Lectures-08 Concrete Structural Systems

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P.
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Lecture-7
Concrete Structural
Systems
By: Prof Dr.
Dr Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
NWFP UET Peshawar
drqaisarali@nwfpuet.edu.pk
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Topics Addressed
y Concrete Structural System
y Introduction
y General Requirements for Concrete Structural Systems

y Selection of Concrete Structural System
y Liaison between Engineer and Architect
y Advantage of Concrete as Construction Material
y Three major Costs in Concrete Construction
y Concrete Fire Resistance
Topics Addressed
y Types of Concrete Structural systems (Cast in place)
y Flat Plate
y Flat Slab
y One-Way Joist
y Two-Way Joist
y Beam Supported Slab
y Banded Beam System
y Composite Construction with Steel Beams
y Steel Deck Reinforced Concrete Slab
Concrete Structural
System
y Introduction
z
Depending on structural spans, loading conditions, purpose

of building, availability of formwork, skill labor and material
etc., a number of different structural systems such as flat
plate, flat slab, one-way or two way joist system etc. are
possible.
p
General Requirements
y Selection of Concrete Structural Systems
z
An important part of the total responsibility of the structural

engineer is to select, from many alternatives, the best
structural system for the given conditions.
The wise choice of structural system is far more important, in

its effect on overall economy and serviceability,
serviceability than
refinements in proportioning the individual members.
y Liaison between Engineer and Architect
z
Close cooperation with the architect in the early stages of a

project is essential in developing a structure that not only
meets the functional and aesthetic requirements but exploits
to the fullest the special advantages of reinforced concrete.
y Advantages of Concrete as construction material
z
Versatility of form: concrete poured in fluid state can adopt

any shape.
Fire Resistance: With proper concrete protection of the steel

reinforcement, a reinforced concrete structure provides the
maximum in fire protection.
protection
Speed of construction: A concrete building can often be

completed in less time than a steel structure.
y Advantages of Concrete as construction material
z
Cost: In many cases, the first cost of a structure is less than

that of a comparable steel structure. In almost every case,
maintenance costs are less.
Availability of labor: The materials and labor for reinforced

concrete are easily available compared to steel construction.
construction
y Three major costs in concrete construction
z
Concrete: Already covered
Reinforcement: Already covered
Formwork
y Three major costs in concrete construction
z
Formwork: For economy,

z
Specify readily available standard form sizes
Repeat sizes and shapes of concrete members
Strive for simple formwork
y Concrete is the most highly fire-resistive structural material
used in construction.
y Nonetheless, the properties of concrete and the reinforcing
steel change significantly at high temperatures.
y Strength, modulus of elasticity are reduced, the
coefficient of thermal expansion increases, and creep
and stress relaxations are considerably high.
y Concrete strength, the main concern in uncontrolled fires,
remains comparatively stable at temperatures ranging up to
900 oF for some concretes and 1200 oF for others.
y The temperatures stated (in previous slide) are the internal
temperatures of the concrete and are not to be confused with the
heat intensity of the exposing fire.
y For example, in testing a solid carbonate aggregate slab, the ASTM
standard fire exposure (ASTM E 119) after 1 hour will be 1700 oF,
while the temperatures within the specimen will vary:
y
1225 oF at inch from exposed surface
950 oF at inch
800 oF at 1 inch
y Because of variable complexities and the unknowns of
dealing with the structural behavior of the buildings under fire
as total multidimensional systems, building codes continue to
specify minimum acceptable levels of fire endurance on a
p
byy component
p
basis.
component
y Minimum thickness for floors and roof slabs and cast in
place walls (load bearing and non load bearing using normal
weight concrete):
Fire resistance rating
1hr
2 hr.
3 hr.
4 hr.
3.5
4.5
6.0
7.0
y Minimum concrete column dimensions (using normal weight
concrete).
1 hr
2 hr.
3 hr.
4 hr.
10
12
14
The same may be applied to beams as well.
y Reinforcement Fire Protection
y The reinforcement can lose its mechanical properties due to
temperature increase from fire exposure.
y
Protection for reinforcement in concrete is mainly provided by

concrete cover.
The concrete p
protection specified
p
in ACI 318 for cast-in-place
p
concrete will generally equal or exceed the minimum cover
requirements.
y Minimum cover for RC floors and slabs

1 hr
2 hr.
3 hr.
3/4
3/4
1
1
y Minimum cover to main reinforcement in RC beams
Beam width,
inches

1 hr
2 hr
hr.
3 hr
hr.
4 hr
hr.
3/4
1 1/4
3/4
3/4
10
3/4
3/4
y Minimum cover for RC columns

1 hr
2 hr.
3 hr.
4 hr.
10
Types of Concrete
Structural Systems
(Cast-in-Place)
Flat Plate
y Introduction:
y A flat plate is a slab floor system in which the slab of uniform
thickness is supported directly on columns.
22
11
Flat Plate
Introduction:
z
Flat plates are economical for:

z
Short and medium spans

z
Economical range: 15 ft 25 ft
and
z
M d t live
Moderate
li loads
l d
Punching shear is a typical

problem in flat plates.
23
Flat Plate
y Characteristics
z
Simple construction and formwork.
Suitable for apartment buildings where the spans are

moderate and loads relatively light.
Renders low story heights.
Architectural finish can be applied directly to underside of

slab.
Fire resistance provided by slab thickness in most cases.
12
Flat Plate
y Characteristics
Flat Plate
y Characteristics
z
Shear stresses near the columns may be very high, requiring

the use of special forms of slab reinforcement there.
At exterior columns, where shear and moment transfer may

cause particular difficulty, the design is much improved by
extending the slab past the column in a short cantilever.
cantilever
13
Flat Plate
y Design consideration
z
Analysis: Analysis can be done very conveniently using

DDM or any other FEA software.
Design:
z
Flexural reinforcement: Since there are no beams, the amount of

flexural reinforcement is much higher than slabs supported on beams
Shear reinforcing: Flat plates or strengthened against punching shear

using shear head, integral beam with stirrups etc. .
Flat Plate
z
Minimum Slab Thickness (ACI 318-05 Sect. 9.5.3)

z
Minimum thickness = ln/30
14
Flat Plate
z
Flat Slab
y Introduction:
Beamless systems with drop panels or column capitals or both
are termed as flat slab systems.
y
Drop Panel: Thick part of slab in the vicinity of columns
Column Capital: Column head of increased size
15
Flat Slab
y Introduction:
z
Short and medium spans

z
31
Flat Slab
y Characteristics
z
Simple construction and formwork.
Heavier loads than flat plate.
Widely used for storage warehouses, parking garages, and

below grade structures carrying heavy earth-fill loads.
Drop panel and column capital increases the shear strength

of the flat slabs in the critical region around the column and
provide increased effective depth in the region of high
negative bending moment over the support .
16
Flat Slab
y Characteristics
z
Drop Panel Dimensions (ACI 13.3.7)
Flat Slab
y Characteristics
z
Column Capital
17
Flat Slab
y Design considerations
z
Analysis: Analysis can be done very conveniently using

DDM or any other FEA software.
Design:
z
Flexural reinforcement: Since there are no beams, the amount of

flexural reinforcement is much higher than slabs supported on beams
but less than flat plates
Shear reinforcing: Capital and/or drop panel resolves the problem of

punching shear up to a great extent
Flat Slab
z

z
18
Flat Slab
z
Minimum Slab Thickness
One-Way Joist
y Introduction
z
Joist construction consists of a monolithic combination of regularly

spaced ribs and a top slab arranged to span in one direction or two
orthogonal directions.
T-beam called joist are formed by creating void spaces in what otherwise
would be a solid slab
Rib
19
One-Way Joist
y Introduction
z
Long spans
Standard
Wide-Module
39
One-Way Joist
y Introduction
y A structural system will be called as joist system if the pan
width (clear spacing between ribs) is less than or equal to 30
inches (ACI 8.11.3).
y When the pan width exceeds 30, the system is designed as
regular slab beam system.
40
20
One-Way Joist
y Characteristics
z
Pan voids reduce dead load.
Electrical/mechanical equipment can be placed between

joists.
Clear, unobstructed tenant space.
L
Less
effect
ff t off vibrations
ib ti
d to
due
t stiffer
tiff slab.
l b
Standard forms for the void spaces between ribs are either
20 or 30 inches wide, and 8, 10, 12, 16, or 20 inches deep
One-Way Joist
y Characteristics
z
Economical for buildings such as apartment houses, hotels,

and hospitals, where the live loads are fairly small and the
spans comparatively long.
Forms are tapered in cross section generally at a slope of 1

to 12 to facilitate removal.
21
One-Way Joist
z
Analysis: Analysis using ACI coefficients for one way slabs

and beams or FEA software
Design: Slabs are only provided with nominal shrinkage

reinforcement in both directions. Beams are designed in the
usual manner.
z
If the system does not fulfill the requirements of joist system then it
shall be designed as regular slab beam system
One-Way Joist
z
Reinforcement placement
z
Reinforcement for the joists usually consists of two bars in the positive
bending region, with one bar discontinued where no longer needed or
bend up to provide a part of negative steel requirement over the
supporting girder.
One way
y jjoists are g
generally
yp
proportioned
p
with the concrete p
providing
g
all of the shear strength, with no stirrups used.
22
One-Way Joist
y Design
g considerations
z
Minimum Joist Depth (ACI 318-05 Sect. 9.5.2)

z
Minimum thickness = l/18.5
Span length l defined in Sect. 8.7
One-Way Joist
y Minimum Joist Depth
Based on 4-1/2 in. slab

23
One-Way Joist
z
Minimum Slab Thickness

z
Controlled by either structural or fire-resistance requirements
Slab thickness > one-twelfth the clear distance between ribs or 2 in

(ACI 8.11.6).
Two-Way Joist
y Introduction: A two-way
two way joist system,
system or waffle slab,
slab
comprises evenly spaced concrete joists spanning in
both directions and a reinforced concrete slab cast
integrally with the joists.
48
24
Two-Way Joist
y Introduction
y Long spans
z
y Heavy loads
49
Two-Way Joist
y Characteristics
z
Dome voids reduce dead load
Attractive ceiling (waffle like appearance)
Electrical fixtures can be placed in the voids
25
51
Two-Way Joist
y Minimum Slab Thickness
z
Typically controlled by fire-resistance requirements.
26
Two-Way Joist
y Design Consideration
z
Analysis: By DDM or FEA software
Design as given in ACI 8.11
Two-Way Joist
z
For design purposes, waffle slabs are considered as flat

slabs
ACI 318-05 Sect. 9.5.3

z
27
Two-Way Joist
55
Beam-Supported Slab
y Characteristics
z
In beam supported slab, the perimeter beams are usually

concrete cast monolithically with the slab, although they may
also be structural steel, often encased in concrete for
composite action and for improved fire resistance.
28
Beam-Supported Slab
y Long spans
z
Parking structures
Suitable for intermediate to

h
heavy
lloads
d on spans up tto
about 30 ft.
57
Beam-Supported Slab
58
29
Banded-Beam System
y For light loads,
loads a floor system has been developed in
which the beams are omitted in one direction, the oneway slab being carried directly by column line beams
that are very broad and shallow.
y These beams, supported directly by the columns,
become little more that a thickened portion of the slab.
This type of construction is known as banded slab
construction.
59
Banded-Beam System
60
30
Banded-Beam System
61
Banded-Beam System
62
31
Banded-Beam System
y Characteristics
z
Clear, unobstructed tenant space

z
Column-free space
Low floor heights
Vibration considerations
Saving in slab steel due to bands
Flexibility in locating columns
Formwork is simplified because of the reduction in number of

framing members.
Composite Construction
with Steel Beams
y One-wayy reinforced concrete slabs are also frequentlyy used in
buildings for which the columns, beams, and girders consist of
structural steel.
32
with Steel Beams
y Characteristics
z
The slab is normally designed for full continuity over the

supporting beams, and the usual methods followed. The
spacing of the beams is usually 6 to 8 ft.
with Steel Beams
y Characteristics
z
To provide composite action, shear connectors are welded

to the top of the steel beam and are embedded in the
concrete slab.
33
with Steel Beams
y Characteristics
z
By preventing the longitudinal slip between the slab and the

steel beam in the direction of the beam axis, the combined
member is both stronger and stiffer than if composite action
were not developed.
Thus for given loads and deflection limits,

limits smaller and lighter
beams can be used.
with Steel Beams
y Characteristics
z
Composite floors may also use encased beams, offering the

advantage of full fire proofing of the steel, but at the cost of
more complicated formwork and possible difficulty in placing
the concrete around and under the steel member.
Such fully encased beams do not require shear connectors

as a rule.
34
Steel Deck Reinforced

Concrete Slab

Concrete Slab
y Characteristics
z
The steel deck serves as a stay-in-place form and with

suitable detailing the slab becomes composite with the steel
deck, serving as the main tensile flexural steel.
Suitable for relatively light floor loading and short spans,

composite steel deck reinforced slabs are found in office
buildings and apartment buildings, with column-line girders
and beams in the perpendicular direction subdividing panels
into spans up to about 12 ft.
35

Concrete Slab
y Characteristics
z
Temporary shoring may be used at the mid span or third

point of the panels to avoid excessive stresses and
deflections while the concrete is placed, when the steel deck
panel alone must carry the load.
Concrete Floor Systems as a

function of Span Length and Load
Live Load (psf)
100 Flat Plate
50
20
Flat Plate
Flat Slab
Flat Slab
One-way & Twoway Joist
One-way & Twoway Joist
30
35
40
45
50
Square bay size (ft)
Cost effective Concrete Floor Systems as a function of span length and load
25
72
36
Relative costs of reinforced concrete

floor systems for 50 psf live load
73
The End
74
37
One Way Slabs
75
Topics Addressed
y One Way Slabs
y Behavior
y Strip method of Analysis
y Basic Steps for Structural Design
y
Sizes
Loads
Analysis
Design
y Serviceability Requirements
76
38
One Way Slab

y Behavior
y A slab when loaded in flexure may bend in one or both
directions
y A slab having bending in one direction is called one-way
slab.
y A slab having bending in both directions is called two-way
slab.
77
One Way Slab

y Strip Method of Analysis
z
For purposes of analysis and design, a unit strip of one way slab,
cut out at right angles to the supporting beams, may be
considered as a rectangular beam of unit width, with a depth h
and a span la as shown.
78
39
One Way Slab

y Applicability of Strip Method
z
The strip method of analysis and design of slabs having

bending in one direction is applicable only when:
z
z
Slab is supported on only two sides on stiff beams or walls,

Slab is supported on all sides on stiff beams or walls with
ratio of larger to smaller side greater than 2.
Note:
N
t Not
N t applicable
li bl to
t flat
fl t plates
l t etc.,
t even if bending
b di is
i primarily
i
il in
i one
direction.
79
One Way Slab

y Basic Steps for Structural Design
z
Step
p No. 01: Sizes:-Sizes of all structural and non structural
elements are decided.
Step No. 02: Loads:-Loads on structure are determined

based on occupational characteristics and functionality (refer
Appendix C of class notes)
Step
p No. 03: Analysis:-Effect
y
of loads are calculated on all
structural elements
Step No. 04: Design:-Structural elements are designed for

the respective load effects following code provisions.
80
40
One Way Slab

y Sizes:
y ACI table 9.5 (a) gives the minimum one way slab
thickness.
y l = Span length
81
One Way Slab

y Sizes (Definition of Span Length, l)
Slab
h
Support
ln
c/c
/ distance
di
ln
c/c
/ distance
di
1) l = ln ; --- for integral supports (beams and columns) with ln 10

2) l = Minimum of [(ln +h) or c/c distance] ; --- for non-integral supports (walls)
& for integral supports (beams and columns) with ln > 10
82
41
One Way Slab

y Loads:
y According to ACI 8.2.2 Service loads shall be in
accordance with the general building code of which this
code forms a part, with such live load reductions as are
permitted in the general building code.
y
BCP SP-2007 is General Building Code of Pakistan and it refers

to ASCE 7 for minimum design loads for buildings and other
structures.
y One way
a slabs are usually
s all designed for gravity
gra it loading
(U = 1.2D + 1.6L).
y Visit ASCE 7
83
One Way Slab

y Analysis:
y Chapter 8 of the ACI addresses provisions for the analysis
and design of concrete members.
y According to ACI 8.3.3, as an alternate to frame analysis,
ACI approximate moments shall be permitted for design of
one-way slabs with certain restrictions, which are as
follows.
y Chapter 8 of ACI Code (Brief visit)
84
42
One Way Slab

y Analysis: ACI 8.3.3
Uniformly distributed load (L/D 3)
1.2l
1 2ln
Prismatic
members
ln
Two or more spans
85
One Way Slab

wu
Integral with
support
Simple
support
ln
ln
ln
1/14
1/16
1/11
Positive
Moment
x w l 2
u n
Spandrel
support
1/24
Column
support
1/16
1/10*
1/10
1/11
1/11
1/10*
1/10
*1/9 (2 spans)
Negative
g
Moment
x
wuln2
* 1/12 (for all spans with ln < 10 ft)

Note: For simply supported slab, M = wul2/8, where l = span length (ACI 8.7).
86
43
One Way Slab

y Design:
z
Capacity Demand
Capacity or Design Strength = Strength Reduction Factor

() Nominal Strength
Demand = Load Factor Service Load Effects
Bar spacing (in inches) = Ab/As 12

(Ab = area of bar in in2, As = Design steel in in2/ft)
87
One Way Slab

y Design:
z
T
Temperature
t
or Shrinkage
Sh i k
R i f
Reinforcement
t
z
Reinforcement is placed perpendicular to main steel to control

shrinkage and temperature cracking.
88
44
One Way Slab

y Design:
z
Shrinkage Reinforcement (ACI 7.12):
89
One Way Slab

y Design:
z
Maximum Spacing
p
g Requirement:
q
z
Main Reinforcement
z
Shrinkage Reinforcement
z
Least of 3h or 18 (ACI 7.6.5)

Least of 5h or 18 (ACI 7.12.2.2)
Minimum reinforcement Requirement for main reinforcement

z
Same as shrinkage
g reinforcement requirement
q
((ACI 7.12.2.1))
90
45
One Way Slab

z
Immediate (Short term) Deflection

z
i = K(5/48)Mal2/EcIe
Where
Long term Deflection

z
(cp +sh) = (i)sus
91
One Way Slab

z
Crack Control
z
ACI Equation for Crack control:

z
s = (540/fs) 2.5cc OR 12(36/fs)
Crack width Calculation:

z
Gregely and Lutz equation:

w = 0.076fs(dcA)1/3
Frosch equation:
w = 2000(fs/Es)[dc2 + (s/2)2]
92
46
Two-Way Joist
y Live Load Effects
z
An increase in LL does not have a proportional impact on

cost
z
LL of 100 psf increases the total cost 4% over the cost for a
LL of 50 psf
47

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Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P.

University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

y General Requirements for Concrete Structural Systems

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Depending on structural spans, loading conditions, purpose

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

An important part of the total responsibility of the structural

The wise choice of structural system is far more important, in

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Close cooperation with the architect in the early stages of a

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Versatility of form: concrete poured in fluid state can adopt

Fire Resistance: With proper concrete protection of the steel

Speed of construction: A concrete building can often be

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Cost: In many cases, the first cost of a structure is less than

Availability of labor: The materials and labor for reinforced

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Concrete: Already covered

Reinforcement: Already covered

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Formwork: For economy,

Specify readily available standard form sizes

Repeat sizes and shapes of concrete members

Strive for simple formwork

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

1225 oF at inch from exposed surface

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

The same may be applied to beams as well.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Protection for reinforcement in concrete is mainly provided by

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Fire resistance rating

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Fire resistance rating

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Fire resistance rating

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali