Presentation - 1

Motivation for
Solar Power Generation
S Sundar Kumar Iyer
EE 698i Solar Photovoltaic Technology

Updated: 30.12.2014

Energy/Power Status in India

India was the fourth-largest energy consumer
After China, the United States, and Russia in 2011,
Country has notable fossil fuel resources
But the country is increasingly dependent on energy imports.

India had 249 GW installed electricity generation capacity

Connected to the national network in early 2014

Mostly coal-powered plants.
Insufficient fuel supply, power generation & transmission capacity,
the country suffers from a severe electricity shortage
Rolling blackouts.

http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=IN
Analysis Last Updated: June 26, 2014

Electricity
Electricity
(Billion
Kilowatthours)

Latest
Year

Previous Year

India

Asia &
Oceania

World

Rank

India

Net Generation

885.75

7,682

20,254

974.88

Net Consumption

698.94

7,060

18,501

757.95

Installed Capacity
(GWe)

207.72

1,903

5,086

237.90

Total from
Consumption of
Fossil Fuels

1,752.68

14,310

32,155

1,830.94

http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=IN

Data last updated: May 30, 2013

Electricity Generation trillion kWh/year)

World Electricity Generation

20

16
world
12

4
India
0
1975

1980

1985

1990

Year
Data from: www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/

1995

2000

2005

2010

Electricity Generation (billion kWh / year)

India Electricity Generation

800
700
600
Linear extrapolation
will mean generation
will be 1.2 trillion kWh
Generation by 2020

500
400
300
200
100
0
1975

1980

1985

1990

Per Capita Electricity Generation (kWh/day)

1995

Year

Data from: www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/

2000

2005

2010

Electricity Generation (per capita)

8
7

world

6
5
4
3
India
2
1
0
1975

1980

1985

Data from: www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/

1990

1995

Year

2000

2005

2010

Per Capita Gross Domestic Product

(US$ per person)

GDP and Energy Consumption

60000
50000

Luxemburg
India
(1.6, 3290)

40000

USA

Norway

Ireland

Iceland

30000
20000

UAE

10000
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

Per Capital Energy Consumption (kW-hr/day/person)

Data from: www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/ and www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf

Quality of Life vs. Energy Usage

Quality of Life Index out of a maximum of 10,000

8500

Ireland

Quality of Life Index

USA

Norway

Iceland

7500
6500
UAE

5500
4500

India
(1.6, 5759)

Energy usage needed for good quality

of life with todays life-style

3500
0

20

40

60

80

Per Capita Energy Consumption (kWh per day)

Data from: www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/ and www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf

100

Potential in Electricity Generation

Back of the envelope calculations:

Linear extrapolation
1.2 trillion kWh Generation by 2020

World per-capita energy generation parity

3 trillion kWh per year (at least)

Maximise quality of life index

6 trillion kWh per year (at least)

How is this electricity to be generated?

India utility-based installed

power capacity
Source
Coal
Natural Gas
Petroleum and other
liquids
Hydroelectricity
Nuclear
Other renewables
Total

Megawatts
147,568
22,608
1,200
40,662
4,780
31,692
248,509
May 2014

Source: Indias CEA.

Finite Supply of Fossil Fuel

300
Total

109 MBtu

250
200
Coal
150
Crude Oil

100
50

Natural Gas
0
1900

1950

2000

2050

2100
Year

http://www.roperld.com/science/energy.htm

2150

2200

2250

2300

Carbon Dioxide Emission

http://www.cutco2.org/

http://www.razor-gator.com/CarbonPhotos/carbon_dioxide_in_atmosphere.jpg

Global Temperature and CO2

Temperature Change

Melting of Glaciers
As Glaciers Melt, Scientists Seek New Data on Rising Seas
By JUSTIN GILLIS
Published: November 13, 2010
Greenlands Helheim Glacier

http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/11/13/world/20101114ICE-6.html

Green House Effect

http://www.cutco2.org/

Green House Effect

http://www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/pages/rising-seas.php

How To Meet Energy Needs?

Fossil and nuclear fuels are costly
If we include the environmental cost

One (obvious) option

The sun shines on everyone
Ideal for distributed power generation and
remote locations

Tap solar energy directly

Ideal for distributed power generation
More environmentally friendly

Annual Mean Global Irradiance

On a horizontal plane at the surface of the earth

W m-2 averaged over 24 h

Goswami 2000

With 10% efficient solar cell area of solar cell needed in 2013
19
India 110 km 110 km (0.4 % area)

Motivation for Solar Energy

Increase energy availability per capita
Improved quality of life

Finite supply of fossil fuels

Increasingly difficult to extract
Greenhouse effect and climate change

Tap into solar energy directly

Renewable
Distributed production
Inherently a sustainable and stable approach