Power Systems

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Simple Power System

Every power system has three major

components
generation: source of power, ideally with a
specified voltage and frequency
load: consumes power; ideally with a
constant resistive value

transmission system: transmits power;

ideally as a perfect conductor

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Complications
No ideal voltage sources exist
Loads are seldom constant
Transmission system has resistance,
inductance, capacitance and flow limitations
Simple system has no redundancy so power
system will not work if any component fails

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Power System Examples

Electric utility: can range from quite small,
such as an island, to one covering half the
continent
Airplanes and Spaceships: reduction in weight
is primary consideration; frequency is 400 Hz.
Ships and submarines
Automobiles: dc with 12 volts standard
Battery operated portable systems
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Energy Economics
Electric generating technologies involve a
tradeoff between fixed costs (costs to build them)
and operating costs
Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low operating
costs
Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but high operating
costs (dependent upon fuel prices)
Coal, wind, hydro are in between

Also the units capacity factor is important to

determining ultimate cost of electricity
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Vertical Monopolies
Within a particular geographic market, the
electric utility had an exclusive franchise
Generation
Transmission
Distribution

In return for this exclusive

franchise, the utility had the
obligation to serve all
existing and future customers
at rates determined jointly
by utility and regulators

Customer Service

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Utility Restructuring
Driven by significant regional variations in
electric rates
Goal of competition is to reduce rates
through the introduction of competition
Eventual goal is to allow consumers to
choose their electricity supplier

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

The Goal: Customer Choice

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

System Operation Hierarchy

National Level NLDC

Regional Level - RLDC

State Level - SLDC

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

System Operation - Regional Level

TSO Model

OTHER REGIONAL GRIDS

CENTRAL
THERMAL

CENTRAL
HYDRO

REGIONAL GRID

BULK
CONSUMERS

STATE
GRID 1

DISCOS

IPPs

CENTRAL
NUCLEAR

RLDC

STATE
GRID 2

STATE
GRID n

DISCOS

DISCOS
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

System Operation - State Level

CENTRAL
GENERATION
REGIONAL
GRID

TSO Model

STATE
THERMAL

STATE
HYDRO

SLDC

STATE GRID

BULK
CONSUMERS

DISCOM 1

CONSUMERS

IPPs

DISCOM 2

DISCOM m

CONSUMERS

CONSUMERS

CPP

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Balancing market guiding vector

Unscheduled Interchange (UI) Rate
applicable only for deviations from contract in real-time
800

745
NORMAL OPERATING BAND SPECIFIED BY IEGC

Rate (Paise/KWH)

700

Deficit condition in
the grid
Signal to
serve more
consumers if possible
else
save fuel
by reducing
generation

600
500
400
300
200

345
Signal to
use all available
generating resources
Else
reduce energy
consumption

210
150
Surplus condition in
the grid

100
0

50.5

51.0

0
48.5

49.0

49.5

50.0

Frequency (Hz)

UI Rate wef 30th April 2007

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Regional Electricity Market in India

Buyer

Short term Contract

Long term contracts

Daily off-take
commitment

Grid

Physical Off take

TSO

Seller
Daily Delivery
Commitment

Physical delivery

Transmission Charges

Capacity addition

Pool Account

Weekly settlement

Buyer

UI

Operated by

UI

Seller

System Operator
Availability & Energy Charges

Retail
Consumers

Lenders
& Owners
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Development of the Power Market in

India
Development of the Power Market
Section 66, IE Act 2003
National Electricity Policy, 12-Feb-2005, Para 5.7.1(d)

Implementation of Inter-State ABT : 2002-03

Metering, Scheduling and Settlement

Introduction of Open Access in Inter State Transmission :

May 2004
Development of PX

Staff paper by CERC : July 2006

Public hearing : December 2006
Guidelines for setting up PX : February 2007
In-principle approval for setting up PX: 31-08-2007

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Renewables: Wind Energy

Total RES:
15000 MW
(approx.)

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Elements of power system .

1. Power stations .
2. Substations .
3. Busbars .
4. Primary T.L and secondary T.L .

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Step Up Transformer

Step down Transformer

Power Station
Transmission Line 1

TL2

11/500
kV

500/220
kV

Busbars

220/66
kV
Loads

66/11
kV

11kV/380V

Elements of Power System

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Standard voltages .
1. Generation voltages .
3.3 , 6.6 , 11 , 26 KV
2. Transmission line voltage .
11 , 33 , 66 , 132, 220, 400, 765 KV
3. Distribution high voltages .
11 , 6.6 KV
4. Distribution low voltages .
440, 230 V
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Power stations
Types of power stations :
1. Thermal power stations .
2. Hydro power stations .
3. Nuclear power stations .
4. Gas power stations .

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Major Control Problems in Power

System

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus