Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract--
In
this
proposed
study,
Transformerless
FPGA
from
solar
PV
modules
MPPT
charge
controller
is
inverter
is
offering
very
low
line
voltage
THDs
Fossil
fuels
I. INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy as the name suggests the energy available
again and again for the utilization. Interest of using renewable
energy has boost up in past few years in order to decrease the
burden on fossil fuels to generate electrical energy [1].
Most renewable energy comes in - directly or directly from
the sun. Sunlight can be used directly for lightning homes and
large buildings and also used for heating purpose and solar
energy for the generation of electricity, for heating of water and
a variety of industrial and commercial use. Solar cells convert
sunlight into electricity, which can be used in rural areas as a
source of electricity. Solar cells are in used calculators as a
power source and it is also used in watches. Solar cells are made
up of semiconducting material which is similar to those used in
computer chips. When sunlight is absorbed by these materials,
the solar energy energizes electrons loose from atoms and
allowing the electrons to flow through the cell to produce
electricity. This process of converting light (photon) to
electricity (voltage) is called photovoitaic (PV) effect.
Solar cells are combined together into modules that hold
about a number of cells. Modules created by joining the solar
cells forming a array, that are placed in the photovoltaic array
that trap sunlight on all sides. Several united photovoitaic arrays
generate enough electricity for a residential load, for large
electricity utility or industrial applications, a large number of
arrays can be united to form a single large photovoltaic system.
Photovoltaic systems particularly single phase systems are
becoming more important worldwide. They are usually private
N uclea r
3%
Renewabl
es
19%
From the Fig. 1 we can observe that the energy production from
solar photovoitaic is low. But there is reduction in the energy
production by fossil fuels. The two main topologies have been
stated in the photovoltaic system i.e. with and without the
galvanic isolation. The main aim of the galvanic isolation is to
offer safety for the user, but this decreases the overall
efficiency of the system. In the case of the Transformer less
system the efficiency of the system raises up. The most
important advantage of the Transformer less system is that it
offers higher efficiency, smaller in size and petite in weight as
compared to system with transformer. [2]
The differences between standard or conventional inverters and
Transformer less inverters are:
Conventional inverters are built with an internal transformer
that synchronizes the DC voltage with the AC output.
I
--
Iph
Ir
Rs
Rsh
Parameters
Sensitivity
Distortion
Low
frequency
reproduction
Noise immunity
Cable drive
Id
Diode
Transformer
Lower
Higher
Less precise
Transformerless
Higher
Lower
Good
Higher
Longer
Lower
Shorter
Current
Source
f... v(Amp) & v (V)are the module output current and voltage.
Operating equation of the PV module
II.PROPOSED TOPOLOGY
Fig.2 shows the block diagram of the proposed transformerless
system which consists of two stages. In this system a solar
array has been constructed in matlab by combining it into series
and parallel combinations. As we now the output of solar cell is
variable so we have deployed a DC-DC converter which
converts variable DC into fixed DC, this is done in first stage.
In second stage DC is converted into AC which will be utilized
by the appliances.
VARIABLE
DC
CONTROLLED
DC
DC.DC
CONVERTER
)----+)
INVERTER
PV Module
Z' !!l ) - j! v = 0
+ .!l = 0
J)
lr r
B.
AC
24'S
CELLS
1050W
A.
(1)
(2)
--
..
.....
SWITCH
Vi
==C
Vo
....J",,"
cl
Cp
Qb
Cl
(4)
(5)
toniL=Lli
*
:.11 / L =Lli
cl- i
-.JoCp
-,., .)
.,
=0
-.-.
ret;
" .-i
f' _
and for a lossless circuit the power balance ensures
.
L . 1 - )
m
(6)
(7)
(8)
III.SIMULAnON
In this section simulation results of the proposed system are
shown. The output of the solar photovoltaic module depends on
the irradiation of sunlight and the temperature of the sunlight
which affects the generated output voltage and current.
SolarPVArraYlIitb
MPPIrhargerontroUer
,----,---,-----,
lI5
BooeD.gram
40
20
III
-20
--------
0.01
0.02
o
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
01)7
0.08
0.111
0.1
lime(sec)
(a) Temperature
4 0 L-LLUliil__LLli
__L_LLil__L
405 ,-,-
JaO
n_-,_nr__=-,TTIT--TTIT,___,-,."
315
270---
225
I r---'----'--_'---
-------
180
135
1050
90
10
'!:1040
'
10
'
10
'
10
,.. _ . ......
'
,_
I AI
10
'
10
""
030
1020
1010
om
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.04
]me(sec)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
(b) Irradiance
Fig. 7 Input parameters of
o --------------------------
o
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
SPY module
10 ,---,---,---,---,---,---,---,----,---,----,
[3
o --------------------------
o
0.05
0.1
0.1 5
O L--------L--
o
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
O. I
]me(sec)
r---,---,----,--r---,--V-
40
=
'"
30
25
20
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
]me(sec)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
'
Line AB -Voltage
500
..
o
-500
APhase Voltage
..
400 r------.----___.
Line B C-Voltage
500
200
-500
200
Line CA-Voltage
.400 L......-
500
-'---__----L.__
...
----I.---I
__
B Phase Voltage
400 ....-----.--,.---"""T""""1
0.05
200
0.1
0.15
Line Current
200
.400 L......-
-'---__----L.__
...
----I.---I
__
[Phase Voltage
400 r------r-----""'T'""""'"I
o
200
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.1 2
0.14
0.16
200
.400 L......o
__
---I.__
...----'-___.....L...
0.05
0.1
0.15
1
o
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
REFERENCES
Line Voltage AB
[II
. ... .... .. .
500
Froc.
Kerekes, T.; Teodorescu, R.; Rodriguez, P.; Vazquez, G.; AJdabas, E.,
"A New High-Efficiency Single-Phase Transformerless PV Inverter
Topology,"
, vo1.58,
500 ..
o
0.05
0.1
Electrical, Electronics
and Computer Science (SCEECS), 2012 iEEE Students' Conference
on, vol., no., pp.l,4, 1-2 March 2012
0.15
[41
Marroyo,
Photovoltaic
L.,
"High-Efficiency
Single-phase
500
G.M.S.;
Camboim,
Leakage
Photovoltaic Systems,"
500
Transformerless
Inverter,"
...
L-________L-________L-____
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.1 6
[ 61
"Modulation
in
Transformerless
Techniques
to
Three-Phase
2009,
pp. 1-10.
[71
ind. Electron.,
[8 1
Gonzalez,
Roberto;
Lopez,
J.;
Sanchis,
[9 1
P.;
Marroyo,
L.,
March 2007
Saini, T.; Raveendhra, D.; Thakur, P., "Stability analysis of FPGA
based perturb and observe method MPPT charge controller for solar
PV
[10]
IV.CONCLUSION
F.e.,
Currents
AC-Module Application,"
[12] Oliveira, K.e.; Cavalcanti, M.e.; Afonso, 1.L.; Farias, A.M.; Neves,
F.AS., "Transformerless photovoltaic systems using neutral point
clamped multilevel inverters," industrial Electronics (ISiE), 20iO
iEEE international Symposium on , vol., no., pp.II3I,1136, 4-7 July
2010
[13] Raveendhra, D.; Pathak, M.K.; Panda, A, "Power conditioning system
for solar power applications: Closed loop DC-DC convertor fed FPGA
controlled diode clamped multilevel inverter," Electrical, Electronics
and Computer Science (SCEECS), 2012 IEEE Students' Conference on
, vol., no., pp.I,4, 1-2 March 2012
[14] Raveendhra, D.; Prakash, P.; Saini, P., "Simulation based analysis of
FPGA controlled Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel inverter fed solar PV
system," Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability (lCEETS),
2013 International Conference on , vol., no., pp.568,572, 10-\2 April
2013