of the estimated total
world revenues of US $ 95.3 billion at the 1980 exchange rate.
Indias share of the total market is a pittance at 0.15%. Nevertheless, tourism has
the distinction of being the third largest export industry after gems and jewellery and
readymade garments in India. The significance of tourism in terms of employment
generation is rising too. In 1996-97, direct employment in the sector was estimated at
about 7 to 9.1 million people, accounting for around 2.4% of the total labour force.
The subcontinent of India lies in south Asia, between Pakistan, china, and Nepal.
To the north it is bordered by the worlds highest mountain chain, where foothill valleys
cover the north most of the countries states. Further south, plateaus, tropical rain forests
and the sandy deserts are lined by palm-fringed beaches. Side by side with the countrys
staggering topographical variation is its cultural diversity, the result of the coexistence of
a number of religions as well as local traditions. Thus, the towering temples of south
India, easily identifiable by their ornately sculptured surface, are associated with a great
many crafts and performing arts of the region.
In the desert of kutch, Gujarat, on the other hand, a scattering of villages pit themselves
against the awesome forces of nature, resulting in Spartan lifestyles made vibrant by a
profusion of jewellery and ornamental embroidery. Used to adorn apparel and household
linen. In the extreme north is the high- altitude desert of ladakh. Local culture is visibly
shaped by the faith of Buddhism as well as by the harsh terrain. Yet another facet of
Indian culture is observed in the colourful tribal lifestyles of the North-eastern states of
Nagaland, Mizoram, Tripura, and Manipur with their folk culture.
In the central Indian states of Orissa and Madhya Pradesh, tribal village life has
resulted in a variety of artistically executed handicrafts. Indias mountains provide lazy
sunbathing as well as wind-surfing and snorkeling, and its jungles provide shooting
wildlife with a camera.

25

In creative arts, Indias sculpture, architecture and painting have had a rich
history. The cave architecture of Ajanta and cave wall painting of Ajanta and Ellora, the
temples of Khajuraho, the Mughal and Rajasthani paintings and the Taj Mahal are but a
few examples of Indias culture heritage. The history of accomplishments in dance,
drama and music is equally formidable and impressive. The classical dances still thrive in
India, especially in their major forms- Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Kathak and Manipuri.

Chapter V
ECO TOURISM

26

ECO TOURISM
5.1 An Introduction
Eco-tourism is derived from two words - 'Ecosystem' & 'Tourism'. Together it is
made Eco-tourism. To understand Eco-tourism we have to understand our Ecosystem
first.

Ecosystem
Ecosystem is the system in which we live - the system which include the earth,
the water, the sky and of course the living and the non-living objects in all these systems.
It is a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their nonliving

environment

interacting

as

functional

unit.

But, there is no such specific and particular spatial unit or scale to measure an Ecosystem.
Thus, the term "ecosystem" does not, necessarily, agree to the terms "biome" or
"ecological zone", but can refer to any functioning unit at any scale. It could, for
example, be a grain of soil, a pond, a forest, the sea, the river, a biom or the entire
biosphere.
And, tourism means - 'the practice of traveling for pleasure.' Thus, a tourism
which

contains

visit

to

an

Ecosystem

is

known

as

Eco-

tourism.

But, that is not all. Eco-tourism is not only travelling to such Ecosystems, but also
conserving them.
Basically

Eco-tourism

means

"Tourism involving travel to areas of natural or ecological interest, typically under

the guidance of a naturalist, for the purpose of observing wildlife and learning about the
environment and at the same time focus on wildlife and promotion of understanding and
27

conservation

of

the

environment."

This is a conscientious form of tourism and tourism development, which encourages

going back to natural products in every aspect of life and helps preserve nature. It is also
the key to sustainable ecological development.
The race for becoming the most advanced and most developed state in the world,
has led man to destruct the natural resource in our stock and our biosphere. Today, most
of the underground and above the ground resources are on the verge of finish, resulting in
abrupt climate, natural disaster and more. Now, man is facing two very extreme
dangerous conditions - 'Global Warming' & 'Greenhouse Effects', both of which will lead
to the total destruction of the Planet Earth. It is now high time, we should (the entire
Human Community) start our bit of job to save our Earth from complete destruction. It is
now every man's duty to do as much possible to save our Planet Earth.
Today, there are "Green Laws" of conservation, which are making people aware
of how man and the environment can live beneficially for more time to come and Ecotourism is one way to maximize the environmental and social benefits of tourism, not
forgetting the economic developments.
Everyone is a stakeholder in the process and we clearly need to avoid our past
shortcomings and negative impact. In India too the movement is gathering momentum
with more & more travel and travel related organizations are addressing the needs of the
eco-tourists and promoting eco-tourism in the country.

28

5.2. Meaning and Concept

The World Conservation Union (IUCN) and ecotourism society define ecotourism
as responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the
well-being of the local people. However for tourism to be called ecotourism, it should
be fully compatible with the conservation goals of the country, while at the same time
pose minimum threat to the continuation of local culture and society. Moreover, it should
contribute by means of income and education to the contribution of ecosystems (Brown
et al. 1997).
Ecotourism means ecological tourism, where ecological has both environmental
and social connotations. It is defined both as a concept-tourism movement and as a
tourism (specifically sustainable tourism) section. Born in its current form in the late
1980's, Ecotourism came of age in 2002, when the United Nations celebrated the
"International Year of Ecotourism". The International Ecotourism Society defines
ecotourism as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and
improves the well-being of local people".
Saving the environment around you and preserving the natural luxuries and forest
life, that's what eco-tourism is all about. Whether it's about a nature camp or organizing
trekking trips towards the unspoilt and inaccessible regions, one should always keep in
mind not to create any mishap or disturbance in the life cycle of nature.
Eco-tourism focuses on local cultures, wilderness adventures, volunteering, personal
growth and learning new ways to live on our vulnerable planet. It is typically defined as
travel to destinations where the flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary
attractions. Responsible Eco-tourism includes programs that minimize the adverse effects
of traditional tourism on the natural environment, and enhance the cultural integrity of

29

local people. Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors,

initiatives by hospitality providers to promote recycling, energy efficiency, water reuse,
and the creation of economic opportunities for local communities are an integral part of
Eco-tourism.
Historical, biological and cultural conservation, preservation, sustainable
development etc. are some of the fields closely related to Eco-Tourism. Many
professionals have been involved in formulating and developing eco-tourism policies.
They come from the fields of Geographic Information Systems, Wildlife Management,
Wildlife Photography, Marine Biology and Oceanography, National and State Park
Management, Environmental Sciences, Women in Development, Historians and
Archaeologists,

etc.

Ecotourism is considered the fastest growing market in the tourism industry, according to
the World Tourism Organization with an annual growth rate of 5% worldwide and
representing 6% of the world gross domestic product, 11.4% of all consumers spending.

What

to

do

in

ecotourism

Tour?

Carry back all non-degradable litter such as empty bottles, tins, plastic bags etc. These
must not litter the environment or be buried. They must be disposed in municipal
dustbins only.
Observe the sanctity of holy sites, temples and local cultures.
Cut noise pollution. Do not blare aloud radios, tape recorders or other electronic
entertainment equipment in nature resorts, sanctuaries and wildlife parks.
In case temporary toilets are set-up near campsites, after defecation, cover with mud or
sand. Make sure that the spot is at least 30 meters away from the water source.
Respect people's privacy while taking photographs. Ask for prior permission before

30

taking a photograph.

What

you

should

not

do

in

Eco

Tour:

Do not take away flora and fauna in the forms of cuttings, seeds or roots. It is illegal,
especially in the Himalayas. The environment is really delicate in this region and the biodiversity of the region has to be protected at all costs.
Do not use pollutants such as detergent, in streams or springs while washing and
bathing.
Do not use wood as fuel to cook food at the campsite.
Do not leave cigarettes butts or make open fires in the forests.
Do not consume aerated drinks, alcohol, drugs or any other intoxicant and throw bottles
in the wild.
Do not tempt the locals, especially children by offering them foodstuff or sweets.
Respect local traditions.
Polythene and plastics are non bio-degradable and unhealthy for the environment and
must not be used and littered.

31

Chapter VI
ECO TOURISM IN INDIA

32

ECO TOURISM IN INDIA

6.1 An Introduction.
Eco Tourism promotes the concept of conserving the environment around you and
preserving the natural resources and forest life. Eco Tourism in India takes you on a trip
to the virginal land close to the Mother Nature but always remember not to cause any
harm to the cycle of nature.
Eco Tourism in India is about taking a break from the fast city life and leading a
slow paced life in the midst of the greenery. Wake up to the alarm of the chirping birds,
eat healthy and hygienic organic meal, entertain yourself by watching the activities of the
animals and birds and take a joy ride on the elephant or camel back. Explore the nearby
village, learn about their customs and traditions, appreciate their art and craft and become
friend with them. This is how you spend your days while on eco tourism in India.
India offers lots of places unexplored yet safe for eco tourism. Venture into the
unexplored paths of the Himalayas, come close to the wild life at the national parks or
stay at the tree houses and enliven your adventure with eco tourism in India. Picturesque
surrounding, cool climate, calm scenario, healthy environment, pollution free locales and
fresh air will make you forget your deadlines and work pressures. You would desire to
live

here

till

eternity.

Unlike Africa, where great herds of beats romp across the Savannah giving photo
opportunities galore to tourists in Zebra-striped buses, wild animal watching in India
takes patience. At any, sanctuary, dress in sensible attires and keep quiet; the creatures are
33

easily spooked. Yet with almost 350 species of mammal, a couple of thousand types of
Bird and at least 30,000 kinds of insects, India provides an unmatched range and diversity
that

justifies

several

ecotourism

travel

trips.

Geographical diversity of India

India is a country of continental dimensions consisting of four distinct regions,
namely, the great mountain zone, plains of the Ganga and the Indus rivers, the desert
region and the southern peninsula.
Almost two-thirds of the Himalaya is in the mountain zone of India, including
large plateaus and valleys. The plains of the Ganga and the Indus are formed by basins of
three distinct river systems, the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. The desert region
consists of the great desert and the little desert.
The great desert extends from the Rann of Kachchh and runs through the
Rajasthan-Sind frontier. The little desert extends from the Luni River between Jaisalmer
and Jodhpur up to the northern wastes.
The peninsular plateau is flanked on one side by the Eastern Ghats and on the
other by the Western Ghats. Between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea there is a
narrow coastal strip, while between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal lies a
broader coastal area. India is thus endowed with every land form, mountains, plains,
deserts and sea coasts.

34

6.2 Ecotourism resources in India

The geographical diversity of India has also given it a wealth of eco-systems which
are being protected and preserved. They have also become the major resources for
ecotourism. One specific element is bio-sphere reserves. These are multi-purpose
areas protected in order to preserve the genetic diversity and integrity of plants,
animals and micro-organisms in representative eco-systems. There are seven such
reserves in India at present: Nilgiri; Nanda Devi; Nokrek; Great Nicobar; Gulf of
Mannar; Manas and Sunderbans.

A second element is mangroves, which are specialized forest eco-systems in tropical

and sub-tropical regions of the world bordering sheltered sea coasts and estuaries.
Major mangrove areas are: Northern Andaman and Nicobar; Sunderbans;
Bhitarkanika and Mahanadi Delta; Coringa, Godavari Delta and Krishna Estuary;
Pichavaram and Point Calimar; Goa; Gulf of Kutch; Coondapur; Achra/Ratnagiri; and
Vembanad.

The third element is coral and coral reefs. There are four coral areas identified in
India so far: Gulf of Mannar; Andaman and Nicobar Islands; Lakshadweep Islands;
and Gulf of Kutch.

The fourth element is the great and little deserts in the North-Western region of the
country. This is a distinct eco-system which has attracted the fascination of tourists.

35

The fifth element consists of mountain and forests, including great Himalayas and
other mountain ranges in the country. Along with their forests, rivers and snow, they
have also become great attractions for eco-tourists. The country has an area of about
752 million hectares designated as forests, and of which about 406 million hectares
are classified as reserve forests and 215 million hectares as protected forests.

India's sixth element is the flora and fauna which are very abundant. There are about
45,000 species of plants, including shrubs. The country also has a great variety of
fauna, numbering a little over 65,000 known species, including 1,228 species of birds,
428 species of reptiles, 372 species of mammals, 204 species of amphibians and
2,546 species of fishes.

In order to protect and preserve these genetic resources, India has created 75 national
parks and 421 wildlife sanctuaries in different parts of the country. Some have already
become popular with tourists, such as Kaziranga and Manas in Assam; Jim Corbett Park
in Uttar Pradesh; Bharatpur, Ranthambore and Sariska in Rajasthan; Kanha and
Bandhavgarh in Madhya Pradesh; Bandipur in Karnataka; and Simlipal in Orissa.

36

6.3 Ecotourism development in India

India has consistently included environmental and ecological safeguards in the
development of ecotourism in order to avoid gross commercialism. Opening ecological
areas for tourism is generally done after careful assessment of carrying capacity to ensure
that nature's bounty is not destroyed. India has also always tried to ensure that tourism
does not impinge on the culture and heritage.
In general, a sound and sensitive environmental approach is adapted to tourism
development planning and is integrated with other activities to ensure the following:
a) Levels of development are to be compatible with the general capacity of the physical
environment and resources.
b) Sufficient facilities and services need to be provided to serve tourists and the local
population.
c) Hotel rooms must be distributed in such a manner that the natural characteristics and
qualities of the area are enhanced.
d) The three dimensional manifestation of tourism development should be designed
carefully and with a sensitivity that merges with the surroundings and enhances the
natural beauty.

37

e) Architectural heritage sites and other areas of historic value are to be adequately
protected.

In the initial years of ecotourism development, greater emphasis was given to the
development of tourism in the Himalayas and the deserts. One of the earliest projects was
the Gulmarg Winter Sports Resort. However, the focus has been on the provision of basic
minimum facilities for visits by eco-friendly tourists to the hills, national parks and
wildlife sanctuaries. Forest lodges and viewing towers were provided in some of the
important sanctuaries along with transport facilities in the form of jeeps and elephants.
There are several interesting trek routes of varying difficulty in the Himalayas.
Facilities like camping sites, trekkers' huts, tents and trekking equipment are provided to
encourage the development of a few of these routes and promote trekking tourism.
Several bodies of water including lakes, back waters and seas constitute major
sources of tourist attractions. Facilities like houseboats, water sports equipment, glass
bottom boats, hovercraft, etc. are provided to benefit tourists.
Landscaping and upgrading the environment of parks, gardens and other natural areas has
been another stream of developmental activity associated with ecotourism. Creation of
public conveniences and road side amenities was also given considerable importance in
the development process.
Some recent initiatives in the development of ecotourism include the
establishment of a resort in 1988 with 70 beds at Bangaram Island in Lakshadeep with
private sector participation. The crystal clear sea water, abundant marine life and corals
provide an ideal setting for enjoying nature's beauty.

38

The Coconut Grove at Kumarakam and Spice Village at Thekady in Kerala are
some new additions to India's ecotourism resorts. These are private enterprises which
specialize in providing experiences with nature in full measure.
India has also been aware of the importance of preparing master plans for the
sustainable development of tourism. A study on the sustainable development of tourism at
Andaman and Nicobar Islands is now underway with the assistance of UNDP and WTO.
Similar studies are also being considered in other areas identified for resort development.

6.4 Ecotourism promotion in India

The key players in the ecotourism business are governments at levels, the local
authorities, the developers and the operators, the visitors, and the local community. Each
one of them has to be sensitive to the environment and local traditions and follow a set of
guidelines for the successful development of ecotourism. In addition, non-governmental
organizations and scientific and research institutions also have to play a key role in the
development of ecotourism.
A management plan for each ecotourism area should be prepared by professional
landscape architects and urban planners, in consultation with the local community as well
as others directly concerned. Integrated planning should be adopted to avoid intersectoral and cross-sectoral conflict. A first step should be to prepare 20-year Master Plans
for each state.
The architectural program for ecotourism centers should include controlled access
points, roads, self-guided nature trails, transportation options, interpretation centers,
signs, observation towers and adequate but unpretentious lodging and dining facilities,
docks, garbage disposal facilities and other utilities as needed. If required, suitable living
quarters and facilities for project personnel should be provided.

39

6.5. Role and Responsibilities

Government Responsibilities for Ecotourism
1. Regulate structures that create visual pollution, unaesthetic views and are noncompatible architecture; and encourage use of local building material and structures
befitting the local environment.
2. Exclude developments in geologically unstable zones and define development and
buffer zones after proper environmental impact assessments.
3. Establish and enforce standards, building codes and other regulations.
4. Specify environmental, physical and social carrying capacities to limit development.
5. Ensure continuous monitoring of adverse effects of tourism activities and initiate
suitable corrective measures.
6. Recognize and award quality by accreditation of ecotourism operators.

40

7. Provide visitor information and interpretation services covering particularly

see;

(i) What to

(ii) how to see it; and (iii) how to behave. This can be by way of brochures, leaflets,

specialized guides, visitor information centers and such.

8. Prepare and distribute codes of conduct to all visitors.
9. Launch training programs on ecotourism for tourism administrators, planners,
operators and the general public.

The roles and responsibilities of tourism developers and operators are fundamental to the
achievement of ecotourism and the long-term success of the businesses.
Role and responsibility of tourism developers and operators
1. Respect and follow the planning restrictions, standards and codes provided by the
government and local authorities.
2. Implement sound environment principles through self-regulation.
3. Undertake environmental impact assessment for all new projects and conduct regular
environment audits for all ongoing activities, leading to development of environmental
improvement programs.
4. Be aware of, and sensitive to, protected or threatened areas, species and scenic
amenity; undertake landscape enhancement wherever possible.
5. Ensure that all structures are unobtrusive and do not interfere with the natural
ecosystem to the extent possible.

41

6. Recognize the optimal environmental capacity and sociological use-limits of the site in
creating tourist facilities; also take into account the safety and convenience of tourists.
7. Design buildings strictly on functional and environmental considerations and avoid
over-construction.
8.Employ eco-friendly physical planning, architectural design and construction of tourist
facilities, for example use solar energy, capture and utilize rainwater, recycle garbage, use
natural cross-ventilation instead of air conditioning, ensure a high level of selfsufficiency in food through orchards, ecological farms, aquaculture and such.
9. Use local material and designs to the extent possible in construction.
10. Employ energy and water-saving practices to the extent possible; freshwater
management and controlled sewage disposal should also be practiced.
11. Control air emissions, chemical pollutants and noise.
12. Control and reduce environmentally unfriendly products such as asbestos, CFCs,
pesticides and toxic, corrosive, infectious, explosive or flammable material.
13. Respect and support historic or religious objects and sites.
14. Provide information and interpretive services to visitors especially on attractions and
facilities, safety and security, local customs and traditions, prohibitions and regulations
and expected behavior.
15. Ensure adequate opportunities for visitors to commune with nature and native
cultures.

42

16. Provide correct information in marketing ecotourism products, as visitors who

appreciate ecotourism products usually belong to environmentally- aware groups.
17. Include training and research programs on environmental issues for company staff.
18. Prepare tourists before their visit to minimize possible negative impacts while visiting
sensitive environments and cultures.
19. Ensure safety and security of visitors and inform them of precautions to be taken.
20. Exercise due regard for the interest of the local population, including its history,
tradition and culture and future economic development.
Just as the government authorities and the tourism operators play fundamental roles in the
success of ecotourism, so does the tourist.
The Responsibilities of Ecotourists
1. Help conserve habitats of flora and fauna as well as any site, natural feature or culture,
which may be affected by tourism.
2. Make no open fires and discourage others from doing so. If water has to be heated with
scarce firewood, use as little as possible. Where feasible, use kerosene or fuel-efficient
wood stoves.
3. Remove litter, burn or bury paper and carry back all non-degradable litter.
4. Keep local water clean and avoid using pollutants such as detergents in streams or
springs. If no toilet facilities are available, relieve yourself at least 30 meters away from
water sources and bury or cover the waste.

43

5. Leave plants to flourish in their natural environment and avoid taking away cuttings,
seeds and roots.
6. Leave campsites clean after use.
7. Help guides and porters to follow conservation measures. Do not allow cooks/porters
to throw garbage in streams or rivers.
8. Respect the natural and cultural heritage of the area and follow local customs.
9. Respect local etiquette and do not wear tight-fitting clothes. Remember that kissing in
public is disapproved of in India.
10. Respect privacy of individuals and ask permission to take photographs of local
inhabitants.
11. Respect holy places; do not touch or remove religious objects.
12. Strictly follow the guidelines for personal safety and security and always take your
own precautions and safety measures.
Finally there is a role for others, such as scientific and research institutions and nongovernment organizations, in promoting ecotourism. The things they can do include:
(i) create awareness, among all concerned, about the importance of sound eco-practices in
tourism development;
(ii) Motivate the local community to increase their involvement in sustainable tourism
activities; and
(iii) Organize training programs to prepare the local people to take up various vocations
related to ecotourism.

44

6.6 Motivations for Involvement in Ecotourism

Hotel and travel companies in India function in a relatively free environment. The
country is slowly but surely moving towards a market economy where commercial
considerations dictate motivation for the private sector to take up various activities. Crass
commercial considerations have, however, to be controlled by the government on behalf
of the public. The environment has to be protected through awareness-generation,
legislation, policy and administrative action.
The traveling public is also becoming conscious of the need to protect the
environment, to some extent at least. As a result, many enterprises in the hospitality
sector have adopted environment-friendly practices like conserving energy and water and
recycling unutilized hotel outputs. These can be powerful marketing tools for hotel
groups. Furthermore, with the increase in cost of vital inputs like energy, water etc.;
companies are motivated to conserve limited resources by adopting practices which
reduce levels of consumption. Many hotel companies advise their clients to be careful in
the use of lights, water and other hotel services.

45

Civil society has also begun to exercise control over the environment. Many nongovernment organizations have been generating awareness about environmentally
destructive practices. Individuals have taken recourse to public interest litigation to stop
environmentally destructive practices. The Indian judicial system has been very liberal in
restraining environmentally hazardous activities. At times, political parties also stop
environmentally harmful practices by agitation and raising issues in democratic forums
such as state legislatures. The print and electronic media have been very active in India in
investigating environmentally injurious activities by highlighting such issues and creating
public opinion for environmentally compatible practices.

The Government of India has a Ministry of Environment and Forests with a

mandate to oversee use of the environment in order to conserve it. The Government has
also set up institutions like the Central and State Pollution Control Board to deal with the
defaulters.
The state governments also have Departments of Environment and Pollution
Control. The Ministry of Tourism has issued ecotourism guidelines for adoption by all
concerned organizations. Some tourism bodies and associations like all concerned
organizations. Some tourism bodies and associations like the Pacific Travel Association
has introduced an ecotourism pledge which requires their members to adopt environmentfriendly practices.

46

6.7 Approaches to Ecotourism in India

Environmental conservation, which is the philosophy behind ecotourism, is
deeply set in the minds of the common Indian. As per the Hindu religious scriptures, one
is expected to follow certain rules, or Dharma, regarding sanctity to be maintained in
hills, sanctuaries, water bodies, villages and marketplaces.
With growing urbanization and industrialization, coupled with increased pressure
on natural resources due to the population explosion, and the state having the
responsibility to make available water and food grains and other essential commodities in
the markets. Environmental management is not only the responsibility of the state, but
also a duty of each and every citizen.
The Government of India has decided to involve citizens in environmental
management. As a part of this campaign, Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks where
people can cohabit with the other living things and learn about environmental
management are being established in all parts of India.
More and more Marine National Parks, Bird Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves
are contemplated, not only as a conservation measure but also to inculcate a sense of

47

compassion for flora and fauna. Floating accommodation in the form of house boats
prevalent in Dal Lake, Kashmir and the back waters of Aleppy, Kerala are famous
throughout the world. This type of accommodation brings tourists close to nature. This
kind of informal education will go a long way in promoting ecotourism in India, a
country where financial and other resources are limited.
Major sections of the society (urban, rural, students, employees, workers,
employers) are encouraged to undertake tours in different parts of India. The government,
academic institutions and private sector provide funds or concessions for this purpose,
with the objective of better binding the countrys multiethnic, multi linguistic, and
multicultural people together, while helping them understands their country better and
appreciate each others problems.

Chapter VII
ECOTOURISM POLICY OF MADHYA PRADESH

48

ECOTOURISM POLICY OF MADHYA PRADESH:

7.1 INTRODUCTION

Madhya Pradesh is endowed with a very rich spectrum of scenic and relatively
undisturbed landscapes, forests, wildlife and cultural diversity. The State has the largest
forest area (94,669 sq km) in the country of which more than 10,000 sq km is under
Protected Areas and the largest tiger population housed in five world famous tiger
reserves. It is also home to several endangered species including the Gangetic Dolphin,
the Ghariyal, the Great Indian Bustard and the Kharmor amongst others. More than 80
per cent of tourism in Madhya Pradesh is centered on nature and wildlife. The State has
long been a premier wildlife destination especially for Tiger viewing. Excessive and
exclusive focus on tigers and tiger reserves however has the potential to lead to problems
including resource degradation, neglect of other areas, erosion of the local culture and
other management problems associated with excessive centralization. Besides, a majority
of tourists are deprived of experiencing other lesser known but equally rich facets of the
States natural heritage, which could also lead to stagnation in the growth of tourist
inflow to the State.
49

Ecotourism also has potential to play an important role in creating environmental

as well as cultural awareness amongst all the stakeholders local communities, tourists,
government and the private sector.
With this background, the Government of Madhya Pradesh has resolved to make
the promotion of ecotourism in the State a priority area. The focus shall be on
conservation of natural resources through awareness building, diversification of tourism
activities and destinations, and local community participation. This Policy is aimed at
informing and sensitizing the general public and related Government Departments
towards ecotourism and laying down the framework for its growth in the State in an
environmentally, socially and economically sustainable manner.

7.2 OBJECTIVES
The State shall endeavor to promote regulated and meaningful public access to forests,
peripheral areas and other natural landscapes of the State, through:
a)

Development of permissible and ecologically sound ecotourism infrastructure;

b)

Identification and promotion of lesser known areas having ecotourism potential in

addition to popular destinations;

c)

Diversification of the range of tourism activities available at destinations;

d)

Development and enforcement of standards and norms for ecotourism activities;

e)

Securing involvement of the local communities living in and dependent on

peripheral and other areas for their livelihood;

f)

Awareness building amongst general public; local communities and government

staff;

50

g)

Securing regulated private sector participation for the development of

infrastructure and services;

With the ultimate objectives of:

Conserving the natural resource base of the State;

Promoting the State as a prominent ecotourism hub;

Securing economic benefits for the local communities without adversely affecting
their cultural ethos.

7.3 PRINCIPLES
The development, management and promotion of ecotourism in the State shall be
governed by the following guiding principles:
a. All ecotourism activities are to be in strict conformance with the provisions of the
existing environmental law of the country, especially the Wildlife (Protection) Act, the
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and the various directives and guidelines issued by the
Government from time to time.
b. Rules and guidelines regarding technical procedures, stakeholder participation and
impact mitigation to be developed and strictly adhered to.
c.

Adherence to international standards in terms of quality and safety in developing and

operating ecotourism facilities and activities to be given highest priority.

d. Priority is to be given to developing sites near existing and known tourist
destinations.
51

e.

Striking a balance between financial viability and affordability of the ecotourism

facilities.
f.

Creation of environmental awareness amongst all sections and age groups, especially

the youth, to be incorporated as a major activity for each ecotourism destination.

g. Only activities and facilities having least impact on the natural resources and the local
culture to be permitted.
h. Preference to the quality of experience rather than the number of visitors, without
compromising on financial viability as far as possible.
i.

Wherever resources harnessed for ecotourism are traditionally in use by the local

community, activities and facilities shall be developed in consultation with them and
mechanisms to ensure flow of benefits to the community shall be identified and
implemented.
j.

Adoption of a single window system for delivery of ecotourism services.

k. Marketing strategies to be based on sound market research and segmentation analysis,

making wide use of electronic, print and cyber media for marketing Madhya Pradesh as a
multi-faceted ecotourism destination.
l.

Installation of technologically efficient systems and clean development mechanisms

to be mandatory for operation of any ecotourism facility.

m. Multi stakeholder partnership in developing and operating facilities and activities to
be encouraged. Development and operations to be undertaken either solely by the
government agency concerned or in partnership with the local community and private
enterprises, depending upon the specific requirements and the category under which the
destination area falls.
n. Technical co-operation with national and international agencies having expertise in
ecotourism to be encouraged, without compromising on local interests.

52

o. Mechanisms to facilitate coordination between concerned Government Departments,

especially the Forest and the Tourism Departments - to be developed and implemented.

7.4 MADHYA PRADESH ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT BOARD

The State Government through its Forest Department constituted the MPEDB in
July 2005 to act as the nodal agency for development and promotion of ecotourism
in the State. It shall be the Boards mandate to ensure the attainment of the
objectives and adherence to the guiding principles set forth in this policy. For this,
the Board shall develop the necessary systems, standards and institutions. The
Board shall be equipped with required technical and financial resources to
implement this Policy. It shall liaise with local, national and international
stakeholders for planning, developing and implementing projects compatible with
this Policy.
The Board shall also be empowered to oversee and approve specific ecotourism
projects, activities and site management plans that are in conformance with this policy
and other statutory requirements.
More specifically, the functions of the Board shall be:
a) Identifying and prioritizing ecotourism destinations throughout the State based on
parameters to be defined.
53

b) Overseeing the process of infrastructure and facilities development at the destinations

identified
c)

Creating and maintaining a conducive policy environment

d)

Developing and enforcing standards and norms to regulate operations

e)

Encouraging public-people-private partnerships

f)

Generating synergy among the Forest Department, Tourism Department and other

stakeholders.
g)

Liaison with statutory authorities to obtain requisite clearances for projects

expeditiously.
7.5 ECOTOURISM ACTIVITIES AND FACILITIES
Ecotourism activities to be identified and developed at any destination shall be
site-specific i.e. dependent upon the potential of the particular site being developed.
Following are the activities and facilities that may be undertaken for promoting an area as
an ecotourism destination within the State.
a. Nature Camps
Camping sites may be identified and provided with basic facilities to enable the
tourists to stay in natural surroundings either solely to experience the wilderness or
additionally for participating in other activities requiring overnight stay in forests.
b. Eco-friendly Accommodation
Adequate facilities for boarding and lodging of tourists may be developed. The
infrastructure must be eco-friendly and strictly in accordance with guidelines laid down
in this regard. Suitable existing buildings, located in picturesque locations, may also be
developed for tourist accommodation. Where feasible, local community members may

54

also be encouraged to provide lodging and boarding facilities to the tourists, subject to
prescribed quality standards.
c. Trekking and Nature Walks
Trekking routes of varying distances and guided nature trails through designated
paths may be identified and developed in scenic landscapes rich in biodiversity, causing
minimum disturbance to the natural vegetation and soil. Staff and local persons,
especially youth may be appropriately trained to act as Nature Guides and Naturalists so
as to assist visitors during wildlife viewing and trekking.

d. Wildlife Viewing and River Cruise

Wildlife viewing in eco-friendly vehicles or on elephant backs may be promoted
at appropriate sites for observing wildlife. Sites having suitable water-bodies may be
developed for providing river cruise facilities in non-polluting boats.
e. Adventure Sports
Facilities for adventure sports such as rock climbing, rappelling and parasailing
along with water sports such as river rafting, boating and canoeing may be developed in
consultation and cooperation with experts and the concerned department or agency
having control over the water bodies.
f. Angling
Angling facilities for Mahaseer and other suitable fish species, strictly on a catch
and release basis, may be developed on suitable rivers/ water bodies flowing through or
along the forest areas in consultation with the concerned Department. Angling guidelines
to be formulated by the MPEDB shall be strictly followed in this regard. If necessary,

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water bodies may be artificially stocked by rearing and releasing fish seed into the rivers
that have been depleted of the target species over time.
g. Herbal Ecotourism
Herbal ecotourism may be made the thrust area at suitable locations having a rich
herbal heritage. Traditional medicinal practices of such locations may be explored and
based on these; authentic herbal inputs having appropriate certifications and recognition
may be made available to the tourists. These activities may be promoted in collaboration
with Madhya Pradesh Minor Forest Produce Federation.

j.

Urban Ecotourism through Eco-Parks

In order to promote urban ecotourism, eco-parks may be developed in various urban

centers. Such Eco-parks may contain provisions for various ecotourism activities
including interpretation centers, trekking, nature walks, biking, bird watching, camping,
angling, herbal center, adventure sports etc. on a small scale depending upon the area
being developed. For this purpose, existing public parks in urban localities may also be
utilized.
h. Visitor Interpretation Centers
Existing interpretation facilities may be strengthened to make them more
comprehensive to accommodate the requirements of various classes of visitors envisaged.
Each destination must incorporate ways to enhance and enrich the visitor experience.
i. Conservation Education
Conservation education must be promoted in and around each destination for
creating awareness amongst school and college students, local communities, government

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staff and visitors in order to maintain and enhance support for ecotourism and
environmental conservation. Various means that may be adopted include media
campaigns, formation of eco-clubs at schools and colleges, exposure visits to
destinations, displays and hoardings, community centers etc. New and innovative
methods shall also be encouraged.
k. Other Facilities
Facilities for any other eco-friendly activities may also be provided based on
specific requirements of a site provided the activity is compatible with the overall
objectives of this policy and in conformance with the various standards and guidelines
laid down in this regard.

7.6 POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

The Government of Madhya Pradesh is committed to achieving the objectives of this
Policy in an effective and time-bound manner for which it shall enlist the support of all
stakeholders, thus focusing on the concept of "Public-People-Private-Partnerships". The
principles laid down in the policy shall be translated into comprehensive standards and
guidelines so as to facilitate its proper implementation. For this, existing services and
systems of the Madhya Pradesh Ecotourism Development Board of the Forest
Department shall be canalized.

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Chapter VIII
ECO TOURISM PROJECT

58

ECO TOURISM PROJECT

8.1 Ecotourism project in Kerala: Eco-Development Project in Periyar

Tiger Reserve
Introduction
The Ministry of Environment has undertaken to promote local community
participation in forest management, through the India - Eco Development programme
in seven states. In Kerala, the Thekkady Tiger Trail project was launched a couple of
years ago in the Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary. In the Periyar Tiger Trail project, the
members involved are the former inhabitants of the forest, who use to make a living by
illegal trading of forest goods. Their activity was thus detrimental to the conservation of
the forest. However, their intimate knowledge about the plants and animals, and their
survival instincts could be best used for participatory ecotourism activities. Besides the
Tiger Trail, other ecotourism products of the Periyar Tiger Reserve are: Bamboo Rafting,

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Day Trekking Programme, Tribal Heritage, Bamboo Grove, Jungle Inn and Wild
adventures.
Ecotourism in Kerala
The state of Kerala, forming part of the Western Ghats, contains a protected area
of 2,324 sq.km in two National Parks and 12 Wildlife Sanctuaries. The Western Ghats of
Kerala, with its tropical forest ecosystem, provides a natural advantage for development
of Ecotourism. The Western Ghats regions of Kerala can be projected as an Ecotourism
Zone in the true sense. It has now become necessary to evolve appropriate location
specific strategies for sanctuaries in Kerala, in the sphere of ecotourism development.
Proper ecotourism product development, its marketing, environmental impact
assessment, monitoring etc. are to be done in a systematic way.
The Tourism Department of Government of Kerala has taken steps to give
focused attention to ecotourism in the State. A separate ecotourism wing has been created
to give policy support for the development of the ecotourism destinations in the State.
Thenmala ecotourism project was established in and around Shenduruney
Wildlife Sanctuary with the co-operation of departments such as Forest, Irrigation and
Tourism. It is considered to be the first planned ecotourism destination in India.
Thekkady is another ecotourism destination, which offers the visitor an unforgettable
experience. Except Thekkady, all other sanctuaries in Kerala are practically unknown to
tourists. What is needed is a more focused strategy which is supply-driven and small
group - oriented. Ecotourism activities, in an ecologically sensitive area need close
monitoring. Tourism in these natural areas should be ecologically sustainable. There
should be provision for the visitor to be educated about the environment. The economic
benefit of such an activity should accrue to the local population to ensure sustainability.
Ecotourism projects the concept of sustainability in tourism, that is, the needs of today's
visitor should not be met at the expense of future generations.
Ecotourism in Periyar Tiger Reserve

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In 1899, the core area of what today is the Periyar Sanctuary was declared a
reserved forest in order to protect the catchment area of the Periyar River. This river had
been dammed in 1895, resulting in several small lakes and a reservoir. In 1934 the area,
including the reservoir, was declared a Sanctuary. The total area of the present Sanctuary
is 777 square kilometers and it is located in the southernmost part of Western Ghats. 70%
of it includes tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. What make Thekkady a
unique destination on the tourism map are its climate, landscape and
possibility of watching wildlife closely on the lakeshore while taking a
boat cruise. The prime attraction of tourists visiting Thekkady is a boat
cruise in the Periyar Lake. This lake is artificially formed, due to the
submergence of low-lying forest areas, following the construction of the
Mullapperiyar Dam in 1895. It offers a variety of opportunities to cater
to the needs of various classes of tourists.
An experiment in forest management called India Eco-development Project at
Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary in Thekkady developed an ecotourism component, the
Thekkady Tiger Trail late in 1998. The concept and implementation of the India Ecodevelopment Project made the managers of Periyar Tiger Reserve think seriously in
order to identify sustainable tourism activities that ensure local participation in its fullest
sense.
The Project at Periyar has two basic objectives:

To manage protected areas and to get local people involved in it.

To implement the project initially, local communities living off the forest were
organized into eco-development committees (EDCs).
Two basic objectives for the EDCs were to reduce the negative impact of local

people on the Sanctuary and to involve encroachers in conservation, instead of

exploitation. This was done by addressing the economic needs of those living in and
around the park (about 250,000 people) by finding viable and innovative livelihood
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alternatives for them. The project has so far benefited about 40,000 people of 5,540
families.
Ex-Vayana Bark collectors, who were involved in the illegal de-barking of
Cinnamon trees (Vayana) as well as in Sandalwood smuggling and poaching formed an
eco-development committee (EDC) in 1998. 23 smugglers came forward to begin life
anew. They pledged to protect the very forests that they had plundered in the past and in
return, the Forest Department withdrew all the cases against them. The Tribal Trekkers
Eco- Development Committee (a group of 20 tribal youths), and the Periyar Tiger
Samrakshan (PETS) (a group of 70 members who were earlier employed by the Forest
Department as watchers), have an involvement in the tourism. They provide services like
day treks through the forest, arranging nature camps, horse riding and special
programmes for the tourists. The members of all the committees help the Forest There is
also clear evidence for a significant increase in the number of animals in the sanctuary.
Periyar Tiger Trail
It is an adventurous trekking and camping programme in dense forest. It is offered
in two packages, one- night and two-night stays, depending upon the preference and
wallet of guests. Trekking in the Thekkady Tiger Trail is in reality participation in forest
patrols within Periyar Sanctuary and National Park. Trekking with tourists during peak
season is normally limited to two occasions a week. Each trekking is unique in the sense
that different paths are chosen randomly. The physical condition of the trekking tourist
determines to some degree the difficulty of the path chosen. As the terrain is undulating,
every trekking program demands that each participant is in good physical condition.
From the beginning, the trekking follows an easy footpath, but then the team enters
terrain and vegetation of varying difficulty to penetrate, in an untouched landscape
without tracks. There are no facilities within the Sanctuary, so everything needed has to
be carried along. Under the scheme, a maximum number of five tourists will be
accompanied by five guides and one armed forest guard. The guides are very
knowledgeable on every nook and cranny of Thekkady forest, and on wildlife behavior.
During the night, the guests are put up in temporary erected tents right in the interior.

62

Guests feel at the lap of Mother Nature and can have a close-up view of wildlife and
observe their behavior. Considering the vulnerability of biodiversity the number of slots
has been limited.
Although much publicity has been given to the project recently and its popularity
is increasing, the number of trekking is limited to not more than a couple of tours per
week. This is typical of ecotourism. An ecotourism project is never meant to be
expanding with increasing popularity - then it ceases to be a true ecotourism project,
which entails a minimum of damage and disturbance of the environment. One very
important result of the project so far, is that the former poachers have been converted to
devoted trackers with a genuine interest in conserving the Sanctuary. Some trackers have
reported that the number of wild animals is already increasing. One national award for
ecotourism was given to this project by The Ministry of Tourism for excellence in
environmental concern in January 2000. A state award (Kerala) was also given recently
for innovation in tourism.
Other Ecotourism products of Periyar Tiger Reserve
Bamboo Rafting:
Ex-Vayana Bark collectors initiated a Bamboo Rafting program for tourists in
November 2002. A full day nature trail package is offered to nature lovers to enjoy the
panoramic beauty of Periyar Lake and undulating surroundings. A maximum of ten
tourists can be accommodated in one slot. They will be accompanied by five guides and
one armed guard. Only one slot will be allotted per day. Under this package the guests
can enjoy two-hour long trekking, one and half hours long rafting upwards, and then after
lunch break the party returns in the same manner. During the trail the party can have a
feeling of pristine forest, see even large mammals, birds and indigenous people fishing in
the lake. The guests will be helped to identify flora and fauna.
Day Trekking Programme:

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Trekking programme, conducted by EDC, an Eco-development Committee

(involving Tribal trekkers cum Guides), formed by 20 selected youths from the nearby
tribal hamlets, and offers a possibility to know the richness of an ideal tropical evergreen
forest within a short span of time. The trekking duration is 3 hours. Five guests will be
accommodated in one slot and they will be accompanied by one tribal
youth. Born and brought up right in the lap of forests, the guides are
well familiar with the forest life. The guest will be taken through
selected nature trails. The programme is also ideal for bird enthusiasts
as it starts early morning.
Jungle Inn:
A well furnished hut-like building right inside the forest, near by
a vast expanse of wetland, is open to the tourists for night-stay. Two
tourists will be accommodated and one guide will accompany them.
During the stay in the inn they can have a close watch of the
movement of wildlife and if it is a full moon day their experience in the
jungle will be unforgettable. The guests will complete short duration
trekking to and from their destination. The accompanying guide will
serve light food during the stay in the inn.
Learning Program in Bamboo Grove:
Typical tribal like huts and tents erected right in a vast bamboo grove are offered
to serious nature lovers for their experiential learning programme. In addition to the huts
and tents, a seminar hall also exists for conducting sensitization programs. These
programs include interactive lectures by topic specific faculties/ professionals, simple
food, accommodation in the tent etc.
Tribal Heritage:
Under this programme tribal life and culture of 50 years ago has been recreated in
an exhibition centre right in the tribal hamlet. It is a 2-hour program and includes an
exhibition and interpretation of the heritage and a nature trail in the hamlet.

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The guest can get acquainted with their traditional life, such as medicinal herbs, weapons,
musical instrument, household articles etc.
Wild Adventures:
This programme involves a close interaction with the nature in the midst of a
typical evergreen forest in Gavi, about 40 Kms. from Thekkady. The full programme is
conducted by the eco-development committees of Meenar, Gavi and Kochupanpa. The
package includes vehicle safari from Thekkady to Gavi and trekking in the forest. Animal
sighting is common and abundant. Night-stay is also facilitated for a limited number of
tourists. Rowing, bird watching, outdoor camping in the forest, tree-top stay and night
safari are also arranged on request.

Review of Eco-development Project

The Eco-development project in the Periyar Tiger Reserve can be reviewed on the
basis of ecotourism principles like nature-based, ecological sustainability, scope of
education and interpretation, benefits to local people etc.
Nature- based:
All the activities in the eco-development project are nature based. Programs like
the Tiger Trail, Bamboo Rafting and Day Trekking are carried out in the interior parts of
the Sanctuary. Each trekking in the Tiger Trail is unique in the sense that different paths
are chosen randomly. At the beginning, the trekking follows an easy footpath, but
then the team enters shifting terrain and vegetation of varying

65

difficulty, to penetrate an untouched landscape without tracks. There

are no facilities within the Sanctuary. So everything needed, has to be
carried along.
Ecologically Sustainable:
The ecotourists are expected to accept the environment as it is, without trying to
change it. This is also the case for less attractive portions of the Sanctuary. The only
facilities are a few bamboo rafts used to cross lakes and ponds with. No foot-bridges or
other installations to facilitate trekking are planned to be laid out. It is a rule here that
those who might enter the same trail, should, in principle, not see that others have been
there before, even if it has been a campsite.
Education and Interpretation:
Education is also an important factor of the project - a crash course for the
ecotourist, and a permanent conservation education for the trackers. Tiger Trail provides a
first-hand encounter with the natural environment. As the trekking in fact is a trail that is
randomly chosen each time, the Thekkady Tiger Trail programme definitely provides a
first-hand encounter with the natural environment for the ecotourist. The small group of
ecotourists, who have booked for this trail, gather on the evening before the start for a
briefing about what they can expect, what they should consider, and dos & donts, by a
professional environmentalist. This briefing with a slideshow is a short but good lesson in
environmental ethics and "preferred" behaviour, as well as providing information about
the Sanctuary. Opportunity for learning is also available at the Tribal heritage center, the
bamboo grove, the visitor center and at the Rajiv Gandhi center for Nature Education and
Research.
Benefits to local people:
In the communities bordering the Periyar Sanctuary, EDCs (Ecodevelopment
Committees) were implemented as part of the program. Also, some well known poachers
and exploiters of the Sanctuary were reformed and became members of these committees
when they were attached to the project. The project has also laid the foundation for a

66

welfare fund for the 22 trackers with families, and other improvements remain to be
made. One very important result of the project so far, is that the former poachers have
been converted to devoted trackers with a genuine interest in conserving the Sanctuary. A
major part of the earnings from the bamboo-rafting program goes to the community
development fund from which the members earn a monthly wage of
Rupees 3,500. The earnings from various activities and services also go
into a community development fund.
Conclusion
The success of the Eco-development project in the Periyar Tiger Reserve reflects the
concern for achieving a balance between conservation of the sanctuary and livelihood of
people living in and around it. The involvement of local communities in Ecotourism
activities is a step in the right direction. It provides for alternative sources of income to
local communities, which live in and around protected areas, thus decreasing their
dependence on forest resources and increasing their commitment to keeping the forests
intact. For the vast protected area network in India, the lessons from the Periyar
experience is important, as it legitimately shows the need for communities and
conservation to go hand in hand.

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Chapter VIII
ECO HOTELS

ECO HOTELS
Our environment is the most precious asset that will be passed on to the next
generation. Protecting the environment is the task of all the individuals, governments and
enterprises. The future of the World is in the protection of the environment, therefore the
future of the hotels is in eco-hotels. Hotels use large amounts of water, energy, chemicals,
supplies and disposable items. They also generate lots of waste in form of wastewater and
solid waste. The prevention of polluting the environment with this waste is of great

68

importance not only to stakeholders and the employees of the hotel, but also tourists who
are becoming more concerned for the preservation of the environment.
Eco-hotel or environmental suitable hotel has to follow the basic principles of
good housekeeping - based on maximizing benefits and minimizing costs. Those
principles are at the same time the main principles of the ecology as a scientific approach
and as a global movement aimed at preserving environment and implementing
sustainable development concept. Sustainable development is very important concept in
hospitality industry because it meets the needs of present tourists and host regions and at
the same time protects and enhance the opportunity for the future. Hotels have positive or
negative impact on their local area and host communities. Accordingly, eco-hotels act in
the way that they keep the environment clean and improve their quality, rise up the level
of satisfaction of more sophisticated and ecologically more conscious guests and reduce
costs, which, all together helps promoting the concept of tourism sustainable
development.
Environmental costs are impacts that occur in society, enterprise, or individual.
They result from activities that affect quality of the environment, and can be expressed in
monetary and non-monetary items. They have to be fully integrated into company's
business decisions on long term basis, and only the enterprises that properly account for
the true environmental costs of their businesses will be in a better position to meet
competitive challenges in the future.

9.1 Orchid An Eco-hotel

An Introduction

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Kamats - where hospitality is a tradition and a name that spells hospitality is

India's most successful and best-known hotel & restaurant chain.
The Group - Kamats had a humble and modest beginning. A clear vision along
with determination and hard work, have gone a long way in helping the Group achieve
successful results and has laid the foundation of the most successful Restaurant Chain in
India, which of course had gained a strong foothold in the hospitality Industry. The brand
equity "Kamats" has also gone up substantially over the years. At present, the name is
synonymous with value for money. It believes in the philosophy of best quality food and
service at the most affordable prices.
Chairman, Late Mr. Venkatesh Krishna Kamat who laid the foundation of what
was to later become one of India's largest and most successful restaurant chain started its
business with a small restaurant at Mazgaon, Mumbai which was soon followed by
Krishna Bhawan in Mumbai's busy Null Bazaar.
Later, his vision and foresight was in search of a new pasture and thus 'Satkar'
restaurant, a well known city landmark and popular meeting place came into existence.
The Satkar restaurant flourished continuously for two decades and became the flagship of
the Kamat Empire and the rendezvous for people from all walks of life. The group then
acquired two more restaurants to its Empire --The 'Samrat' and 'Suvidha'.

Within a span of five years (1972-1976), a total of six establishments including a

partnership in the well known Asiatic Department Store at Churchgate, catering to the
distinctly, different needs of general office-goers and of up-market managerial executives
was created.
Success in such a big way and enterprising spirit led to birth of yet another hotelKamat Plaza close to Santacruz Domestic Airport. Recognizing the need for a club to
cater to the suburban middle class, businessman and traveling executives. In September

70

1995, the Management of Kamats Plaza decided to upgrade and reopen the property as a
Five Star Hotel. Accordingly 'THE ORCHID', which is Asia's first Eco-Friendly Five Star
Hotel, was opened.
The Flagship of the Company - KAMAT HOTELS (INDIA) LIMITED is a Public
Listed Company and the group flagship hotel of the company viz., THE KAMAT
PLAZA, a four star hotel near the Santacruz Airport was taken by the Company KAMAT HOTELS (INDIA) LIMITED pursuant to the Management Contract with Plaza
Hotels Private Limited for a period of 30 years with effect from 1st April, 1994.
In the year 1994, the company achieved good results ; reasons being the rising
demand for suitable accommodation in the City of Mumbai due to economic
globalization and at the same time a boom in the real estate market with acute shortage of
hotel rooms in the city of Mumbai.
Hence, the then Management of the Kamat Plaza Hotel undertook to expand the
project immediately after its Public Issue during the year. . Under their able guidance and
after having done a detailed market study/ survey along with a feasibility report, decided
to upgrade the Project to a Five Star Property and hired the services of Mr. D. M. Upasni,
an Architect of repute and an International Designer - Lynn Wilson from USA, (who is
ranked among the top 10 in the world) to design the hotel interiors, keeping in mind the
needs of a Business Traveler along with his luxury and comforts, comparable to
international standards.
Marketing being an important aspect of the Hospitality Industry, positioning of
the property is an important aspect too. Unto them was born a brand, unknown so far in
the continent of Asia - a green hotel - environmentally sensitive - right from brick to
paper and taking care of every little guest need at the same time - In their efforts to
position this brand, it was proved that 87% of international travelers do patronize green
hotels. Thus awakened the need to tie up with an International Firm- HVS ECO
SERVICES of - HVS INTERNATIONAL, NEW YORK who were hired to undertake -

71

specific environmental programmes, designed to lower operating costs and increase

revenues and evaluate the hotel's environmental performance in various areas. Needless
to say - THE ORCHID, as it is aptly renamed, was awarded the prestigious 'ECOTEL'
Certification' by HVS ECO SERVICES, USA, which is the hall mark of environmentally
sensitive hotels. The Hotel thus becomes the first hotel in Asia to obtain the coveted
certification.
The Orchid has employed a high powered team of professionals from the Industry
and it opened its doors to Public on World Tourism Day - 27th September, 1997. It has
been well received both in the domestic and international market and enjoys a near 82.7%
occupancy in the year 2000-2001 having well appointed rooms and suites with luxurious
5 star facilities.

The Environment Measures by Orchid

1. Construction:

Architecture: Passive Energy Conservation Efforts in Design

The Plan Configuration: The building is designed with 72 rooms facing the atrium;
therefore these rooms are not directly exposed to the external elements thus reducing
the heat load.
72

Natural Lighting in the Atrium: This has been achieved by skylight as an architectural
element, detailed in a manner of doubly layered domes to reduce heat load and noise
levels yet admitting maximum natural light in the atrium space.

Roof Top: The swimming pool is located on the rooftop with 4 feet of water body,
which acts as an insulator from the heat. KoolDeck is applied around the swimming
pool deck to reduce the glare and the surface temperature so that one can walk
barefooted around the pool.

Civil Work: To start at the very beginning the cement that has gone into making The
Orchid an Eco friendly Hotel is absolutely environment friendly. This cement, PPC
(Portland Pozzalana Cement) contains 15-20% fly ash, as compared to OPC
(Ordinary Portland Cement).

Water Conservation: At The Orchid they believe in the three "R" theory of reduce,
reuse, and recycle. Water being one of the earth's most precious resources and vital to
life they have tried to put this theory in practice by taking special care to conserve this
resource by employing carefully planned techniques enlisted below, which reestablishes our belief in the above theory.

Sewage Treatment Plant: At the Orchid they even recycle our wastewater. With the
latest technology, wastewater is treated and then reused in areas like air conditioning
& gardening.

Drip Irrigation: With the help of drip irrigation provided on site their endeavor to
conserve water will increase two folds!

2. Interiors

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Reused Wood: At their specialty restaurant called the "Vindhyas" the entire interiors
i.e. the woodwork has been made from wood recycled from old buildings! This
concept was specially incorporated keeping our eco-friendly image of the Hotel.

Triple Glazed Windows: This tripled glazed window blocks the heat of the sun from
entering the room and helps in conserving the air-conditioning energy. An added
advantage of this unit is that prevents fabric and furniture colours from fading as the
triple glazed unit prevents the infra red light from the sun to enter the room. These
windows also help in effectively cutting out the noise pollution from India's busiest
airport.

Electrical: At The Orchid they have not only made efforts to reduce solid waste and
conserve water but also have contributed in saving energy.

3. Electronic

Interactive T.V: These are televisions in the guest rooms by which we can receive our
messages on the TV, order room service through the interactive TV, set top box. The
welcome letter also will be displayed on this and last but not the least you will also be
able to view your room bill on the TV.

4. Zero Garbage

The Orchid in its endeavor to become a "zero garbage" hotel has taken various
measures to reduce the waste being generated. To reinforce this we have undertaken
the project of vermiculture on hotel site. For this purpose they have built 9 bins on
site wherein all the kitchen garbage is diverted for the process. This endeavor of ours
has helped to achieve "zero garbage" mission; the second benefit of this act is that
they are not adding to the waste stream of the city.

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5. Operational Practices

Hangers: The hangers used in guestroom are made from Sawdust.

Fruits: At The Orchid fruits are served on request so as to avoid wastage.

Amenities: In keeping with environment theme in mind at The Orchid use Herbal
products, which are manufactured under an Ayurvedic license; these products are not
tested on animals and do not contain any animal fat.

Laundry: In their strive to reduce waste they have reusable cloth laundry bags
instead of the standard paper or plastic bags as in other hotels, in which the guests
could send the clothes for laundering and the same will be delivered in reusable cane
baskets wrapped in muslin cloth. A laundry button is incorporated in the master
control panel, eliminating the use of laundry pick up tent cards.

Newspaper: Newspapers at The Orchid are delivered, on request, in reusable cane

baskets/cloth bags instead of the usual paper or plastic bags.

Shopping Bags: The Orchid provides you with a specially designed cloth shopping
bag with the environment messages we believe in.

ECO Harvest: As a special give away for all are dear guests we have the "Eco
Harvest" a basket containing an herbal pillow which induces sleep, a bunch of neem
twigs, two aromatic oils & 5 age old herbs.

Pens / Pencil: The Orchid uses eco-friendly pens and pencils. The eco-pens are made
using recycled cardboard, reprocessed plastic and scrap wood.

Recycling Bins: Separate recycling bin with a sticker for guest use is placed in all
rooms.

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Recycled Garbage Bags: The garbage bags used by us are made from recycled plastic
and milk pouches.

Cut Flower vs. Potted Plants: At the Orchid , you'll find cut flowers cut to an absolute
minimum - instead living vibrant plants help bring the beauty of nature indoors

Jute Folders: The Stationery, Guest Service and

minibar

folders are made from jute.

Water Flask & Glasses: The water flask in the guestrooms are left empty which are
filled after asking the guest for his preference of hot, cold

or

room temperature water as water already filled and kept

in the

flask leads to guest perception of the water being stale,

which they promptly ask to be replaced. The glasses too

are

turned upside down and kept in the tray, thereby doing

away

with having to wrap each glass in a plastic bag and

consequently generating more waste for the hotel.

Team members
At The Orchid, staff is fondly referred to as - TEAM MEMBERS.
Every member of The Orchid team from the Managing Director down to the newest
recruit has a total commitment towards being environmentally responsible. At the
recruitment stage they select those individuals who had the drive in them or showed
concern and care for the environment.

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Environment education, in fact starts from the very first day the team members join The
Orchid. They go through an intensive one week environment training programme,
wherein they are educated to understand the importance of the environment to not only
their livelihood but also to the future of the world. The team members are on six-month
environment training, on successful completion of which only are they confirmed. In
their annual appraisal forms too we have a separate section dedicated towards this.
They have monthly activities for team members in which they can participate. To
mention a few - quizzes, slogan competitions, sketching & drawing competitions, EcoSkits, on the spot surprise quizzes, clean-up drives, etc. In their monthly Antakshari game
they have 1 round out of the 4 wherein the teams are made to sing songs related to the
environment and many more.
The team members actively participate in programmes and activities organized for the
community to spread and create the awareness of being environmentally responsible.
They have a Green Team in the hotel, which act as the Green Eyes of the hotel. It
comprises of 19 members from different departments, who are nominated by their
respective departmental heads. Besides assisting in the various programmes, they
implement and audit the environment practices in their respective departments. They are
also empowered to conduct training classes in their areas and go on inspection to various
departments.
Incentives
Team members participating in any environment activities are given a gift for the efforts
made by them e.g. as an incentive for the clean up drive all those who participated were
given a T-shirt with an environment slogan. For the other ongoing competitions winners
are given mementos and on other such occasion's cash rewards are also given. The
Orchid also gives each of its team members a cloth bag as an alternative to using plastic
bags. The more dedicated the team member, the more chance he has of being included
into the Green Team of the hotel & being made a Green Team member. They are also
given a chance to represent the hotel at various seminars and events organized by the

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hotel and/or in which the hotel is participating. It is not only the team members, but also
the executives and heads of departments who show enthusiasm, involvement and
commitment towards our environmental causes.
The awareness and commitment in our team members for the improving the Environment
has reached such phenomenal levels that even in their spare time, they go out into
localities on a "clean up drive", thereby passing on the message of eco-friendliness and its
benefits, to all and sundry

Guest participation
Guests form an integral part of any hotel in the world. The Orchid, have left no stone
unturned in our quest for a clean environment, to the extent that we have provided
opportunities for our guests to be a part of our environmental programmes.
Guests participation programmes:

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Newspapers on request: Newspapers are delivered on request, in a

cloth bag instead of a plastic bag. Only about 50% of our guests
prefer a newspaper delivered in their rooms, showing an increasing
level of awareness amongst our guests. Approximately till date they
have had 231960 check-ins, which means we have prevented the use of 231960
plastic bags had we had to deliver newspaper in plastic bags to all our guests.

Recycle Bins: Two bins one for wet waste and the other for
dry/recyclable waste is placed in all our guestrooms. This is done so
that the guest voluntarily disposes waste in the respective bins.

Key Cards: The guests recycle keycards by

returning them to the reception before they check
out.

Guests Participation in the Orchid's Environment Programmes:

Guests are encouraged to participate in our environmental crusades, and they do it with a
lot of enthusiasm and zeal.
Guests participate in:
Eco Floats and Skits
Eco Boat Floats
Eco Days celebrated at The Orchid.

Savings
As a result of all the hard work put in by us, The Orchid has reaped the following
business benefits:

A 55.9% Repeat Clientele being patronized by over 3,500 Corporate Clients.

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In terms of monetary savings we have saved a whopping Rs. 33, 28,435/- per year,
which works out to Rs. 9119/- per day only be the use of PL Lamps.

As a direct result of the saving done by The Orchid we have been able to pay
dividends to our shareholders this year also!

Conclusion
Our environment is the most precious asset that will be passed on to the next
generation. Protecting the environment is the task of all the individuals, governments and
enterprises. The future of the World is in the protection of the environment, and all the
enterprises need to adjust their business performance to act in such way to minimize
harmful impact to the environment. Enterprises use large amounts of water, energy,
chemicals, supplies and disposable items. They also generate lots of waste in form of
wastewater and solid waste. The prevention of polluting the environment with this waste
is of great importance to everyone. To become an environmentally friendly enterprise is
the adoption of a new culture that extends through the enterprise, employees, guests,
vendors, suppliers, local community and other elements of environmental management
system (EMS).

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Chapter IX
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

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CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

Tourism has proved to be an engine of growth in many economies in the world. It

provides for the generation of income, wealth and employment, and helps in the
sustainable development of remote areas. In India, tourism provides direct employment to
9 million people and indirect employment to another 13 million persons, thus providing a
livelihood to 22 million persons. It contributes an estimated 2.4% of the gross national
product. Its contribution to the economies of states like Rajasthan, Goa and Kerala are
significant. Although, tourism still remains a sector that needs serious attention.
Tourism has proved to have negative impacts as well as the positive ones. It is criticized
for contaminating indigenous culture. This takes the form of changing values, resulting in
social maladies like drug addiction, child prostitution, etc. A far more widespread
negative impact is caused by mass tourism in environmentally fragile areas like
mountains, hills, deserts and coastal regions. Due to heavy tourist traffic in some areas,
the cultural and environmental assets of the community are under threat. Although this
phenomenon is not widespread in India, there is a need to take note of the possible
negative influences of tourism so that timely preservation action can be taken and
irreparable loss avoided.
The movement towards ecotourism is at once a threat and an opportunity to create
more sustainable tourism: by diverting tourist traffic to ensure the carrying capacity of
any destination is not exceeded; by planning for regeneration of natural resources; and by
generating awareness in the host community whereby they are prepared and forearmed to
deal with the negative impact of mass tourism.
As in most cases, a middle path is the most creative way to maximize the economic
potential of tourism, while at the same time minimizing the negative social influences and
threats to the environment. Only ecotourism where the tourists, the service providers, the
host community and authorities are well informed and prepared to harness tourism as an
engine of growth can yield sustainable results.

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Suggestions:

Overcoming restrictions and hurdles, improving infrastructure, a wider choice of

eco-hotels.

Involvement of private sector in tourism related projects in the state to give fillip to
this sector.

Appointing consultants for each state of the country who would study the state
thoroughly, to identify destinations of tourist interest, which would result in
promoting tourism.

Proper security arrangements should be undertaken in order to make tourist travelers

feel more secure.

Instead of promoting the state as individual, efforts should be taken to promote India
as a whole just like Australia, Malaysia..

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AA-1 Annexure
Earnings from Tourism in Kerala (1999-2003)
Year

Earnings (Rs in Cr)

1999

416.07

2000

525.30

2001

535.00

2002

705.67

2003

983.39

AA-2 Annexure
Foreign Exchange Earning from Tourism (1996-2003)
Years

Earning(Rs in Cr)

1996

196.38

1997

273.20

1998

302.08

1999

416.07

2000

525.30

2001

535.00

2002

705.67

2003

983.37

Mumbai Mirror, 26th August, 2007:

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Times of India, 07th September, 2007:

85

86

Times of India, 07th October, 2007:

Mumbai Mirror, 27th November, 2007

87

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
WEBSITES:

www.ecoindia.com

www.incredibleindia.org

www.ecoclub.com

www.orchidhotel.com

www.mpecotourism.org

www.indidline.com

www.goforindia.com

BOOKS:

Development of eco-tourism in India- G. Raveendran

Ecotourism in India Mohan Krishen Khanna

Ecotourism in Kerala - K. G. Mohanlal

Environment and Tourism Andrew Holden

Ecotorism: An Introduction David.A.Fenneli

Economy of Eco-tourism in Kerala - Dr. V. P. Raghavan

Service Sector Management- C.Bhattacharjee

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