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QUANTIZATION
Digital Signal Processing
Fundamentals and Applications 2nd Edition
Li Tan & Jean Jiang
SUMMARY
SIGNAL RECONSTRUCTION
If an analog signal with a frequency (f) is undersampled, the aliasing frequency component falias
in the baseband is simply given by the following expression: falias = fs f
Anti-Aliasing Filter
By applying this, we limit the input analog signal, so that all the frequency components are
less than the folding frequency (half of the sampling rate).
To control the aliasing noise:
Use a higher order lowpass filter
Increase the sampling rate
For illustrative purpose, Butterworth filter will be used. It can be extended to other types
of filter such as the Chebyshev filter.
Butterworth magnitude frequency response
with an order of n is given by:
The specifications for anti-aliasing filter designs are similar to anti-image (reconstruction)
filtes, except for their stopband edges.
Anti-aliasing filter designed to block the frequency components beyond the folding
frequency before the ADC operation
Reconstruction filter designed to block the frequency components beginning at the
lower edge of the first image after the DAC
Flash ADC offers the advantage of high conversion speed, since all bits are acquired at
the same time.
Quantization Error obtained by subtracting the original analog voltage from the
recovered analog voltage
Quantization Process the process of converting analog voltage with infinite precision
to finite precision
Unipolar Quantizer deals with analog signals ranging 0 volt to a positive reference
voltage
Bipolar Quantizer deals with analog signals ranging from a negative reference to a
positive reference
DAC PROCESS
DAC unit takes the binary codes from the DS processor.
It converts the binary code using the zero-order hold circuit to reproduce the sampleand-hold signal.
The recovered sample-and-hold signal is further processed using the anti-image filter.
Finally, the analog signal is produced.
When the DAC outputs the analog amplitude xq with finite precision, it introduces
quantization error defined as: