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FORM 5

THEME: INTERACTION BETWEEN

CHEMICALS

CHAPTER 1: RATE OF REACTION


1.1 Rate of Reaction
1. The speed at which a reaction occurs is called the rate of reaction.
2. The faster the reaction, the higher the rate of the reaction. Whereas the
slower the reaction, the lower the rate of the reaction.
3. Below are some examples of fast and slow reaction:

4. To investigate the rate of a chemicals reaction, we need to record some


observable changes taking place such as:
Measuring the volume of gas release

Measuring the changes in mass of the reactants

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YEAR 2015
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FORM 5

THEME: INTERACTION BETWEEN

CHEMICALS

CHAPTER 1: RATE OF REACTION


Formation of Precipitate

5. Measuring the rate of reaction includes the rate of reaction determined by


measuring the amount of reactant used up or the amount of product
produced per unit time.
6. The rate of reaction can be expressed in:
a) The average rate of reaction
This is determined by measuring the amount of reactant used up or the
amount of product produced over a period of time.
b) The rate of reaction at any given time or instantaneous rate of
reaction at the given time
This is determined by determining the gradient of the tangent to a graph
at a particular time of the reaction.
Example 1
2g (in excess) of marble is added into 50 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm-3of dilute nitric
acid in a conical flask. The total volume of carbon dioxide gas released is
recorded at every half-minute interval.

The reaction is presented by the equation:

Prepared
Mrvolume
Sunof carbon
(Your
Chemy
Coach)
The graph ofby:
the total
dioxide
gas collected
against time is
shown
below:
YEAR
2015
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112B JALAN MAYANG PASIR, TAMAN SRI TUNAS, BAYAN BARU, PULAU PINANG, TEL: 017
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FORM 5

THEME: INTERACTION BETWEEN

CHEMICALS

CHAPTER 1: RATE OF REACTION

a) What is the total volume of CO2 gas collected?


b) What is the time taken for the reaction to be completed?
c) Determine the average rate of reaction.

d) Determine the rate of reaction at 3.7 minutes.

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YEAR 2015
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112B JALAN MAYANG PASIR, TAMAN SRI TUNAS, BAYAN BARU, PULAU PINANG, TEL: 017
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FORM 5

THEME: INTERACTION BETWEEN

CHEMICALS

CHAPTER 1: RATE OF REACTION


1.2 Factors that Affect the Rate of Reaction
1. The factors that affect the rate of reaction are:
a) Particle size (or surface area) of a solid reactant
b) Concentration of the reactants
c) Temperature of the reaction
d) Presence of catalyst
e) Pressure (for reactions involving gases only)
EXPERIMEN
Aim
9.
The results are tabulated below:
T 1.1
To study the effect of particle size on the rate of reaction.
Statement
I.Problem
Small marble
chips
How does the particle size of the marble chips affect the rate of reactions?
Hypothesis
The smaller the particle size of the marble chips, the higher the rate of
reaction.
Variable
a) Manipulated: Size of marble chips used.
b) Responding: Rate of reaction
II. Large
marble chips
c) Controlled:
Temperature, volume and concentration of hydrochloric acid,
mass of marble chips.
Materials
6g of small marble chips, 6 g of large marble chips, 100 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid.
Apparatus
100cm3 conical flask , delivery tube, burette, retort stand, basin, stopwatch.
Discussion
Procedure
Graph of total volume of CO2 against time is plotted:

1. A burette is filled with water and inverted in a basin of water. The burette
is clamped vertically to a retort stand.
2. The volume of the burette is adjusted to the 50.00cm3 mark.
3. 50cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is poured into a conical flask.
4. 6g of small marble chips is weighed out. The marble chips are added into
the conical flask.
5. Then, the delivery tube with a rubber stopper is inserted into the mouth
1. The
time
takenflask
for the
to be completed
for the
small marble
of the
conical
andreaction
the stopwatch
is immediately
started.
chips
is
shorter
than
the
time
taken
for
the
reaction
to
be
completed for
6. The burette readings are recorded at every 30-second intervals.
7. the
Steps
(a)-(f)
are repeated
using
6g ofThus,
large the
marble
large
marble
chips, thus
(t1<t2).
rate chips.
of reaction of the
8. small
The total
volume
of
CO2
gas
collected
against
time
for both experiments
marble chips is higher than the large marble chips.
are plotted
on theofsame
axes.
2. The
total volume
carbon
dioxide gas collected for both experiments is
the same because the number of moles of reactants used in both
experiments is the same.
3.

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YEAR 2015
PUSAT TUISYEN
JAYA decrease
(OPPOSITE
GIANT
BAYAN
The rateCERGAS
of reactions
with
time,
that isBARU)
the gradient decreases in
112B JALAN MAYANG PASIR, TAMAN SRI TUNAS, BAYAN BARU, PULAU PINANG, TEL: 017
t1>t2>t3.
This is because the concentration of reactants
4021601/ the
017 order:
6285832/
04 6118151

decreases with time.


4. Hydrogen ions from the acid react with calcium carbonate to release

FORM 5

THEME: INTERACTION BETWEEN

CHEMICALS

CHAPTER 1: RATE OF REACTION

Prepared by: Mr Sun (Your Chemy Coach)


YEAR 2015
PUSAT TUISYEN CERGAS JAYA (OPPOSITE GIANT BAYAN BARU)

112B JALAN MAYANG PASIR, TAMAN SRI TUNAS, BAYAN BARU, PULAU PINANG, TEL: 017
4021601/ 017 6285832/ 04 6118151

FORM 5

THEME: INTERACTION BETWEEN

CHEMICALS

CHAPTER 1: RATE OF REACTION

Aim
To study the effect of concentration of reactants on the rate of reaction
SPM CLONE
Problem Statement
The diagram shows two experiments to investigate one of the factors that
How does the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution affect the rate of
Influences the rate of a reaction.
reaction?
Hypothesis
The higher the concentration of the reactant, the higher the rate of reaction.
Variables
a) Manipulated: Concentration OF Sodium thiosulphate solution.
b) Responding: Rate of reaction.
c) Temperature, volume and concentration of hydrochloric acid.
Material
25 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution, distilled water, 150cm3 0.2
mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution.
a) What is the factor investigated?
Apparatus
100cm3 conical flask, 100cm3 and 10cm3 measuring cylinder, stopwatch, a
b) Write an equation for the reaction occurring in the conical flasks.
cardboard with a X mark.
Procedure
c) State variables that must be controlled.
d)

1. 50cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solutionis poured into a 100
cm3 conical flask.
2. 5cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is then added into the sodium
thiosulphate
solution.
Graph
I and II shows
the result of both experiments on the same axes.
3. The stopwatch is immediately started.
4. i.The What
mixture
swirled once
and then
on a cardboard with a X
hasishappened
at time
X andplaced
Y?
mark.
5. ii.The State
conical
flaskgraph
is viewed
from above.
which
corresponds
to Experiment X and which to
6. When
the
X
mark
disappears
from
sight, the stopwatch is stopped and
Experiment Y? Explain your answer.
the time of reaction, t is recorded.
7. The experiment is repeated by using different concentration of sodium
EXPERIMEN
thiosulphate solution by diluting the solution with distilled water as shown
iii.in the
Explain
why the total volume of carbon dioxide gas collected in the
table below.
same
for
8. The value of both
1/t is experiments.
calculated for each experiment.

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9.TUISYEN
Two graphs:
(A) Concentration
of GIANT
Na2S2O3
against
time, t
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CERGAS
JAYA (OPPOSITE
BAYAN
BARU)

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TAMAN SRI TUNAS,
BAYAN BARU,
PULAU
TEL: 017
(B) Concentration
of Na2S2O3
against
time,PINANG,
1/t
4021601/ 017 6285832/ 04 6118151

are plotted

FORM 5

THEME: INTERACTION BETWEEN

CHEMICALS

CHAPTER 1: RATE OF REACTION

Result
The graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate against time, t and 1/t are
shown below:

Discussion
1. The reactants react to form a yellow sulphur precipitate according to the
equation,
The ionic equation of the reaction is

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2. The pale yellow sulphur formed will cause the X mark to slowly disappear
YEARfrom
2015
sight.
PUSAT3.TUISYEN
CERGAS
(OPPOSITE
BAYAN
BARU)
From Graph
(A), JAYA
we can
concludeGIANT
that the
higher
the concentration of

112B JALAN MAYANG PASIR, TAMAN SRI TUNAS, BAYAN BARU, PULAU PINANG, TEL: 017
thiosulphate
solution, the shorter the time of reaction and thus,
4021601/ sodium
017 6285832/
04 6118151

the

higher the rate of reaction.


4. From graph (B), we can see that the concentration of sodium thiosulphate

FORM 5

THEME: INTERACTION BETWEEN

CHEMICALS

CHAPTER 1: RATE OF REACTION

Graphs I and II show the results of experiment for the reactions between
Reaction X: 0.65g of zink reacts with 100cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
Reaction Y: 0.65g of zink reacts with 100cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid

a) State which graphs correspond to reaction X and Y? Explain your answer.


b) Calculate the average rate of reaction for both reactions X and Y.
Solution
a) Graph I corresponds to reaction Y and graph II corresponds to reaction X.
Hydrogen ions react with zink to produce hydrogen hydrogen gas according
to the equation:

Sulphuric acid is a diprotic acid whereas hydrochloric acid is mono protic.

One mole of sulphuric acid produces two moles of hydrogen ions whereas
one mole of hydrochloric acid produces one mole of H+ ions. Thus, the
SPM
concentration of hydrogen ions is higher in sulphuric acid solution.
TheCLONE
frequency of eefective collision by the H+ ions on zinc is higher in H2S04
than in HCL solution. Thus, the rate of reaction is higher in sulphuric acid
solution.
b) Average rate of reaction X=240/200=1.2 cm3s-1
c) Average rate of reaction X=240/140=1.7 cm3s-1

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YEAR 2015
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112B JALAN MAYANG PASIR, TAMAN SRI TUNAS, BAYAN BARU, PULAU PINANG, TEL: 017
4021601/ 017 6285832/ 04 6118151

FORM 5

THEME: INTERACTION BETWEEN

CHEMICALS

CHAPTER 1: RATE OF REACTION

Aim
To study the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction
Problem statement
How does the temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution after the rate of
reaction?
Hypothesis
The higher the temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution, the higher the rate
of reaction.
Variable
a) Manipulated: temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution.
b) Responding: Rate of reaction
c) Controlled: The concentration of sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric
acid solution.
Materials
25cm3 of 2mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution, 250cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3
sodium thiosulphate solution.
Apparatus
100cm3 conical flask, 100cm3 and 10cm3 measuring cylinder, stopwatch, a
cupboard with a mark X, thermometer, Bunsen burner, wire gauze and tripod
stand.
Procedure

1. 50cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution is poured into a 100
cm3 conical flask.
2. The temperature of the sodium thiosulphate solution is measured with a
thermometer.
3. 5cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is added into the sodium
EXPERIMENT
thiosulphate solution.
4. The stopwatch is immediately started.
5. The mixture is swirled once and then placed on a cardboard with a X
mark.
6. The conical flask is viewed from above.
7. When the X mark disappears from sight, the stopwatch is stopped and
the time of reaction (t) is recorded.
8. The contents is the conical flask is then poured out and the flask is
washed thoroughly.
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9.
Four experiments are repeated but the solution of 50 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3
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thiosulphate
solution is now heated to 35C, 40C, 45C and 50C
4021601/ sodium
017 6285832/
04 6118151
respectively.
10.The result of the experiment are tabulated below and the value of 1/t

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YEAR 2015

FORM 5

THEME: INTERACTION BETWEEN

CHEMICALS

CHAPTER 1: RATE OF REACTION

Discussion
1. The graph of temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution against time, t
is shown below.

a) From the graph, we can see that the higher the temperature, the
shorter of time of reaction.
b) Hence the higher the temperature, the higher the rate of reaction.
2. The graph of temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution against 1/time,
1/t is shown as follows.

a) From the graph we see that for every increase of 10C, the value of
1/t doubles.

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Hence, at 60C, the value of 1/t is expected to be 0.08 s-1.
YEAR 2015
PUSAT TUISYEN
CERGAS
(OPPOSITE
GIANT
BARU)
b) Thus,
we canJAYA
conclude
that for
everyBAYAN
increase
of 10C, the rate of

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reaction doubles.
4021601/ 017 6285832/ 04 6118151

FORM 5

THEME: INTERACTION BETWEEN

CHEMICALS

CHAPTER 1: RATE OF REACTION

Aim
To study the affect of catalyst on the rate of reaction
Problem Statement
How does catalyst affect the rate of affect the rate of decomposition of
hydrogen peroxide?
Hypothesis
Manganese (IV) oxide increases the rate of decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide.
Variables
a) Manipulated: Presence of manganese (IV) oxide
b) Responding: Rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
c) Controlled: The concentration and volume of hydrogen peroxide.
Materials
6cm of hydrogen peroxide, 0.5g of manganese (IV) oxide.
Apparatus
Two boiling tubes, spatula, wooden splint
Procedure

1. 3cm of hydrogen peroxide is poured into each boiling tube, labelled A


and B.
2. 0.5 g of manganese (IV) oxide is added to tube B.
3. A glowing splinter is placed at the mouth of each boiling tube.
4. Any observation is recorded.
5. The result are tabulated below.
EXPERIMENT

Discussion
1. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes into water and oxygen.

Prepared
by:
Sun
(Your
Chemy
Coach)
2. The oxygen
gas Mr
produced
supports
combustion
and will
rekindle the
wooden splinter
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Conclusion
112B
JALAN MAYANG PASIR, TAMAN SRI TUNAS, BAYAN BARU, PULAU PINANG, TEL: 017
Since the
wooden
splinter in boiling tube B rekindles, it shows that
4021601/
017glowing
6285832/
04 6118151

presence of manganese(IV) oxide increases the rate of decomposition of


hydrogen peroxide.
The reaction in boiling tube A is too slow to produce enough oxygen to rekindle

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