E

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Uppgjord Prepared

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RM/TEI/CC/P Massimo Costa

839 72727

Godknd Approved

Kontr Checked

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Tillhr/referens File/reference

ERA/LVN/RAC (Lennart Blixt)

User Description, Dynamic MS Power Control

Copyright
Contents

SEIF v1.2,

Page

Introduction

2
2.1
2.2

Glossary
Concepts
Abbreviations and Acronyms

2
2
2

3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

Capabilities
Battery power consumption
Interference
Receiver saturation
Quality impact

2
2
2
3
3

4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

Technical description
3
General
3
Algorithm
5
Power regulation example
12
Main changes in Ericsson GSM system R8/BSS R8.0 13

5
5.1
5.2

Engineering guidelines
Interactions with other features
Recommendations

13
13
14

6
6.1
6.2
6.3

Parameters
Main controlling parameters
Parameters for special adjustments
Value ranges and default values

15
15
15
16

References

17

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Introduction
The output power of a mobile station (MS) can be controlled during a
connection. The controlling strategy is that a desired signal strength
and quality shall be received in the base transceiver station (BTS).
This User Description describes the MS Power Control algorithm for
circuit switched connections only.

Glossary

2.1

Concepts
Measurement Report
Message consisting of measurements done by the MS,
which is sent from the MS to the BTS.
Measurement Result
Message consisting of the Measurement Report and
measurements done by the BTS, which is sent from the
BTS to the BSC.

2.2

Abbreviations and Acronyms

CNA

Cellular Network Administration

C/I

Carrier to Interference Ratio

DTX

Discontinuous Transmission

SACCH

Slow Associated Control Channel

SDCCH

Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel

Capabilities

3.1

Battery power consumption

The battery consumption is reduced in the MS, therefore recharging
is needed less frequently and the maximum possible speech time will
increase when MS Power Control is used.

3.2

Interference
The aim of MS Power Control is to increase the number of
connections with sufficiently good C/I.

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When MS Power Control is used by all MSs in the network, the total
amount of radiated power is reduced. This implies that the uplink coand adjacent channel interference in the network is reduced. The C/I
will be increased for connections with low signal strength or with bad
quality using full MS output power, since they experience a reduced
interference level. On the other hand, the C/I is decreased for connections with high signal strength and good quality since they are
subjected to a reduced MS output power. The C/I reduction will however not affect the speech quality since these connections have a
margin to the lowest tolerable C/I.

3.3

Receiver saturation
The high signal energy from MSs that are close to a BTS might saturate the receiver. The sensitivity of the receiver will then decrease
and the speech quality might become poor. If the output power of the
concerned MSs is limited, the risk for this kind of radio frequency
blocking is reduced. There is an initial mode of the MS Power Control
algorithm (see 4.2.9) to handle this problem at call set-up. The receiver might still be blocked by MSs very close to the base station,
but the probability for this is significantly reduced.

3.4

Quality impact
In the BSS power control algorithm, quality is considered. Quality is
the estimated bit error ratio which is represented by rxqual. Bad
quality will increase the power and vice versa.

Technical description

4.1

General
The objective of the MS Power Control algorithm is to adjust the output power of the MSs so that a desired signal strength is received in
each BTS. The desired signal strength is however depending on the
pathloss and quality, see figure 1 and figure 2. The power range,
where regulation is possible, is limited by the transmitter of the MS.
Note that the algorithms in MS Power Control and BTS Power Control
are different (see User Description, Dynamic BTS Power Control).
The graph in figure 1 shows the MS output power versus the path
loss between an MS and a BTS. An MS is only capable of transmitting at distinct power levels. figure 1 also shows schematically how
the signal strength received in the BTS varies with the path loss
between the MS and the BTS.

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MS output power

BTS received power

Maximum
power level

Minimum
power level

Regulation area
MS output power

Path loss
BTS received power

Figure 1 MS output power and BTS signal strength versus path

loss. Quality is not taken into account.
When a connection to a BTS have low path loss and good quality
(the left part of the graph in figure 1), the MS transmits at its lowest
possible power level. Although the BTS receives a signal that exceeds the desired value, the MS cannot reduce the transmitted power
any further. Conversely, when the BTS experience high path loss (the
right part of the graph in figure 1), the MS transmits at the maximum
allowed power level for the cell. The power cannot be increased even
if the received signal strength in the BTS is low.
Each segment of the graph in figure 1 is explained below.
1

The MS transmits at its lowest possible output power

(left part of figure 1).

With Power Control not enabled the received signal

strength will decrease as the path loss increases. The
received power decreases linearly (in dB units) as path
loss increases.

With Power Control enabled, the MS output power will

be adjusted (Regulation area in figure 1).

The path loss is high and the MS transmits at its

maximum power (right part of figure 1).

When quality is taken into account, the output power is regulated up or

down depending on the received quality and the quality compensation
factor, see 4.2.4. This is schematically shown in figure 2.

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Received signal strength in the BTS

Up- or down
regulation
depending on
the quality

SSDES

Regulation area

Path loss

Figure 2 Received signal strength versus path loss when quality is

taken into account

4.2

Algorithm

4.2.1

General
MS Power Control is performed for TCHs as well as for SDCCHs.
During a call, the BTS measures the uplink signal strength and quality. These measurements are then added to the Measurement Report
and sent to the BSC in the Measurement Result message where they
are used for calculation of the new MS output power.
The measurements from the Measurement Result that are used in the
MS Power Control algorithm are shown in table 1.

Table 1

Measurements used in the MS Power Control algorithm

Data description
signal strength
signal strength

Source
uplink
uplink

full set

(1)

subset

(1)

quality

uplink

full set

(1)

quality

uplink

subset

(1)

BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS

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power level used by MS

MS

DTX used by MS or not

MS

(1) The BTS performs signal strength and signal quality measurements on the uplink. Measurements are made on the full set of
frames (full set), as well as on the subset of frames where there is always traffic (subset). Which of the sets that will be used depends on
whether the MS has used DTX or not, during the measurement period (see also User Description, Discontinuous TransmissionUser
Description, Discontinuous Transmission).
The minimum time period between two consecutive power orders is
controlled by parameter REGINT. REGINT can not be shorter than
one SACCH period (480 ms). The MS is able to change its output
power every 13th TDMA frame. This equals 8 times every SACCH
period. Each change is in units of 2 dB steps. This means that the
maximum change is 8*2 dB = 16 dB during one SACCH period.
The MS Power Control algorithm consists of three stages:
1

Measurement preparation
Missing measurements are estimated and a decision is
taken about which set of measurements (full set or
(1)
subset ) to use.

Filtering of measurements
Measurements are filtered in order to eliminate
variations of temporary nature.

Calculation of power order

The power order to the MS is calculated according to
the algorithm described in 4.2.4. Depending on the quality received in the BTS, the power is adjusted. A number
of constraints are applied to the calculated power order.

MS Power Control algorithm can operate in two modes, or regulation

phases. The two modes are:

Initial regulation
The algorithm will operate in this mode when a new
channel is assigned. The purpose with a special initial
mode is to reduce a high MS power level as quickly as
possible. Quality is not taken into account. See 4.2.9.

Stationary regulation
This is the normal mode of the algorithm where the
quality is taken into account. See 4.2.9.

4.2.2

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Measurement preparation
In the measurement report, the MS sends information about whether
DTX has been used during the measurement period or not (User Description, Discontinuous Transmission). This information is used by
the BSC to decide which set of uplink measurements to use, the full
set or the subset.
When a handover is made from a cell where uplink DTX is activated,
the MS will initially continue to use DTX in the new cell. Thus, the
subset of measurements are used in the new cell during a certain
time by the MS Power Control algorithm, even if the new cell do not
use DTX. This time is set by parameter DTXFUL. Note that the impact of this parameter is minor. For SDCCHs full set measurements
are always used.
Regulation is performed as long as information exists regarding the
MS power level used and as long as the corresponding uplink signal
strength filter is not empty (see 4.2.3).
If a Measurement Result is missing, no extrapolation of the signal
strength and quality measurements are performed. Thus, no regulation is performed. The missing signal strength and signal quality
measurements are interpolated when a Measurement Result is received again. The missing signal strength values are set to the lowest
of the one received before the loss and the one received after the
loss. The missing quality values are set to the highest (that is the
worst quality) of the one received before the loss and the one
received after the loss.
If the information about the latest MS power level used is missing in
the Measurement Result, the missing value is estimated. Thus, even
if the latest Measurement Report is missing, regulation might be performed. How this estimation is done depends on how many values
that are missing. Generally, the highest known value is used as an
estimate.
All estimations are performed so that the risk of too low MS output
power, which may result in decreased quality, is reduced.

4.2.3

Filtering of measurements
For the initial phase, the signal strength is filtered in a separate filter
and used to decide whether the desired initial signal strength
(INIDES) is received or not. The filter lengths are set by the INILEN
parameter for the initial mode (4.2.9).

SScomp defined as follows is the filtered signal strength compensated for down regulation. This is the signal strength that would have
been received by the BTS if no Power Control was used. SScomp is
defined as:

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SScomp =

1
SSLEN

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(SS + (MSTXPWR - PWRused ))

where SS represents the signal strength received by the BTS,

PWRused the output power used by the MS during the measurement
period and MSTXPWR the maximum output power of the MS. These
signal strength values are filtered as a straight average over a
number of samples determined by the filter length parameter SSLEN.
Quality filtering is performed as a straight average over a number of
samples which is set by parameter QLEN. Quality is measured in
rxqual units.

Q_AVE in eq. 2 is the filtered rxqual value in dtqu units (decitransformed quality units). Quality in dtqu is obtained by multiplying
the received rxqual by 10. The range of dtqu is from 0 to 100.
QDESUL is also given in dtqu units.
Q_AVE_dB and QDES_dB are given as estimated C/I values in eq. 2
and eq. 3. The transformation from rxqual to C/I is given by the
following expressions:
Q_AVE_dB = 32 - 10 * Q_AVE/25

(2)

QDES_dB = 32 - 10 * QDESUL/25

(3)

This is a linear rxqual to C/I mapping where each rxqual represent 4

dB.
4.2.4

Calculation of power order

Calculation of the power order is made in two steps. First an unconstrained power order (pu) is calculated. Then certain constraints are
applied before the power order is finally transmitted to the MS. The
constraints concern power step size limitation and MS power range,
see 4.2.5.
The actual information sent to the MS is the power level, PL, see further GSM Technical Specification 05.05. The power level represents
a fixed output power, not as in the downlink case where the PL is the
power level in relation to BSTXPWR, see further User Description,
Dynamic BTS Power Control.
In the initial phase the unconstrained power order, pu, is given by the
following expression:

pu = MSTXPWR - (SScomp - SSDES)

In the initial phase only down regulation is performed.

(4)

(1)

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In the stationary phase quality is also taken into consideration and the
unconstrained power order is given by the following expression:

pu = MSTXPWR - (SScomp - SSDES)

- (Q_AVE_dB - QDES_dB)

(5)

The parameters and are the defined as follows:

= LCOMPUL/100

(pathloss compensation)

(6)

= QCOMPUL/100

(quality compensation)

(7)

Parameters and control the compensation of path loss and the

deviation from the desired quality.
By introducing the tuneable parameters into the formula and taking the
difference between the max power (MSTXPWR) and the calculated
unconstrained power order (pu) we obtain the down regulation in dB:

dpu = LCOMPUL/100 * (SScomp - SSDES)

- QCOMPUL/100 *4/10 *(Q_AVE - QDESUL)

(8)

The first term corresponds to a power reduction based on the SSDES

value. If for instance SSDES is set to -92 dBm and a signal level of 60 dBm is measured, the difference will be 32 dB. LCOMPUL now
sets the amplification or weight of this factor. For example if LCOMPUL = 50, the unrestricted power order will require a power reduction
of 16 dB for this case.
The maximum signal strength that can be reported by the BTS is -47
dBm (rxlev = 63) which means that the maximum value for SSCOMP is
-47 dBm plus the down regulation.
The second term introduces compensation for bad quality. Assuming
we use QDESUL = 0 (rxqual = 0) and measure an rxqual value of 4
(Q_AVE = 40), the second term will counteract the power reduction.
Using QCOMPUL = 60 this term will be 9.6 dB. The total unrestricted
power order will thus ask for a power reduction of 16 - 9.6 = 6.4 dB.
4.2.5

Power order constraints

Dynamic power range limitation is applied if the unconstrained power
order is outside the dynamic range. The constraints are the following.

Power step size limitation.

Since the largest possible change of the power level of
the MS is 16 dB during one SACCH period, this value is
the maximum ordered power change at any regulation
event. This is valid for up as well as down regulation.

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MS power range limitation.

Independently of the calculated power order, it is the MS
power class that determines the highest and lowest
possible transmit power levels of the MS.

The MS power capability depends on the MS power class. The power

class is given by the MS in the call set-up procedure. According to
GSM Technical Specification 05.05, the lowest power level for a GSM
900 mobile is 13 dBm (all classes, phase 1) and 5 dBm (all classes,
phase 2). For GSM 1800 and GSM 1900 mobiles the lowest power
level is 10 dBm (class 1, phase 1), 4 dBm (class 2, phase 1) and 0
dBm (all classes, phase 2). The upper limit is set by the MS power
class. If the class is not available the MS is assumed to be of power
class 1.
The true regulation interval depends on the constraints mentioned
above, and extends from the maximum allowed power MSTXPWR
down to the lowest level. Note that MSTXPWR may be less than the
maximum output power according to the MS power class.
4.2.6

Quantization of the power order

The power order is quantisized in steps of 2 dB according to GSM
Technical Specification 05.05. The power is always truncated to the
higher value (low power level). The influence of this quantization is
shown in figure 3.

4.2.7

Power orders with extra margin

In three different traffic cases, the ordered power level is always
increased by a power margin, PMARG:

At assignment of a TCH.
Since the new channel may have a higher interference
level, the MS is ordered to start transmitting on the traffic
channel with the last power order increased by PMARG.

At assignment failure or handover failure.

When the old channel in the original cell is made active
again, the MS Power Control algorithm is resumed. It is
possible that the radio environment of the old channel
has changed during the time of the failure. Therefore
the next ordered power level is increased by PMARG.

At intra-cell handover and subcell change.

The MS Power Control algorithm is not restarted as for a
normal inter-cell handover but instead continues without
interruption. However the first power order sent on the

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new channel is increased by PMARG, compared to the

one used for the old channel.
The new power order is valid until the signal strength filter is filled.
4.2.8

Handover Power Boost

With Handover power boost, the handover command is sent by the
BSC/BTS to the MS on maximum configurative power. Handover
command includes information about which uplink power the MS shall
use in serving cell. The MS then acknowledges the handover command using maximum configurative power. In case of a HO failure,
the HO failure message is also sent on maximum configurative
power. When handover power boost is triggered, normal regulation is
inhibited until the MS has received the handover command. The BTS
ignores all BTS or MS power orders sent by the BSC in the serving
cell until the MS has acknowledged the handover command.
The speech/channel coding and interleaving in GSM is very robust. A
small number of bursts/frames can be lost without speech degradation (the number depends on the error distribution). Power Control
should therefore also be used for connections close to the cell border.
Since the signaling for the handover procedure (e.g. Handover Command) is more critical and error-sensitive, it should be sent on
maximum power in order to maximise the handover performance.
HOPB is useful when the SS quickly drops, for example when the MS
moves around a street corner. In this case, due to the system delay
and the limited up-regulation speed, the signaling would be sent on a
too low power without HOPB. Thus in order to maximise the probability of a successful handover, Handover Power Boost should be used.
Since the maximum configurative power is only used for a short time
before the handover, activating HOPB has a minor impact on the
overall interference level in the network.
Note that HOPB only improves the HO performance if power control
is activated.
Handover power boost is activated by setting the state variable
HPBSTATE.

4.2.9

Regulation procedure
Initial regulation
At immediate assignment and at handover, the MS Power Control algorithm is restarted. It is then possible that the received signal
strength in the BTS is quite high, especially when the MS is located
close to the BTS. This high signal strength may block the BTS or reduce its sensitivity. The quality of other calls served by the same
receiver in the BTS might be affected. Therefore it is important that
the MS reduces its output power as quickly as possible. This is why a

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shorter filter is used initially. The length of the initial signal strength filter is set by INILEN. No regulation is done until the initial filter is filled,
i.e. until INILEN measurement reports are available.
In the initial mode only down regulation is performed. The quality is
not taken into account during the initial phase, see eq. 4.
A new power order may be sent every SACCH period.
Stationary regulation
The stationary regulation always begins when the stationary filter is
filled. Note that the stationary filtering is started at the same time as
the initial filtering.
If measurement results are missing during a connection the stationary
filter might become empty. When measurement results are received
again, the initial filter will be filled first and, initial regulation is then
performed.
When a power order has been sent it takes REGINT SACCH periods
before the next power order can be sent. If this power order differs
from the previous one, it is sent. If it does not differ from the previous
one, a new order is calculated every SACCH period until a different
power order is obtained. Then that order is sent, and REGINT
SACCH periods must elapse before a new order can be sent again.
4.2.10

Multislot configuration
If the TCH channel is a part of a channel combination, it can be either
a main, bi-directional or a uni-directional channel.
If the channel is a main channel in a multislot configuration, the difference between the computed power order and the previous power
order must exceed a hysteresis (2 dB) before a new power order is
sent.
MS power regulation on bi-directional channels is done independently
of the other channels.
In a multislot configuration only the main channel is affected by the
handover power boost, see 4.2.8. See further User Description,
Channel Administration.

4.3

Power regulation example

The most important information that is needed for good comprehension of the MS Power Control algorithm is how much the output power
can be down regulated at a certain signal strength. The output power
will vary between this minimum power and full power depending on
the quality received by the BTS. Note that the up compensation
performed at bad quality is very dependent on the parameter setting.

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In figure 3 an example of the maximum possible down regulation versus signal strength is shown for the recommended MS Power Control
setting for a GSM 900 (phase 1, class 4) or a GSM 1800 (phase 1,
class 1) mobile.
When there is bad quality in the filter, the power is upregulated 2.4 dB
per rxqual unit according to eq. 8 (page 9 ) when QCOMPUL = 60.

SSDES=92, LCOMPUL=50, QDESUL=0

-90

-80

-70

SScomp in the BTS [dBm]

-60
-50
-40
-30

-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20

-47 dBm

Down regulation [dB]

Figure 3 Maximum down regulation of the MS output power versus
received SS in the BTS
The SS in the BTS in figure 3 is the SS without any down regulation
corresponding to SScomp defined in 4.2.3. Thus, the measured signal
strength reported to the BSC will be lower, since the BTS experience
a down regulated signal. This is then compensated for by the BSC.

4.4

Main changes in Ericsson GSM system R8/BSS R8.0

No changes from Ericsson GSM system R7/BSS R7.1.
The GPRS MS Power Control feature in described in User
Description, GPRS Dynamic MS Power Control.

Engineering guidelines

5.1

Interactions with other features

It is recommended to always use MS Power Control due to the significant effect on battery power consumption. The other important

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reason is the influence on the interference environment. It is very efficient to use a combination of Dynamic BTS Power Control, MS
Power Control, Frequency Hopping and DTX. The mutual interactions
between these features provides a very powerful method to increase
system performance. This yields that the system can utilize a tighter
reuse and thereby higher system capacity. See further User Description, Discontinuous Transmission, User Description, Dynamic BTS
Power Control and User Description, Frequency Hopping.
Preferably, power regulation should be performed before an intracell
handover occurs. Power regulation should always occur before a bad
quality urgency handover is attempted.
The desired power regulation performance can be achieved through a
well balanced combination of the following:

5.2

the MS Power Control parameters SSDES, LCOMPUL

and QDESUL determine how much a connection should
be down regulated for a certain signal strength.

the quality compensation factor QCOMPUL.

the intracell handover area defined by QOFFSETUL

(User Description, Intra Cell Handover).

the threshold triggering bad quality urgency handovers,

QLIMUL (User Description, Locating).

the length of the locating quality filter QLENSD (User

Description, Locating), and the Power Control quality
filter, QLEN.

Recommendations
When introducing MS Power Control into a system it is recommended
to begin with moderate settings for the controlling parameters. The
majority of the gain obtained from using Power Control, both regarding reduced interference and lowered power consumption, originates
from the first decibels of regulation. Therefore, a good strategy is to
down regulate many connections with a few dB.
The uplink signal (C) and Interference (I) is non-correlated. This
yields in general that the C/I for a connection is high (good quality)
when the signal strength (C) is high. This impose that it is benefical
to use a rather SS based regulation. It has been shown in both theorethical studies and by practical experiences that using LCOMPUL =
50 is a good approach. Note that this is not the case for BTS Power
Control. The downlink has slightly different characteristics which
yields that a different regulation strategy should be used.
It is important that the INILEN filter length is shorter than the SSLEN
filter length so that the MS output power is reduced as quickly as possible during the initial regulation period. Suggested values are 2

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SACCH periods for INILEN and 5 SACCH periods for SSLEN. Also,
the value of the initial desired signal strength INIDES, should still be
set to a higher value than SSDES.
It is recommended to use QDESUL set to 0. This makes it more easy
to understand how the algorithm regulates. A higher value will have
the same effect as lowering SSDES.
The setting REGINT = 1 is recommended in order to make the up
regulation quick in a bad quality situation.
A more aggressive setting can be achieved by setting SSDES to a
slightly lower value than the recommended -92 dBm. If a more agressive value is used for SSDES, e.g. -95, it is recommended to lower
LCOMPUL to 40. This setting yields that even mobiles with fairly low
SS down regulate a few dB in case of very good quality (rxqual = 0).

Parameters

6.1

Main controlling parameters

SSDES is the desired signal strength at the outerrim of the regulation
area. The parameter is set per subcell.
LCOMPUL is the parameter that determines how much of the path
loss that shall be compensated for. The parameter is set per subcell.
QCOMPUL is the parameter that determines the weight of the quality
compensation. The parameter is set per subcell.

6.2

Parameters for special adjustments

SSLEN is the length of the stationary signal strength filter. The
parameter is set per subcell.
INILEN is the length of the initial signal strength filter. It is recommended to set the value of INILEN lower than SSLEN. The
parameter is set per subcell.
QLEN is the length of the quality filter. The parameter is set per
subcell.
QDESUL is the desired quality level measured by the receiver in the
BTS. The parameter is set per subcell.
INIDES is the desired initial signal strength measured by the receiver
in the BTS. The parameter is set per subcell.
REGINT is the regulation interval. The parameter is set per subcell.

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PMARG is the power margin used on the new channel at assignment

of a TCH, on the old channel at assignment failure or handover failure, and on the new channel at intra-cell handover and subcell
change. The parameter is set per subcell. DTXFUL is the number of
measurement periods, after a call has been established on a TCH,
before the full set measurements shall be used. The parameter is set
per subcell.
MSTXPWR is the maximum allowed power level for MSs in the current subcell. The parameter is also used in Locating, User
Description, Locating.

6.3

Value ranges and default values

Table 2

Parameter summary

Parameter
name

Default
value

Recommended
value

Value range

Unit

-85

-92

-110 to -47

dBm

LCOMPUL

70

50

0 to 100

QCOMPUL

30

60

0 to 60

SSLEN

3 to 15

SACCH
periods

INILEN

0, 2 to 5

SACCH
periods

QLEN

1 to 20

SACCH
periods

20

0 to 70

dtqu

-70

-70

-110 to -47

dBm

REGINT

1 to 30

SACCH
periods

PMARG

0 to 20

dB

DTXFUL

0 to 40

SACCH
periods

13 to 43

dBm

(1)

SSDES

QDESUL
INIDES

(1)

MSTXPWR

(2)

(1) SSDES and INIDES take the corresponding positive value in MML
commands and CNA.
(2) The value of this parameter is highly dependent on the cell
planning. No default value is provided.

OPEN INFORMATION
USER DESCRIPTION

17 (17)

Datum Date

Rev

Dokumentnr Document no

2000-02-16

74/1553-HSC 103 12 Uen

References
1

User Description, Discontinuous Transmission

GSM Technical Specification 05.05

User Description, Locating

User Description, Intra Cell Handover

User Description, Dynamic BTS Power Control

User Description, Frequency Hopping

User Description, Channel Administration

User Description, GPRS Dynamic MS Power Control