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Luis M. Molina
Departamento de Fsica Te
orica, At
omica y Optica
Quantum Physics
Chapter 3
Quantum Physics
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e /kT
kT
Chapter 3
(1)
Quantum Physics
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Chapter 3
Quantum Physics
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Chapter 3
Quantum Physics
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Chapter 3
Quantum Physics
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(4)
Chapter 3
Quantum Physics
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() =
n=0
P
n=0
nh nh/kT
e
kT
= kT
1
kT
e nh/kT
ne n
n=0
= kT
e n
X
d
ln
e n
d n=0
!
(5)
n=0
n
kT
e n
n=0
Chapter 3
Quantum Physics
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() = h
d
h
ln(1 e )1 =
(e )(1 e )2 =
d
(1 e )1
=
he
h
= h/kT
1 e
e
1
(6)
Then, we obtain the following formula for the energy density within the
blackbody cavity:
T ()d =
h
8 2
d
c 3 e h/kT 1
(7)
The figure in the next slide shows the excelent agreement between theory
(solid curve) and the experimental data (circles)
Chapter 3
Quantum Physics
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Chapter 3
Quantum Physics
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Chapter 3
Quantum Physics
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2h
c2
3
e
RT =
2k 4 4
T
c 2 h3
h
kT
, with du =
Z
0
h
kT
u3
du.
1
eu
(9)
h
kT
d, we obtain:
(10)
Chapter 3
Quantum Physics
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Macroscopic systems
Why do we never observe the discreteness of the energy transfers in a classical
oscillator?
Consider a point particle of 1 gr which is at one end of a string whose length is
1 meter and it is oscillating in the gravitational field. Assume that the angle
corresponding to the maximum separation from the vertical is one degree. How
many quanta are needed to start the motion of the pendulum?
q
g
1
As we have a frequency = 2
= 0,498s 1 and x = 1,523 104 m,
l
the potential energy E of the pendulum is E = mgx = 1,492 106 J. Applying
the quantum equation E = nh, since in this case h = 3,301 1034 J, we find
the numer of quanta to be n = 4,5 1027 !!!
What is the moral of the story? To measure the discrete character of energy in a
macroscopic system like that simple pendulum, we need to measure energies
with an incredible precision of around 1 part in 1025 . This explains why quantum
effects are completely unobservable at the macroscopic level.
The tiny value of the Plancks constant h makes the graininess in the energy too
fine to be distinguished from an energy continuum in macroscopic (i.e, classical)
systems. Only when we face systems where is very large and/or h is of the
order of , we are able to test Plancks postulate and observe quantum effects.
Chapter 3
Quantum Physics
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