Wind Energy and Wind Power

Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the
atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth.
Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative
cover. This wind flow, or motion energy, when "harvested" by modernwind turbines, can
be used to generate electricity.
How Wind Power Is Generated
The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process by which the wind is used
to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in
the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such
as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into
electricity to power homes, businesses, schools, and the like.

Wind Turbines
Wind turbines, like aircraft propeller blades, turn in the moving air and power anelectric
generator that supplies an electric current. Simply stated, a wind turbine is the opposite of
a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make
electricity. The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and
makes electricity.
Wind Turbine Types
Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups; the horizontal-axis variety, like the
traditional farm windmills used for pumping water, and the vertical-axis design, like the
eggbeater-style Darrieus model, named after its French inventor. Most large modern wind
turbines are horizontal-axis turbines.
Turbine Components
Horizontal turbine components include:

blade or rotor, which converts the energy in the wind to rotational shaft energy;

a drive train, usually including a gearbox and a generator;

a tower that supports the rotor and drive train; and

other equipment, including controls, electrical cables, ground support equipment,

and interconnection equipment.

Wind turbine diagram - click for enlarged image.

Turbine Configurations
Wind turbines are often grouped together into a single wind power plant, also known as
a wind farm, and generate bulk electrical power. Electricity from these turbines is fed into a
utility grid and distributed to customers, just as with conventional power plants.
See Wind Energy Photos page for wind farm photographs.
Wind Turbine Size and Power Ratings
Wind turbines are available in a variety of sizes, and therefore power ratings. The largest
machine has blades that span more than the length of a football field, stands 20 building
stories high, and produces enough electricity to power 1,400 homes. A small home-sized
wind machine has rotors between 8 and 25 feet in diameter and stands upwards of 30 feet
and can supply the power needs of an all-electric home or small business. Utility-scale
turbines range in size from 50 to 750 kilowatts. Single small turbines, below 50 kilowatts,
are used for homes, telecommunications dishes, or water pumping.
See Wind Energy Photos page for wind turbine photographs.

Wind Energy Resources in the United States

Wind energy is very abundant in many parts of the United States. Wind resources are
characterized by wind-power density classes, ranging from class 1 (the lowest) to class 7
(the highest). Good wind resources (e.g., class 3 and above, which have an average annual
wind speed of at least 13 miles per hour) are found in many locations (see United States
Wind Energy Resource Map). Wind speed is a critical feature of wind resources, because the
energy in wind is proportional to thecube of the wind speed. In other words, a stronger
wind means a lot more power.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind-Generated Electricity

A Renewable Non-Polluting Resource

Wind energy is a free, renewable resource, so no matter how much is used today, there
will still be the same supply in the future. Wind energy is also a source ofclean, nonpolluting, electricity. Unlike conventional power plants, wind plants emit no air pollutants
or greenhouse gases. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, in 1990, California's wind
power plants offset the emission of more than 2.5 billion pounds of carbon dioxide, and 15
million pounds of other pollutants that would have otherwise been produced. It would take a
forest of 90 million to 175 million trees to provide the same air quality.
Cost Issues
Even though the cost of wind power has decreased dramatically in the past 10 years, the
technology requires a higher initial investment than fossil-fueled generators. Roughly
80% of the cost is the machinery, with the balance being site preparation and installation. If
wind generating systems are compared with fossil-fueled systems on a "life-cycle" cost basis
(counting fuel and operating expenses for the life of the generator), however, wind costs are
much more competitive with other generating technologies because there is no fuel to
purchase and minimal operating expenses.
Environmental Concerns
Although wind power plants have relatively little impact on the environment compared to
fossil fuel power plants, there is some concern over the noiseproduced by the rotor
blades, aesthetic (visual) impacts, and birds and bats having been killed (avian/bat
mortality) by flying into the rotors. Most of these problems have been resolved or greatly
reduced through technological development or by properly siting wind plants.
Supply and Transport Issues
The major challenge to using wind as a source of power is that it is intermittentand does
not always blow when electricity is needed. Wind cannot be stored (although windgenerated electricity can be stored, if batteries are used), and not all winds can be
harnessed to meet the timing of electricity demands. Further, good wind sites are often
located in remote locations far from areas of electric power demand (such as cities).
Finally, wind resource development may compete with other uses for the land, and
those alternative uses may be more highly valued than electricity generation. However,
wind turbines can be located on land that is also used for grazing or even farming.

For More Information

Much additional information on wind energy science and technology and wind energy
development issues is available through the Web. Visit the Wind Energy Links page to
access sites with more information. In particular, the DOE Wind Energy Technologies
page has good information on wind energy basics, and is the source for much of the
information presented here. The American Wind Energy Association web site has an
excellent FAQ page with information about wind technology, and the The Danish Wind
Industry Association web site has extensive information about wind energy and technology,
including a 28-minute video introducing wind technology.

Wind Energy and Wind Power

Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the
atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth.
Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative
cover. This wind flow, or motion energy, when "harvested" by modernwind turbines, can
be used to generate electricity.
How Wind Power Is Generated
The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process by which the wind is used
to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in
the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such
as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into
electricity to power homes, businesses, schools, and the like.

Wind Turbines
Wind turbines, like aircraft propeller blades, turn in the moving air and power anelectric
generator that supplies an electric current. Simply stated, a wind turbine is the opposite of
a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make
electricity. The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and
makes electricity.
Wind Turbine Types
Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups; the horizontal-axis variety, like the
traditional farm windmills used for pumping water, and the vertical-axis design, like the
eggbeater-style Darrieus model, named after its French inventor. Most large modern wind
turbines are horizontal-axis turbines.
Turbine Components
Horizontal turbine components include:

blade or rotor, which converts the energy in the wind to rotational shaft energy;

a drive train, usually including a gearbox and a generator;

a tower that supports the rotor and drive train; and

other equipment, including controls, electrical cables, ground support equipment,

and interconnection equipment.

Wind Turbine Size and Power Ratings

Wind turbines are available in a variety of sizes, and therefore power ratings. The largest
machine has blades that span more than the length of a football field, stands 20 building
stories high, and produces enough electricity to power 1,400 homes. A small home-sized

wind machine has rotors between 8 and 25 feet in diameter and stands upwards of 30 feet
and can supply the power needs of an all-electric home or small business. Utility-scale
turbines range in size from 50 to 750 kilowatts. Single small turbines, below 50 kilowatts,
are used for homes, telecommunications dishes, or water pumping.

Wind Turbine

TYPES OF WIND TURBINES

Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups: the horizontal-axis variety, as shown in the photo to the
far right, and the vertical-axis design, like the eggbeater-style Darrieus model pictured to the immediate

right, named after its French inventor. Horizontal-axis wind turbines typically either have two or three
blades. These three-bladed wind turbines are operated "upwind," with the blades facing into the wind.
Wind turbines can be built on land or offshore in large bodies of water like oceans and lakes. Though the
United States does not currently have any offshore wind turbines, the Department of Energy is funding
efforts that will make this technology available in U.S. waters.

SIZES OF WIND TURBINES

Utility-scale turbines range in size from 100 kilowatts to as large as several megawatts. Larger wind
turbines are more cost effective and are grouped together into wind farms, which provide bulk power to
the electrical grid. In recent years, there has been an increase in large offshore wind installations in
order to harness the huge potential that wind energy offers off the coasts of the U.S.
Single small turbines, below 100 kilowatts, are used for homes, telecommunications dishes, or water
pumping. Small turbines are sometimes used in connection with diesel generators, batteries, and
photovoltaic systems. These systems are called hybrid wind systems and are typically used in remote,
off-grid locations, where a connection to the utility grid is not available.
Learn more about what the Wind Program is doing to support the deployment of small and mid-sized
turbines for homes, businesses, farms, and community wind projects.

ENERGY 101: WIND TURBINES VIDEO

This video explains the basics of how wind turbines operate to produce clean power from an abundant,
renewable resourcethe wind.
So how do wind turbines make electricity? Simply stated, a wind turbine works the opposite of a fan.
Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind
turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity. View the wind
turbine animation to see how a wind turbine works or take a look inside.
Wind is a form of solar energy and is a result of the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the
irregularities of the earth's surface, and the rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns and speeds vary
greatly across the United States and are modified by bodies of water, vegetation, and differences in

terrain. Humans use this wind flow, or motion energy, for many purposes: sailing, flying a kite, and even
generating electricity.
The terms wind energy or wind power describe the process by which the wind is used to generate
mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical
power. This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or
a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity.
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) leads a large network of researchers and other partners to deliver
innovative solar photovoltaic and concentrating solar power technologies that will make solar energy cost
competitive with traditional sources of energy.
From 1975 to 2008, more solar energy patents were linked to DOE than to any other organization in the
world. Since President Obama took office, the amount of solar power installed in the U.S. has increased
over thirteen fold from 1.2 gigawatts (GW) in 2008 to an estimated 15.9 GW today. Thats enough to
power the equivalent of 3.2 million average American homes.

SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

The Solar Energy Technologies Office works to accelerate the market competitiveness of solar energy by
targeting cost reductions and supporting increased solar deployment. Through its SunShot Initiative,
DOE supports efforts by private companies, universities, and national laboratories to drive down the cost
solar electricity. The Solar Powering Americawebsite makes it simple for communities, businesses,
organizations and state and local governments to both learn about and commit to choosing solar.

EERE'S WORK IN SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

Photovoltaics
Making solar electricity cost-competitive and improving solar cell efficiency, reliability, and cost
Concentrating Solar Power
Solar energy systems that supply solar power on demand through the use of thermal storage
Systems Integration
Systems integration activities that allow solar energy to integrate seamlessly with the national power grid
Reducing Soft Costs
Balance of systems activities that reduce non-hardware costs, lower barriers, and foster growth of solar
Bringing New Technologies to Market
Targeting two known funding gaps in bringing new technologies to market--those that occur at the
prototype commercialization stage, as well as those at the commercial scale-up stage

Solar Energy Resource Center

Resources and best practices for deploying solar energy
SunShot Incubator Program
Provides early-stage assistance to help startup solar companies cross technological barriers to
commercialization while encouraging private sector investment
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) leads the growing global effort to tap the power of the ocean's
waves and tides, while supporting innovations to optimize U.S. hydropower production. DOE's
assessments of wave and tidal energy resources show the potential to generate 1,420 terawatt-hours of
electricity each year off U.S. coasts. DOE is supporting testing and deployment of the nation's first wave
and tidal energy projects, and launched the first federally funded hydropower facility upgrades in more
than 20 yearsincreasing generation by 7%30% at seven large hydropower projects. DOE also helped
develop "fish-friendly" hydropower turbines that improve fish survival rates to more than 98% without
sacrificing efficiency.

WATER POWER PROGRAM

The Water Power Program, part of the Wind and Water Power Technologies Office, researches, tests,
evaluates, and develops innovative technologies capable of generating renewable, environmentally
responsible, and cost-effective electricity from water resources. This includes hydropower, as well as
marine and hydrokinetic energy technologies, which capture energy from waves as well as riverine, tidal,
and ocean currents.

EERE'S WORK IN WATER POWER TECHNOLOGIES

Hydropower Technologies
Advancing power generation technologies using a dam or structure to alter the flow of water
Hydropower Resource Assessment and Characterization
Analyzing potential energy in our rivers, streams, and non-powered dams for future electricity production
Marine and Hydrokinetic Technologies
Converting the movement of water in waves and currents into electricity
Marine and Hydrokinetic Resource Assessment and Characterization
Analyzing ocean energy potential for future electricity production
Our nation has abundant solar, water, wind, and geothermal energy resources, and many U.S. companies
are developing, manufacturing, and installing cutting-edge, high-tech renewable energy systems. The
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) leads a large network of researchers and
other partners to deliver innovative technologies that will make renewable electricity generation cost
competitive with traditional sources of energy. Working with our national laboratories and through these

partnerships, we are catalyzing the transformation of the nations energy system and building on a
tradition of U.S. leadership in science and engineering as a cornerstone of our economic prosperity.