Primary

"Computer-Controlled Anesthesia Simulation." Gale U.S. History in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2012. U.S.
History in Context. Web. 9 Jan. 2015.
The photo was used as an example of the progression of the use of anesthesia
"The Discovery Of The Ansthetic Properties Of Sulphuric Ether." The British Medical Journal 2.1189
(1883): 738. JSTOR. Web. 04 Jan. 2015.
The article detailed the discovery of sulphuric ethers effects as an anesthetic.
Long, Crawford W. "Account of the First Sulphuric Ether by Inhalation as an Anesthetic in Surgical
Operations." Southern Medical and Surgical Journal 5 (1849): n. pag. Web.
Information on how Dr. Long documented his experiments with sulphuric ether was gathered by
using this resource.
Wells, Horace. A History of the Discovery of the Application of Nitrous Oxide Gas, Ether, and Other
Vapors, to Surgical Operations. Hartford: J. Gaylord Wells, 1847. Print.
Wells claim to discovering anesthesia aided the tab on the controversy of who discovered
anesthesia first.
Secondary
Boland, Frank K. "CRAWFORD WILLIAMSON LONG AND THE DISCOVERY OF
ANESTHESIA." The Georgia Historical Quarterly 7.2 (1923): 135-54. JSTOR. Web. 04 Jan.
2015.
Information was used from this source on Dr. Longs discovery of anesthesia.
"Conquering Surgical Pain: Four Men Stake Their Claim." Conquering Surgical Pain: Four Men Stake
Their Claim. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2015.
This website provided information on the four notable people who claimed to be the first to
discover anesthesia.
"Crawford Long (1815-1878)." New Georgia Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2015.
General information on Crawford Long was obtained using this source.

"CWL Parents Siblings Sibling Spouces." CWL Parents Siblings Sibling Spouces. N.p., n.d. Web. 04
Jan. 2015.
Dr. Longs family members were noted in order to establish what his early life and family were
composed of.
Paciorek, Jessica. "MEDICINE AND ITS PRACTICE DURING THE AMERICAN CIVIL
WAR." TCNJ JOURNAL OF STUDENT SCHOLARSHIP 9 (2007): 1.
Http://joss.pages.tcnj.edu/files/2012/04/2007-Paciorek-Civil-War-Medicine.pdf. Web. 8 Jan.
2015.
Information about anesthesias role in treating the wounded during the American Civil War.
Rosenbloom, Julia M., and Robert E. Schonberger. "Toward an Understanding of the Equality of Pain:
Crawford Long and the Development of Anesthesia in Antebellum Georgia." Journal of
Anesthesia History (2014): n. pag. Web. 4 Jan. 2015.
General information was confirmed and gathered about Dr. Longs life and contribution.
"The Discovery Of Anaesthesia." The British Medical Journal 2 (1919): 1017. JSTOR. Web. 04 Jan.
2015.
Information of the discovery of anesthesia was noted from this article, especially Dr. Longs life.
"The Fear Of Anaesthetics." The British Medical Journal 1.2719 (1913): 299-300. JSTOR. Web. 04
Jan. 2015.
Reactions to anesthesia were noted in this article and the fear of death from using certain forms
of anesthesia were discovered.
Thomas, Charles, and Joseph Jacobs. "Some Personal Recollections and Private Correspondence
of Dr. Crawford Williamson Long." Google Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2015.
This source was useful in finding personal recollection from individuals that knew
Crawford W. Long personally and provides a valuable point of view on his character
and his insolvent in the civil war.
Southern Medical and Surgical journal. Vol 5 No.20. December, 1849

Southern Medical journal is contains the first recorded information of Longs

experiments with ether, the discovery is supported by witnesses accounts.
Letters by Crawford W. Long and addressed to him cited in Frank Bolands book The First
Anesthetic: The Story of Crawford Long. Athens, GA: U Of Georgia, 2009. Web.
These letters record Longs requesting ether which he would use in his first
experiment successfully.
"Dr. Crawford Long's Painless Operation." Georgia Public Broadcasting. Georgia
Public Radio, n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2015.

Longs first operation on a patient using anesthesia is presented in an education

video-documentary in which actors re-enact Longs discovery.
Madden, Leslie. "Crawford Long (1815-1878)." New Georgia Encyclopedia. Georgia Institute of
Technology, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2015.
Basic information about Longs early life, education and source of inspiration
provided by the Georgia institute of technology.
Boland, Frank K. The First Anesthetic: The Story of Crawford Long. Athens, GA: U Of Georgia,
2009. Web.
Bolands book provides information on the development of anesthesia before Long
and his experimentation and impact in the medical and surgical world. The book also
has a section discussing the contradiction about who was first to discover anesthesia.
The Discovery of Anesthesia." The British Medical Journal 2.1919 (1897): 1017. Print.
The British Medical Journal reports the news of the discovery of ether by an
American surgeon.

Goss, J. H. "Atlanta Journal-record of Medicine." Journal-Record of Medicine 10.8 (1908):

401+. Web. 5 Jan. 2015
The account gives information about Longs personality, his family and life. It also
talks about his experience with Nitrous oxide before he started experimenting with
ether.
Smith, Allen J. "Documentary Evidence Bearing Upon Dr. Crawford W. Long's Discovery of
Ether Anesthesia." Google Books. University of Pennsylvania, n.d. Web. 05 Jan.
2015.
The resource gives supporting evidence which confirms Long as a pioneer in ether
anesthesia. The source provides handwritten papers of Longs writings and letters.
Finger, Stanley. "Origins of Neuroscience." Google Books. Oxford University Press, n.d. Web. 08
Jan. 2015.
This source describes the attempted experimentations with ether before Long by
Paracelsus and William W. Clarke and describes the debate over the discovery of
ether.

KapitonavaShao2015
lincoln
http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/ugapressbks/pdfs/ugp9780820334363.pdf
http://www.jstor.org/stable/40575757
http://www.jstor.org/stable/25300367
http://www.jstor.org/stable/20251629
http://www.jstor.org/stable/25264376
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/science-medicine/crawford-long-18151878
http://www.anesthesiahistoryjournal.org/article/S2352-4529(14)00004-8/fulltext
http://www.jlrmedicalgroup.com/about-anesthesia/first-anesthesia-case
http://archive.org/stream/39002011123388.med.yale.edu#page/n9/mode/2up