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Chapter No. 1
Chapter No. 1
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Basic Concepts
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BASIC CONCEPTS
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Atom:
The term atom is derived from the Greek word atoms meaning indivisible.
The smallest particle of an element which may or may not have independent
existence is called an atom.
For example ,the atoms of He,Ne and A r exist independently while the
atoms of hydrogen ,nitrogen and oxygen do not have independent existence .An
atom is composed of more than 100 subatomic particles such as electron, proton ,
neutron , hyperons , neutrino, antineutrino, etc .However ,electron ,proton and
neutron are the fundamental particles of atoms. The atoms are the smallest particle
of an element which can take part in a chemical reaction.
Evidence of Atoms:
Atoms are extremely small. It is not possible actually to see them even with
a powerful optical microscope However ,the direct evidence for their existence
comes from an electron microscope. It uses beams of electrons instead of visible
light. The wavelength of electron is much shorter than that of visible light. With
optical microscopes, a clear and accurate image of an object that is smaller than the
wavelength of visible light cannot be obtained. It can only measure the size of an
object up to or above 500 nm. However, objects of the size of an atom be observed
in an electron microscope. Like light, the characteristics of an electron beam
change when it passes through or reflects off atoms in the thin layers of solids. The
electron beam takes a picture of atoms layers which can be magnified about 15
millions of times. An electron microscope photograph of a piece of graphite is
shown in the figure. The bright bands in the image are layers of carbon atoms.
(Picture)
Fig Electron microscope photograph of graphite
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X-ray work has shown that the diameters of atoms are of the order 2x10 -10 m which
is0.2 nm. Masses of atoms range from 10-27 to 10-25 kg. We can get an idea about
the small size of an atom from the fact that a full stop may have two million atoms
present in it. They are often expressed in atomic mass units (a.m.u).
amu= 1.661x 10-24 g=1.661x10-27 kg
Molecule:
The smallest particle of a pure substance which can exist independently is
called a molecule.
A molecule may contain one or more atoms. The number of atoms present in
a single molecule of an element is called atomicity. The molecules of elements can
be monatomic, diatomic,Triatomic and polyatomic etc, if they contain one, two
and three atoms respectively. A molecule of an element consists of one or more
similar atoms . For example , He, Ar, O2,CL2, O3, P4, S8. A molecule of a
compound consists of two or more different atoms. For example, HCI, H 2S, CO2,
NH3, H2SO4,C12H22 O11.
The sizes of molecules are bigger than atoms. Their sizes depend upon the
number of atoms present in molecules and their shapes. A molecule having a very
high molar mass is called a macromolecule. For example, hemoglobin is a
macromolecule which is found in blood. Hemoglobin carries oxygen from lungs to
all parts of the body. Each molecule of hemoglobin is made up of nearly 10,000
atoms. Hemoglobin molecule is 68,000 times heavier than a hydrogen atom.
Ions:
The species which carry either positive or negative charge are called ions.
An ion may be a charged atom, group of atoms or molecules. Ions are
formed by the gain or loss of electrons by neutral atoms or molecules. The number
of protons in the nucleus never changes in the formation of ions.
Examples:
Na+, Ca2+ , NH , Cl-, O2- , NO ,CO -, N ,CO+,CH
Cation
An ion that has a positive charge is called a Cation.
They are formed when an atom of an element loses one or more electrons.
A A + + eThe charge on a cation may be +1, +2 or +3 . The charge present on an ion
depends upon the number of electrons lost by an atom. Energy is always required
to form positive ions. The Formation of the positive ion is an endothermic process.
The most common positive ions are formed by the metal atoms. The positive ions
having group atoms are less common.
Examples:
Anion
Na + , K + ,Ca2+, Mg 2+ , A13+ , Sn 4+ , NH , H3 O +
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Examples:
F- ,CI - ,Br - ,I - , O 2- ,OH -, CO -,SO -, PO ,MnO , Cr2 O - , etc
Molecular Ion:An ion which is formed when a molecule loses or gains an electron is
called a molecular ion.
Positive molecular ions are formed by removing electrons from neutral molecules.
Negative molecular ions are formed when extra electrons are attached to neutral
molecules. Cationic molecular ions are more abundant than anionic ions.
Molecular ions can be generated by passing a beam of high-energy electrons ,
alpha particles or X-rays through molecules in gaseous state. The break down of
molecular ions obtained from the natural products can give important information
about their structure.
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Examples:
N , CO + , CH , N , etc
Positive ions of molecules can be generated by bombarding the gas, or vapour of
the substance with electrons. The molecular ions produced often break into
fragments, giving several different kinds of positive ions.
Thus the original molecule can give rise to a number of ions .
Relative Atomic mass:The mass of an atom of an element as compared to the mass of an atom of
carbon-12 is called relative atomic mass.
An atom is an extremely small particle . The mass of an individual atom is
extremely small in quantity . It is not possible to weigh individual atoms or even
small number of atoms directly . We do not have any balance to weigh such an
extremely small mass. That is why for atoms, the unit of mass used is the atomic
mass unit (amu) and not measurement I.e, grams , kilograms ,pounds and so on.
Atomic Mass Unit (amu):
A mass unit equal to exactly one-twelfth ( th)the mass of a carbon -12 atom is
called atomic mass unit.
For atoms , the atomic mass unit (amu) is used to express the relative atomic
because its mass of 12 units has been determined very accurately by using mass
spectrometer . The relative atomic mass of C is 12,000 amu and relative atomic
mass of H is 1.0078 amu .
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H
N
O
Na
Mg
1amu=1.66x10 -24 g.
Relative Atomic Element
mass
1.0078 amu
A1
14.0067 amu
S
15.9994 amu
C1
22.9897 amu
Cu
24.3050 amu
U
Relative
Atomic
mass
26.9815 amu
32.066 amu
35.453 amu
63.546 amu
238.0289 amu
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Remember that:
Element
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written as C , C, C and expressed as C-12, C-13 and C-14 . Chlorine has two ,
oxygen has three nickel has five , calcium has six ,palladium has six, cadmium has
nine and tin has eleven isotopes .
Relative Abundance of Isotopes:
The isotopes of the elements have their own natural abundance. The
properties of a particular element mostly correspond to the most abundant isotopes
of that element.
The relative abundance of the isotopes of elements can be determined by mass
spectrometry .At present above 280 different isotopes of elements occur in nature.
They include 40 radioactive isotopes. About 300 unstable radioactive isotopes have
been produced artificially.
Table: Natural abundance of some common Isotopes
Element
Hydrogen
Carbon
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Isotopes
1
H, 2 H
12
C, 13 C
Abundance(%)
99.985, 0.015
98.893, 1.107
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14
Nitrogen
N , 15 N
99.634, 0.366
16
17
18
Oxygen
O, O, O
99759. 0.037, 0.204
32
33
34
36
Sulphur
S , S , S, S
95.0,0.76,4.22.0.014
35
37
Chlorine
C1, C1
75.53, 24.47
19
18
Bromine
Br , Br
50.54,49.49
Odd- Even Relationships:
1.
The elements with even atomic number usually have larger
number of stable isotopes.
2.
The elements with odd atomic number almost never possess more
As,
I and
Au have only single isotopes. These elements are known as monoisotopic elements.
The isotopes whose mass number is multiples of four are most
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3.
F,
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is:
=
Where H is the strength of magnetic field, E is the strength of electrical field , r is
the radius of circular path .
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(Picture)
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(picture)
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3.
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element is an average mass based on the number of isotopes of the element and
their natural abundance. Natural abundances of atoms are given as atomic
percentages. The mass contributed by each isotope is equal to fractional
abundance multiplied by the isotopic mass. The average or fractional atomic mass
for the element is obtained by taking the sum of the masses contributed by each
isotope.
In general.
1.
Fractional atomic mass of an element =
(fractional abundance)(
Isotopic mass) .
2.
By the symbol sigma ,
means take the sum of the quantities
.
20
21Ne
22
90.92x
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Ne
0.9092x20=18.1840
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Example 1:
A sample of neon is found to consist of
the
percentage of 90.92%,0.26% and 8.82% respectively . Calculate the fractional
atomic mass of neon.
Solution: The mass contribution for neon isotopes are:
Isotope
Fractional abundance
Isotopic mass
Mass
contribution
=0.9092
21
20
0.0026x21=0.0546
Ne
22
0.0882x22=1.9404
Average or fractional atomic mass of neon =20.179
=20.18amu : Answer
Hence the fractional atomic mass of neon is 20.18 amu. Remember that no
individual neon atom in the ordinary isotopic mixture has mass of 20.18amu
.However Alternatively, the problem may by solved by applying the formula:
Fractional atomic mass
=
(fractional abundance)(isotopic mass)
=(fractional abundance of 20 Ne )
(isotopic mass of
20
21
Ne)+(fractional abundance of Ne ) (isotopic mass of
21
Ne)+(fractional abundance of 22Ne )(isotopic mass of
22
Ne).
=(0.9092)(20)+(0.0026)(21+(0.0882)(22)
=18.1840+0.0546+1.9404
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=20.179
= 20.18 amu Answer
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=
=11.11% Answer
(iii)
%of oxygen =
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=
= 28.62% Answer
Hence in 100 grams of the compound ,there are 60.26 grams of carbon, 11.11
grams of hydrogen and 28.62 grams of oxygen.
Empirical Formula
A chemical formula that gives the smallest whole number ratio of atoms
of each elements present in a compound is called an empirical formula .
For example, in an empirical formula of a compound , A x By, there are x
atoms of element A and y atoms of element B. The empirical formula can be
determined from the percentage composition of the compound or from the
experimentally determined mass relationships of elements that make up the
compound.
Calculation of Empiriacal Formula
Empirical formula of a compound can be calculated by using the following
steps:
1.
Find the percentage composition of the compound.
2.
Find the number of gram-atoms of each element .For this purpose divide
the percentage of each element by its atoms mass.
3.
Find the atomic ratio of each element. To get this, divide the number of
gram-atoms (Moles) of each element by the smallest number of gram-atoms
(moles).
4.
Make the atomic ratio a simple whole number atomic ratio of not so
multiply it with a suitable number.
5.
Write the empirical formula having various atoms present in the above
ratio.
Example3: Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) contains 40.92% carbon, 4.58% hydrogen
and 54.5% oxygen by mass. What is the empirical formula of the ascorbic acid?
Solution:
Calculation of empirical formula:
On writing various steps in tabular from, we have
Element %
age
Atomic
mass
40.92 12.0
Whole
number
ratio
1x3=3
4.58
1.33x3=4
1.008
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No of gramatoms
Atomic
ratio
54.5
16.0
1x3=3
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=
% age of O= 100-(52.10+13.11)=34.79%
(ii)
13.11 1.008
34.79 16.0
atoms
ratio
formula
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52.10 12.0
Empirical
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Atomic
C2 H6 O
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mass
No of gram
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Molecular Formula
Empirical Formula = C2 H6 O
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65.44% carbon , 5.50% hydrogen and 29.06% oxygen . What is the empirical
formula of the compound? If the molecular mass of this compound is 110.15
Solution:
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65.44 12.0
5.50
29.06 16.0
Empirical
atoms
ratio
formula
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1.008
Atomic
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mass
No of gram
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(ii)
C2 H6 O
N==
Molecular formula
= n x (empirical formula)
= 2 ( C3H3O)
=C6 H6 O2
Concept of mole
Gram atom (mole)
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Example :
=1.008g
=12.000g
=238.0g
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=24.000g
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It means that one gram atoms of different elements have different mass in
them . It also shown that one gram atom of magnesium is twice as heavy as an
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atom of carbon
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molecule.
Examples :
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= 32g
=2.016g
=18.0g
=342.0g
It means that one gram molecules of different molecular substances have different
masses.
Gram-formula (gram mole or mole)
The formula mass of an ionic compound expressed in grams is called a
gram formula of the ionic compound
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Since ionic compounds do not exist in molecular form , therefore , the sum
of atomic masses individual ions gives the formula mass.
No .of gram formula (moles ) of a substance =
=58.5g
1 gram-formula of KOH
=56.0g
=170g
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Gram-Ion (Mole)
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1 gram-formula of Na C1
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Examples:
The atomic mass , molecular mass formula mass or ionic mass of the
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Number of moles=
(b)
0.1 kg of silicon
(a)
=0.1g
=23g mole -1
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Solution:
(b)
=0.1g
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(a)
=4.3x10-1 mol
=0.1kg
=28.086 g mol-1
=0.1x1000=100 g
Solutions:
= 10-3 mol
=24+32+64=120g mol -1
Formula Used:
Mass of substance
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mass
Mass of Mg SO 4
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= 0.12g
Avogadro ,s Number (Avogadro Constant), NA)
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The number of atoms, molecules and ions present in one gram atom ,
one gram-molecule and one gram ion respectively is called Avogadro ,s number
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Examples:
1 mole of hydrogen (H)
=1.008g of H
=23g of Na
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1 mole of sodium(Na)
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=18g of H2O
1 mole of SO
1 mole of NO
=6.02x1023 atoms of H
=6.02x1023 atoms of Na
=6.02x1023 molecules
= 6.02x1023molecules of C6
=6.02x1023 ions of SO
=62g of NO
=6.02x1023 ions of NO
= 96 of SO
One mole of different compounds has different masses but the same
number of particles .
Important Relationships
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No of atoms of an element =
2.
No of molecules of an compound =
3.
4.
Number of particles
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Mass of atoms
6.
Mass of molecules
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number
5.
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Examples 8: How many molecules of water are there in 10.0 g ice ? Also
calculate the number of atoms of hydrogen and oxygen separately , the total
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= 10.0g
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Number of molecules of H2 O = x NA
=
(ii)
3.34x1023 molecules
= 3.34x1023
=2x3.34x1023 atoms of
H
=6.68x1023 atoms of H
Now,
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=1x3.34x1023 atoms
of O
=3.34x1023 atoms of
O
Total number of atoms
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+3.34x1023
=6.68x 1023
=(6.68+3.34) x1023
10.02x1023 atoms
=2
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=2x3.34x1023
=6.68x1023
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(a)
Mass of H3PO4
=10g
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(b)
3H+ +PO
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ions
=1.842x1023+ve H+
ions=1
=6.14x1022 ve PO
Calculation for the masses of individual ions:
No, of H+ ions
=1.842x1023 ions
Ionic mass of H+
=1.0008 g mol-1
NA
=6.02x1023 ions mol-1
Mass of H+ ions
=
=
=0.308 g
ions
ions
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No of PO - ions
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=6.14x1022 ions
=31+64=95g mol -1
=6.02x1023 ions mol-1
Mass of PO - =
(d)
Calculation for the number of positive and negative charges
dispersed in the solution:
1 molecule of H3 PO4 gives positive charges in solution
=3
6.14x1022 molecule of H3 PO4 gives positive charges in solution =3x6.14x1023
=1.842x10 23 +ve
charges
Since the solution is always electrically neutral, therefore, number of
positive and negative charges in solution is always equal
Thus in the solution:
No. of positive charges
=No of negative
charges
Hence, the number of negative charges in the solution
= 1.842x1023
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Solution:
STP:
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Molar Volume
The volume , 22.414 dm3 occupied by one mole of an ideal gas at STP is
called molar volume.
With the help of this information, we can convert the mass of a gas at STP
into its volume and vice versa, Hence.
1.
1 mole of a gas at STP
=22.414 dm3
2.6.02x1023 molecules of a gas at STP
=22.414 dm3
3.
22.414 dm3 of a gas at STP
=1 Mole
3
It should be remember that 22.414 dm of two gases has a different mass but the
same number of molecules. The reason is that the masses and the sizes of the
molecules do not affect the volumes.
Example 10: A well known ideal gas is enclosed in a container having volume 500
cm3 at STP. Its mass comes out to be 0.72 g .What is the molar mass of this gas.
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3.
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Equation:
2KOH(eq) + H2SO4(aq)
2moles
Now,
(ii)
2KOH (aq)
+ H2SO4(aq) K2SO4(aq) +2H2O(1)
2moles of KOH
=1 mole of K2 SO4
0.25 mole of KOH
=
=
0.125 moles of K2SO4
Molar mass of K2SO4
=78+32+64=174g Mol-1
Mass of K2SO4 Produced
=No of moles x molar mass
Mass of K2SO4 Produced
=0.125molx 174 g mol-1
Mass of K2SO4 Produced
=21.75g
Calculation for the number of molecules of water:
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0.25mol
Equation:
2KOH(eq) + H2SO4(aq)
2moles
K2SO4(aq) +2H2O(1)
2 moles of KOH
=2moles of H2O
0.25moles of HOH
=
Mass of H2O produced
=0.25mol x 18g mol-1=4.5g
Number of molecules of H2O =No of moles x NA
=0.25mol x6.02x 1023 molecules mol-1
=1.51x1023 molecules
Examples 12: Mg metal reacts with HCI to give hydrogen gas. What is the
minimum volume of HCI solution (27%by weight ) required to produce 12.1 g of
H2.The density of HCI solution if 1.14g cm-3
Mg(s) + 2HCI(aq)
Mg C12(aq) +H2(g)
Solution:
Mass of H2
=12.1g
Molar mass of H2
=2.016g mol-1
Mg(s) + 2HCI(aq)
1 mole of H2
Moles of H2
=2 mole of HCI
=
=12moles
Molar mass of HCI =1+35.5=36.5g mol-1
Mass of HCI
= No. of moles x molar mass
=12mol x 36.5g mol-1
=438 g
%age of HCI solution
=27
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Now,
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2moles
=
=x 6moles
Mg C12(aq) +H2(g)
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No. of moles of H2
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Now ,
=100g
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=1622.2g
=1.14g cm -3
=1423 cm3
Limiting Reactant
A reactant that controls the amount of the product formed in a chemical
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by the balanced chemical wquation.This is done to ensure that the other expensive
eractant is completely used up in the reaction .Sometimes, this strategy is applied
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to increase the speedof reactions. In this way excess reactant is left behind at the
end of reaction and the other reactant in completely consumed .This reactant which
is completely used up in the reaction is Known as the limiting reactant .Once this
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reactant is used up , the reactant stops and no additional product is formed .Hence
the limiting reactant controls the amount of the product formed in a chemical
Example:
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reaction .
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2.
Calculate the number of moles of product that could be produced form each
reactant by using a balanced chemical equation.
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Example 13: NH3 gas can by prepared by heating together two solids NH4C1 and
Ca (OH)2. If a mixture containing 100g of each solid is heated then.
Calculate the number of grams of NH3 produced.
(b)
Solution:
(a)
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Mass of NH4 C1
Mass of Ca(OH)2
=100g
=14+4+35.5=53.5g mol-1
=40+34=74g mol -1
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No of moles of NH4 C1
No of moles of Ca(OH)2
1.87 moles
.35 moles
2moles
1mole
Now,
2molesof NH4CI
1 mole of Ca(OH)2
1.35
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moles
2moles
=2moles of NH3
of
=
=2moles of NH3
Ca(OH)2
=1.87moles
=14+3=17g mol-1
=No of moles NH3xmolar mass of
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Mass of NH3produced
NH3
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(b)
calculation as follows:
Now,
2moles of NH4C1
=1 mole of Ca(OH)2
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The reactant, Ca(OH)2 is used in excess , its amount left un reacted can be
=0.935moles of Ca(OH)2
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Actual yield
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The actual yield of the product is always less than the theoretical yield of
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the product.
Causes of less actual yield
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In most chemical reactions, the actual yield is always less than the
theoretical yield of the product due to the following reasons:
1.
2.
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Side reaction may occur which reduce the amount of the product.
The reaction may not go to completion.
There may have been impurities in one or more of the reactants.
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Solution:
=2.5kg =2500g
=4.5kg =4500g
=40+12+48=100g mol-1
= 40+16=56g mol -1
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CaCO3(s)
CaO(s) +CO2(s)
56g
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100g
100g of CaCO3
4500g of CaCO3
=56g of CaO
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Now ,
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CaCO3(s)
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=
=2520g pf CaO
=2520
Q1.
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%yield =
=
=99.21%
EXERCISE
Select the most suitable answer from the given ones in each question.
(i)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Chemical properties
(d)
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(ii)
(b)
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(c)
(d)
(b)
(c)
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(iii)
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(d)
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0.55mg
(c)
0.184mg
(d)
1.673mg
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8 g go oxygen
(c)
(vi)
32g of oxygen
(viii)
(d)
16g of oxygen
24g of oxygen
(vii)
(b)
0.25
(b)
0.50
(c)
1.0
(d)
3.6g of H2 O (b)
4.8g of C2H5 OH
(c)
2.8 g of CO
5.4g of N2O5
(d)
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1.50
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
2.24 dm3
(c)
1.12 dm3
22.4dm3
(b)
112 cm3
(d)
(b)
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(ix)
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reactants
reactants
(e)
Q2:
(ii)d
(iii)d
(iv)b
(v)d
(vi)a
(vii)a
(viii)c (ix)c
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(x)d
(i)a
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consideration
Ans:
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other
spectrograph.
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
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(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
amu
(ii)
mass (iii)
(v)
1.505x1023
(vi)
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(viii) conservation
Neon has three isotopes and the fourth one with atomic mass
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Q3:
carbon, hydrogen
Products
6x6.02x1023,6x6.02x1023,12x6.02x1023
(vii)
Soddy (iv)
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Ans: (i)
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--law is obeyed.
20.18 amu.
(ii)
(iii)
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water vapors.
(iv)
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equal.
(vi)
(viii)
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Ans. (i)
False (ii)
False (iii)
True
(v)
False (vi)
true
False (viii)
Q4:
(vii)
(iv)
false
False
What are ions? Under What condition are they produced ? can you
om
bonded oxygen because it contains seven electrons three electron pairs and one
e.c
(Picture)
(a)
fre
Q4:
masses of
line
llon
(b)
isotopes of an element?
Ans
ww
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for bromine; while for iodine only one peak at 127 amu , is indicated?
The two strong peak in the mass spectrum for bromine represent two
different isotopes of bromine having nearly equal natural abundances. Only one
peak at 127 amu in the mass spectrum for iodine indicates that it has only one
isotope of atomic mass 127 amu.
Remember that the peak heights are proportional to the natural abundances of the
isotopes in the given sample , the larger the height of the peak, the greater is the
natural abundance of the isotopes in the sample.
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Q5:
Silver has atomic number 47 and has 16 known isotopes but two occur
naturally I,e, Ag _____107 . and Ag _____109 . Given the following mass
spectrometric data, calculated the average atomic mass of silver,
Isotopes mass (amu) percentage abundance
107
Isotopes
48.16
isotopic mass
Ag
109Ag
mass
107
0.5184x107=55.4688
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fre
contribution
107
108.90476
e.c
Solution:
Ag
51.84
om
109
Ag 106.90509
0.4816x109=52.4944
107
=107.9632
Q6:
llon
Solution:
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information.
10
B and
11
=10.81 amu
=10.0129 amu
=11.0093
=1-x
e.c
om
x
=
10
Fractional abundance of B =0.2000
Fractional abundance of 11B =(1-0.2000)=0.8000
By percentage the fractional abundance of isotope is
%of 10B
=0.2000x100 =20% Answer
% of 11B
(i)
Gram atom
molecular mass
(iv)
volume
(v)
Avogadros number
Gram
molar
(vii)
Percentage yield
(c)
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(b)
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the
(viii)
Gram ion
(vi)
Stoichiometry
Q8:
(ii)
fre
line
Q7:
=0.8000x100 =80%Answer
(d)
(e)
(f)
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Solution:
(a)
23g of Na
=1 mole of Na
=6.02x1023 atoms of Na
238g of U
=1 mole of U
=6.02x1023 atoms of U.
om
equal number of atoms. Hence , 1 mole (23g ) of sodium and 1 mole (238)g of
uranium contain equal number of atoms , i , e ,6.02x1023 atoms.
Since the atomic mass of Mg (24) is twice the atomic mass of carbon
e.c
(b)
fre
line
Since the mass of one atom of Mg is twice the mass of one atom of C ,
therefore, Mg atom is twice heavier than that of carbon.
(c)
sucrose
llon
=6.02x1023 molecules of
ww
w.a
Since one mole of different compounds has the same number of molecules.
Therefore 1 mole (180g) of glucose and I mole (342g) of sucrose contain the
same number (6.02x1023)of molecules. Because one molecule of glucose , C6H12O6
contains 45 atoms whereas one molecules of glucose, C 12 H22 O11 contains 24
atoms. Therefore , 6.02x1023 molecules of glucose contain different atoms as
compound to6.02x1023 molecules of sucrose. Hence , 180 g of glucose and 342g
og sucrose have the same number of molecules but different number of atoms
present in them.
(d)
H2 SO4
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2H+ + SO
om
(e)
e.c
H2 SO4
ion. Thus
fre
line
Cr O4 has thrice the number of ion than the number of formula units ionized in
water.
(f)
llon
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w.a
(b)
(c)
(d)
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(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
Solution:
(a)
No of moles of KMnO4
Mass of KMnO4
= no
=39+55+64=158g mol -1
=?
fre
Mass of KMnO4
Formula used:
=2.74moles
e.c
om
(e)
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(b)
=?
ww
w.a
Formula used:
No of mole of Mg (NO3)2
Now,
I mole of Mg (NO3)2 contains =6moles of O atoms
0..06 moles of Mg (NO3)2contains
=6x0.6
=0.36 moles of O atoms
Alternatively ,
148g of Mg (NO3)2 contains =6moles of O atoms
g of Mg (NO3)2contains
(c)
=
=0.36 mole Answer
4
Mass of CuSO . 5H2O=10.037g
Formula mass of CuSO4. 5H2O=63.54+32+64+90
=249.546g mol -1
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Now,
om
=
Now,
=?
=
Now,
No of molecules of SO2 .
Molecular mass of SO2 .
Avogadros number , NA
Now,
(f)
mol-1
(g)
llon
=27.64x10-6 kg
=2.764x10-3 kg Answer
Mass of C2 H4C1
= 0.822g
Molecular mass of C2 H4C1
=24+4+71=99 g mol-1
No of moles of C2 H4C1
=
1 mole of C2 H4C1 contains
=2moles of C1 atoms
8.3x10-3mole of C2 H4C1 contains =2x8.3x10-3 mole of atom
=16.6x10-3
=0.0166mole of C1 atom
=0.017 mole Answer
No of mole of Ag2 CO3
=5.136moles
Formula mass of Ag2 CO3
=215.736+12+48=275.736 g
ww
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(e)
=
=
=27.64x10-3 g
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(d)
e.c
atoms
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om
Mass of KCIO3
Formula mass of KCIO3
No of moles of KCIO3
No of moles of KCIO3
=0.816mole Answer
No of moles x Avogadro,s No
=0.816mole x 6.02x1023 formula units
=4.91x1023 formula units
=4.91x1023 Answer
fre
No of K+ ions
line
No of formula units
(i)
e.c
(h)
=71.578x10-2 g
=0.71578
=0.716 g Answer
=100g
=39x35.5+48=122g mol-1
=?
=4.91x1023 Answer
=4.91x1023 Answer
= 4.91x1023 x3
=14.73x1023 =1.473x1024 Answer
Q 11 Aspartame he artificial sweetener, has a molecular formula of C14 H18 N2O5
.
(a)
What is the mass of one mole of aspartame?
(b)
How many moles are present in 52g of aspartame?
(c)
What is the mass in grams of 10.122 moles of aspartame?
(d)
How many hydrogen atoms are present in 2.34g of aspartame?
(a)
Molecular mass of aspartame =168+18+28+80=295g mol-1
Mass of 1 mole of aspartame =294g mol-1 Answer
(b)
Mass of aspartame =52g
Molecular mass of aspartame =294g mol-1
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No of CIO ions
No of CIO ions
No of O atoms
No of moles of aspartame
=
=
=0.1768 mol
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(c)
om
(d)
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llon
line
fre
e.c
No of molecules of aspartame=
xNA
=
=
=4.98x1021 molecules.
Now,1 molecule of aspartame contains=18 H atoms
4.98x 1022 molecules =18x4.98x1021 H atoms
=89.64x1021H atoms
=8.964x1022 H atoms Answer
Q 12: A sample of 0.600 mole of a metal M reacts completely with excess of
fluorine to from 46.8g MF2 .
(a)
How many moles of F are present in the sample of MF2 that forms.
(b)
which elements is represented by the symbol M ?
Solution:
(a)
Formula of compound
=MF2
No of moles of M
=0.6 mol
Mass of MF2 =46.8g
The molar of M:F in the compounds;
No of moles of F
Mass of F
=0.6x2=1.2mol Answer
=No of moles of Fx At . mass
Mass of compound
=1.2x19=22.8g
=46.8g
of F
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Mass of metal, M
=46.8-22.8
=24
At mass of M
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=
(b)
The atomic mass of the elements, M
=40
The metal is calcium, Ca Answer
Q 12 : In each pair , choose the larger of the indicated quantity ,or state if the
samples are equal.
(a)
Individual particles: 0.4 mole of oxygen molecules or0.4mole of
oxygen atom.
(b)
Mass: 0.4 mole of ozone molecules or0.4mole of oxygen atoms
(c)
Mass: 0.6 mole of C2 H4 or 0.6mole of 12
(d)
Individual particles: 4.0g N2O4 or 3.3g SO2
(e)
Total ions: 2.3 moles of NaC1O3 or 2.0mole of MgC12
(f)
Molecules: 11.0g of H2Oor 11.0g H2O2
(g)
Na+ ion: 0.500 moles of NaBr or 0.0145kg NaC1
(h)
Mass: 6.02x1023 atoms of 235U or 6.02x1023 atoms of 238U
Ans:
(a)
Number of molecules
=moles x NA
Number of O2 molecules
=0.4x6.02x1023 =2.408x1023 molecules
No of O atoms=0.4x6.02x1023=2.108x1023 atoms
There are equal number of individual particles in 0.4 mole of oxygen
molecules and 0.4 mole of oxygen atom. In general, equal number of moles of
different substances contains equal number of particles.
Both are equal
Answer
(b)
Mass of substance
= moles x molar mass
Mass of oxygen atoms
=0.4x16=64g
Mass of ozone, O3 molecules =0.4x48=19.2g
0.4 moles of ozone molecules have larger mass than 0.4mole of oxygen
atoms.
Ozone Answer
(c)
Mass of C2H4
=0.6x28=1.68g
Mass of 12
=0.6x127=254g
0.6mole of 12 have larger mass than 0.6 mole of C2H4
12 Answers
(d)
No of molecules
=
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No of molecules
NA
x6.02x1023=3.68x1023
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No of molecules in H2 O2
molecules
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(f)
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units
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(g)
No of molecules in H2 O2
x6.02x1023=1.95x1023 molecules
=
11.0g of H2 O2contains larger number of molecules than 11.0g of H2 O2
H2 O2Answer
No of formula units
=moles xNA
No of formula units NaBr
=0.5x6.02x1023=3.01x1023 formula
One formula units o NaBr contain Na+ ions =1
3.01 x1023 formula unit of NaBr contains Na +ions =3.01x1023 Na+ ions
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Mass of 235Uatoms
Mass of 238U atoms
=x6.02x1023 =235g
=x6.02x1023=238g
238
U Answer
Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in the four important fertilizer
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Q 13: (a)
i.e.,
(i)NH3
(ii)NH2CONH2(Urea) (iii)(NH4)2SO4
(iv)NH4 NO3
(b)
Calculate the percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus in each of the
following:
(i)
NH4H2PO4
(ii)
(NH4)) PO4 (iii)
(NH4)4 PO4
Solution:
(a)
Mol-mass of NH3
=14+4=17g
Mass of N
=14g
% of N
=x100
=82.35% Answer
(b)
Mol-mass of NH2 CONH2 =28+4+12+16=60g
Mass of N
=28g
%of N
=x100
=46.35% Answer
(c)
Mol-mass of (NH2 )2 SO4
=28+8+32+64=132g
Mass of N
=28g
% of N
=x100
=21.21% Answer
(d)
Mol-mass of (NH2 )2 SO4 =28+4+48=80g
Mass of N
=28g
%of N
=x100
=35% Answer
(I)
Mol-mass of (NH2 )2 SO4
=14+6+31+64=115g
Mass of N
=14g
Mass of P
=31g
%of N
=x100=12.17% Answer
%of P
==26.96% Answer
(II)
Mol-mass of ((NH2 )2 SO4 =28+9+31+64=132g
Mass of N
=28g
Mass of P
=
%of N
= =21.21% Answer
%of P
= =23.48% Answer
(III) Mol-mass of (NH2 )2 SO4
=42+12+31+64=149g
Mass of N
=42g
Mass of P
=31g
%of N
=
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%of P
=
Q 14: Glucose C6 H12 O6 is the most important nutrient in the cell for generating
chemical potential energy. Calculate the mass% of each element in glucose and
determine the number of C,H and O atoms in 10.5g go the sample.
Solution:
Mol-mass of glucose C6 H12 O6
=72+12+96=180g
Mass of C
=72
Mass of H
=12
Mass of O
=96
% of C
= =40% Answer
% of H
= =6.66% Answer
% of O
= =53.33% Answer
Mass of C6 H12 O6 =10.5g
Mol-mass of C6 H12 O6
=180g
Mol-mass of
=180g mol-1
No of moles of C6 H12 O6
=
No of molecules of glucose
=No of moles x NA
=0.058 molx 6.02x1023 molecules mol-1
=0.35x1023 molecules
=3.5x1022 molecules
Now, 1 molecule of glucose contains
=6C-atoms
22
3.4x10 molecules of glucose contains
=6x3.5x1022 C-atoms
=21x1022 =2.1x1023 C atoms Answer
1 molecules of glucose contains
=12H-atoms
22
3.5x10 molecules glucose contains
=12x3.5x1022
=4.2x1023 H- atoms Answer
1 molecule of glucose contains
=6 O atoms
22
3.5 x 10 molecules of glucose contains
=6x3.5x1022
=2.1x1023 O-atoms Answer
Q 16: Ethylene glycol is used as automobile antifreeze .It has 38.7% carbon, 9.7%
hydrogen and 51.6% oxygen. Its molar mass is 62.1 grams mol-1 .Determine its
molecular formula.
Solution:
% of C=38.37 g
% of H
=9.7g
% of
O=51.6g
At. Mass of C=12g mol-1
At. Mass of H=1.008g mol-1 At. Mass of O =16g
mol-1
No of moles of C
=
No of moles of H
=
No of moles of O
=
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1
:3
:1
3
Empirical formula =CH O
Empirical formula mass
=2x CH3 O
=C2 H6 O2 Answer
-1
Q 16: Serotonin (Molecular mass= 176g mol ) is a compound that conducts
nerve impulses in brain and muscles. It contains 68.2 % C, 6.86% H, and 9.08%
O. What is its molecular formula?
Solution:
No of moles of C
=
No of moles of H
=
No of moles of N
=
No of moles of O
=
C
:
H
:
N
:
O
Atomic ratio
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Molecular formula
=31
e.c
n=
om
Atomic ratio is obtained by dividing the moles with 3.23, which is the smallest
ratio.
C
:H
:O
10
:
12
:
2
:
1
Empirical formula
=C10 H12 N2 O
Empirical formula mass
=120+12+28+16=176g mol-1
Molecular mass
=176g mol-1
n=
Q17: An unknown metal M reacts with S to from a compound with a formula
M2S3 .If 3.12 g of M reacts with exactly 2.88 g of sulphur ,what are the names of
metal M and the compound M2 S3 .
Solution:
Formula of compound
= M2 S3
Mass of M
=3.12g
Mass of S
=2.88g
Atomic mass of S
=32g mol-1
No of moles of S
=
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No of moles of M
om
No of moles of S
=
The molar ratio of M: S in the compound is :
Now,
No of moles of M
e.c
=0.06 mole
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fre
At. Mass M =
The mass of M used in the formation of M2S3 is 3.12g. The product M2S3 therefore
also contains 3.12g of M, because mass is conserved . The amount of M before and
after reaction must be the same. Since we know both the number of moles of M
and the mass of M , we can cal calculate the atomic mass of M as follows:
=
=52
Atomic number, Z
=52
Q19: The octane present in gasoline burns according to the following equation.
2C8 H18 (i)
+ 2502(g)
16CO 2(g) + 18H2O (i)
(a)
How many moles of O2 are needed to react fully with 4 moles
of actane?
(b)
How many moles of CO2 can be produced from one mole of
actane?
(c)
How many moles of water are produced by the combustion of 6
moles of octane?
(d)
If this reaction is to be used to synthesize 8 moles of CO 2 how
many grams of oxygen are needed? How many grams of octane will
be used?
Solution:
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At. Mass of M
4 moles
(a)
+ 2502(g)
25 moles
2 moles of C8 H18
4 moles of C8 H18
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=50moles of O2 Answer
(b)
1 moles
+ 2502(g)
+ 2502(g)
6 moles
2 moles
+ 2502(g)
line
=25 moles of O2
=
=12.5 moles of CO2
Mol-mass of O2
=32g mol-1
=12.5 molx 32g mol-1
=400g of O2
Now, 16moles of CO2
=2moles of C8 H18
8 moles of CO2
=
=1 mole of C8 H18
Mol-mass of C8 H18
=96+18=114g mol-1
Mass of C8 H18
=No of moles of C8 H18xMol.mass ofC8
H18
=1 molx 114 g mol-1
114g Answer
Q19: Calculate the number of grams of A12 S3 which can be prepared by the
reaction of 20 g of A1 and 30 g of sulphur. How much the non-limiting reaction is
in excess ?
Solution:
Mass of A1
=20g
Molar mass of A1
=27g mol-1
No of moles of A1
=
Mass of S
= 30g
Molar mass of S
=32g mol-1
No of moles of S
=
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e.c
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6 moles
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(c)
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2A1
2 mole
3S
A12 S3
1 mole
3 mole
Now, 2 moles of A1
0.74 moles of A1
Now,
3 moles of S
0.94 moles of S
=1 mole of A12 S3
=
=0.37 mole of A12 S3
=1 moles of A12 S3
=
0.94 mole
2A1
2 mole
A12 S3
3 mole
=2 moles of A1
=
=
Mass of A1
=No of moles of A1 x molar mass of A1
=0.63x 27
=17g of A1
Mass of A1available =20g
Mass of A1 which reacts completely =17g with available S
Excess of A1
=20-17=3g
Q20: A mixture of two liquids, hydrazine N2H4 and N2 O4 are used as a fuel in
rockets. They produce N2 and water vapors. How many grams of N2 gas will be
formed by reacting 100g of N2 O4 and 200g g of N2 O4.
2N2H4 + N2O2
3N2 +4 H2O
Solution:
Mass of2N2H4
=100g
Mass of N2O2
=200g
Molar mass of 2N2H4
=28+4=32g mol-1
Molar mass of N2O2
=28+64=92g mol-1
No of moles of N2H4
=
llon
3 moles of S
0.94 moles of S
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Now ,
3S
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No of moles of N2O2
2N2H4 + N2O2
2 moles
1mole
3N2 +4 H2O
3moles
=3moles of N2
=
=4.69 mole of N2
Now , 1 mole of N2O2
=3moles of N2
2.174 moles of N2O4
=
=6.52 mole of N2O2
Since N2H4gives the least number of moles of N2, hence it is the limiting
reactant.
Amount of N2 produced
=4.69 moles
2
Molar mass of N
=28g mol-1
Mass of N2
=4.69g molx 28g mol-1
=131032 g Answer
Q21: Silicon carbide (SiC) is an important ceramic material . It is produced by
allowing sand (SiO2 )to react with carbon at high temperature.
SiO2 +
3C
SiC +
2CO
When 100kg sand isn reacted with excess of carbon, 51.4 kg of Sic is
produced.
Solution:
Mass of SiO2
=100 kg=100000g
Mass of SiC produced
=5.14 kg =51400g
SiO2
60g
Now,
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100000g
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3C
SiC +
2CO
40g
60g of SiO2
100000g of SiO2
=40g of SiC
=
=66666.67 g
Actual yield of Sic =51400 g
Theoretical yield of SiC
=66666.67g
% yield =
=
=77.1%
Q22: (a)
What is Stoichiometry? Give its assumptions? Mention two
important law , which help to perform the Stoichiometry calculations.
(b)
What is a limiting reactant? How does it control the quantity of the
product formed? Explain with three examples
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(a)
Define yield. How do we calculate the percentage yield of a
chemical reaction?
(b)
What are the factors which are mostly responsible for the low yield
of the products in chemical reactions.
Q24: Explain the following with reasons.
(j)
Law of conservation of mass has to be obeyed during
Stoichiometric calculations.
(ii)
Many chemical reactions taking place in our surrounding
involves the limit reactants.
(iii)
No individual neon atom in the sample of the element has a mass
of 20.18amu.
(iv)
One mole of H2 SO4 should completely react with two moles of
NaOH. How does Avogadro, s number help to explain it.
(v)
One mole H2 O has two moles of bonds , three moles of atoms ,
ten moles of electrons and twenty eight moles of the total fundamental
particles present in it.
(vi)
N2 and CO have the same number of electrons, protons and
neutrons.
Ans. (i)
According to law of conservation of mass, the amount of
each element is conserved in a chemical reaction. Chemical equations
are written and balanced on the basis of law of conversation of mass.
Stoichiometry calculations are related with the amounts of reactants
and products in a balanced chemical equation. Hence, law of
conservation of mass has to be obeyed during stoichiometric
calculations.
(ii)
In our surrounding many chemical reactions are taking place
which involve oxygen. In these reactions oxygen in always in excess
quantity while other reactant are in lesser amount. Thus other
reactants act as limiting reactants.
(iii)
Since the overall atomic mass of neon in the average of the
determined atomic masses of individual isotopes present in the sample
of isotopic mixture .Hence, no individual neon atom in the sample has
a mass of 20.18amu.
(iv)
H2 SO4
+2NaOH
Na2 SO4
+ 2H2 O
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Q 23:
1 mole
2moles
2 moles of H+ ions
2x6.02x1023 H+ ions
2 moles of OH ions
2x6.02x1023 OH ions
(v)
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(vi)
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