INTELLIGENT BASED POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER

FOR A MULTI AREA POWER SYSTEM

Abstract- The design simulation

and validation of an Fuzzy
Controller based Power System
Stabilizer (PSS) for a multi area
system
and
investigate
its
performance in damping low
frequency
power
system
oscillations. The design employs a
conventional input pairs like speed
deviation () and rotor angle
deviation ( ) to the Fuzzy PSS.
The advantage of this Fuzzy based
PSS is that it can be fed to each of
machines in the each areas of the
Power System which reduces cost,
scanning time and thus simplifies
the structure. It is observed that
Fuzzy based PSS yields a more
satisfactory role in damping low
frequency
power
system
oscillations to improve the stability
of power system. The performance
of the system model is done using
MATLB/SIMULINK.

INTRODUCTION
Power systems are complex
nonlinear systems and often
exhibit low frequency power
oscillations due to insufficient
damping, especially in large,
weakly coupled systems. Power
System Stabilizers

(PSS) are widely used to provide

the supplementary stabilizing
signal introduced in the excitation
system
to
suppress
the
electromechanical oscillations and
enhance the overall stability of
power systems. Signals such as
machine speed and acceleration
can be chosen as PSS inputs.
Conventional
PSS
(CPSS)
provides a positive damping torque
in phase with the speed signal to
cancel the effect of the system
negative
damping
torque.
However, since CPSS design is
based on the use of a transfer
function designed for a linear
model representing the generator
at a certain operating point it may
not produce adequate damping in
system when operating conditions
changes.
Since PSSs are tuned at nominal
operating point, the damping is
only adequate in the vicinity of
those operating points. But power
systems are highly nonlinear
systems, therefore the machine
parameters change with loading
and
time.
The
dynamic
characteristics also vary at
different points. For the PSS to
continue to provide optimal or near

optimal performance as operating

condition changes, it is desired to
track the changes in the system
parameters on-line and determine
the control most appropriate for
the current operating conditions.
Recently, artificial intelligencebased approaches such as fuzzy
logic (FL) , adaptive neuro fuzzy
inference system (ANFIS) have
been proposed to design adaptive
PSS. The parameters associated
with the membership functions and
rules change through the learning
process. The computation of these
parameters, or their adjustment, is
facilitated by a gradient vector,
which provides a measure of how
well the fuzzy inference system is
modeling the input/output data for
a given set of parameters. Once the
gradient vector is obtained, an
optimization routine is applied in
order to adjust the parameters so as
to reduce the sum of the squared
difference between actual and
desired outputs.

CONVENTIONAL POWER
SYSTEM STABILIZER
The action of a PSS is to extend
the angular stability limits of a
power system by providing
supplemental damping to the
oscillation
of
synchronous
machine rotors through the
generator excitation. Dynamics of

a
synchronous
machine
represented by the following
linearized equations around the
operating point. The damping of
generator oscillations is mainly
dependent on the damping
K .
coefficient D
However, this
depends on generator construction
and cannot be changed once a
machine is manufactured. The use
of these damping components is
add a torque component on rotor
shaft, which is proportional to
generator speed deviation. If it is
possible to induce a torque
component on the shaft, which is
proportional to generator speed
deviation, the damping of the
oscillations can be improved. The
simplest way of doing this to add a
signal (proportional to speed
deviation) to the voltage reference
of excitation system, which will
induce a torque component
proportional to speed deviation.
This added feedback loop to the
excitation system to improve the
damping of oscillations is known
as the Power System Stabilizer
(PSS).

Phase compensation block is

to improve the phase lag between
the exciter input and electrical
torque. Normally, the frequency
range of small oscillations is 0.1
to 2.0 Hz and the phase
compensation
block
should
provide compensation over this
entry frequency range.
The signal washout block as a
high-pass filter with a time
T
constant w high to allow signals
associated with oscillations in r to
pass unchanged. Otherwise, steady
change in speed would modify the
terminal voltage. Therefore, it
allows the PSS to respond only to
changes in speed at frequency of
interest and avoid undesirable
voltage excursion during in system
steady-state operating conditions

must be retuned so that it can

continue to provide the desired
performance. Hence, CPSSs fail to
give the optimum performance
over the whole operating range
because it cannot tolerate the
changes are very complex.

PROBLEMS WITH CPSS:

CPSS are designed based on
linear control theory. The power
system model is linearized around
a nominal operating point, and the
structure and parameters of the
PSS are determined to provide
optimal performance at this point.
However, power systems are
dynamics systems and their
performances are non-linear. A
CPSS with fixed parameters
cannot
provide
optimal
performance over the whole
operating range. Power system
configuration also change with
time and the parameters of the PSS

CASE STUDIES

Fuzzy logic is one of the

most promising tools which
address the above issue. Unlike the
classical logic approach, which
requires a deep understanding of a
system, exact equations and
precise numeric values, fuzzy logic
incorporate an alternative way of
thinking which allows one to,
model complex systems using a
higher level of abstraction
originated
from
accumulated
knowledge and experience.

CASE STUDY 1: SINGLE

MACHINE INFINITE BUS
(SMIB)
SYSTEM MODEL AND DATA:
A single machine connected
to infinite bus is considered here
for analysis. The synchronous
machine is assumed to be
equipped with solid state acting
exciter. The synchronous machine
is represented by the standard
model involving k-parameters
regulator by the first order model.

TieLine

K1=1.4479
K2=1.3174
K3=0.3072
K4=1.8050
K5=0.0294
K6=0.5257
Ka=400.00

T 'd 0

Ta=0.05

=5.9
M=2H=4.74

D=0.0
P=1.0

Without any Power System

Stabilizer the responses of and
with time for the given system
are observed and plotted.

Simulation model without PSS

Change in rotor angle (rad) vs time (sec)

Change in speed (rad/sec) vs time (sec)

CONVENTIONAL
POWER
SYSTEM STABILIZER:
The conventional Power System
Stabilizer model is given by
transfer functionG(s)=1.8050*(1+0.04435
*s/1+0.01*s)*(10*s/10*s+1)
The performance of this model is
studied for step increase of 5% in
load torque. The responses of
and with time are observed
and plotted.

Change in rotor angle (rad) vs time (sec)

Simulation model of Conventional PSS

Change in speed (rad/sec) vs time (sec)

FUZZY
BASED
POWER
SYSTEM STABILIZER:
Using speed and derivative
of speed as the controller input
variables, a fuzzy logic based
controller has been developed to
perform the function of power
system stabilizer and to provide a
supplementary signal to the
excitation
system
of
a
synchronous
machine.
The
completed range for the variation
of each of the two controller
inputs is represented by a 7 by 7
decision table i.e. 49 rules.

Simulation model of Fuzzy logic PSS

Set of 7x7 rules

The performance of this model is

studied for a step increase of 5%
in load torque. The response of
with time and are
observed and plotted.

Change in rotor angle (rad) vs time (sec)

TieLine

Single Line Diagram of Two Machines System

Change in speed (rad/sec) vs time (sec)

CASE STUDY 2:
TWO MACHINE SYSTEM
The
two
machine
system
considered consists of two
identical machines connected
through tie line. In this two
machines system, various types
PSSs controller techniques is
provided on both machines. A
small signal disturbance has been
taken in first machine. The
performance
of
these
two
machines system of various type
PSSs for 5% step load disturbance
in one machine. The performance
of 12 of various types of PSSs
are shown below.

Change in

12 (rad) vs Time (sec) with CPSS

Simulation model of two area

system

Change in

12 (rad) vs Time (sec) with FLPSS

` CASE STUDY 3: THREE

MACHINE SYSTEM

Speed deviation in area 1

Rotor angle deviation in area 1

Speed deviation in area 2

Rotor angle deviation in area 2

Rotor angle deviation in area 3

Speed deviation in area 3

CONCLUSION
The performance of the
given system is observed for
Conventional and Fuzzy based
power system stabilizers. The
responses of change in speed and
change in rotor angle with time are
observed. The response with fuzzy
based stabilizer shows smaller
overshoot and quicker damping
out of small frequency oscillations
than Conventional stabilizer. The
system without stabilizer is highly
oscillatory. Although the CPSS is
effective
in
damping
the
oscillations, the load angle settles
to its new value very smoothly and
quickly with FLPSS.