4-Antenna Principle and Model Selection-58

WCDMA Antenna Principle and Model
selection
ZTE University
TD&W&PCS BSS Course Team
Objectives
At the end of this course, you will be able to:

Grasp Signification of Antenna Technical
Parameters.
Grasp Antenna Model Selection
Content
Principles of Antenna
Model Selection of Antenna
Principles of Antenna (1)

n
What is antenna?
Antenna converts the electrical signals from the conductive wire
into radio wave and transmits it into the air

Antenna collects the radio wave and converts it into electrical
signals
Blah bl ah
blah bl ah

n
When the conductive wire has alternating current, it can form radiation
of electromagnetic wave, with the radioactive capacity related to the
length and form of the conductive wire.
When the length of the conductive wire increases to a degree

comparable to wavelength, the current on the conductive wire sharply
increases, forming strong radiation. Generally the straight conductive
wire above that can form noticeable radiation is called dipole .

n
A dipole with the two rods of the same length is called

symmetrical dipole, or 1/2 wavelength dipole. A single 1/2
wavelength symmetrical dipole can be used independently, or
multiple 1/2 wavelength symmetrical dipole can form an antenna
array.
Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
dipole
Outer View of Antenna (1)
--- Outdoor NodeB patch directional antenna
Outer View of Antenna (2)
--- Indoor antenna

Indoor ceiling-mount antenna
Indoor wall-mount antenna
Gain of Antenna
The high gain of the patch antenna is formed by the antenna array of multiple
basic dipoles
For example, 1 symmetrical dipole

Receiving power: 1mW
Antenna array of 4 symmetrical dipoles

Receiving power: 4 mW
GAIN= 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBd
Gain of Antenna
The definition of the gain of an antenna is related to the 1/2

wavelength dipole or the omni radiator.
The omni radiator assumes that the radiation powers in all directions
are equal. The gain of the antenna in a certain direction is a value of
the field strength generated in this direction over the intensity by the
omni radiator in this direction.
n
n
Generally the gain of the antenna has two units: dBd and dBi.
dBi indicates the field strength in the direction of the largest radiation
of the antenna, compared with the reference value of the omni radiator.
The gain of the antenna compared with the 1/2 wavelength dipole is
indicated with dBd.
0dBd=2.15 dBi
Difference of dBd and dBi
Pattern radiation of a
single symmetrical dipole
2.15dB
A omni homogeneous
radiator has the same
radiation in all directions
Gain of an antenna compared with a

symmetrical dipole is indicated with dBd.
Gain of an antenna compared with an omni
homogeneous radiator is indicated with dBi.
For example: 3dBd = 5.15dBi
Antenna Direction (1)

n
The antenna direction refers to the capability of radiating

electromagnetic wave in a certain direction.
For the receiving antenna, pattern means the receiving

capability of the wave promulgated from different
directions.
The characteristic curve of antenna direction is usually

indicated with pattern.
Pattern is employed to describe the capability of

transmitting/receiving electromagnetic wave in all
directions in the space.
Antenna Pattern (2)
Top view
Beamwidth of Antenna
Horizontal pattern
3dB beamwidth
10dB beamwidth
- 3dB point
- 10dB point
120
(eg)
Peak
60 (eg)
- 3dB point
- 10dB point
Peak - 3dB
15 (eg)
Peak
Peak
Peak - 3dB
Vertical pattern
Peak - 10dB
32 (eg)
Peak
Peak - 10dB
Horizontal Lobe 3dB Width
Vertical Lobe 3dB Width
Directional antenna
Omni antenna
Work Frequency Range of Antenna

n
In disregard of transmitting or receiving antenna, it always

works within a certain frequency range. With the considerations
of out-of-band anti-interference capacity, the usual practice is to
select the bandwidth of the antenna that just meets the
frequency requirements.
At 850MHz, the 1/2

wavelength is best
At
820
MHz
At
890
MHz
Antenna
dipole
Polarization of Antenna
n
The field direction of the electromagnetic field of the antenna radiation is the
polarization of the antenna. The NodeB antenna usually applies linear
polarization. With the ground as reference plane, if the field vector is
perpendicular to the ground, it is vertical polarization (VP); if the field vector is
parallel to the ground, it is horizontal polarization (HP). In the case of a dualpolarization antenna, the +45 and -45 orthogonal dual-linear polarization are
adopted.
Vertical
polarization
+ 45 tilted polarization
Horizontal
polarization
- 45 tilted
polarization
Dual-polarization Antenna
n
The dual-polarization consists of two antennae with orthogonal poles

within the same radome. The adoption of dual-polarization antenna can
sharply reduce the number of antennae, streamline the installation
engineering of antenna, lower cost, and save space in antenna
installation.
V/H
(vertical/horizontal)
Tilt (+/- 45)
Antenna Beam Downtilt
Applied to suppress coverage and reduce crossmodulation
Two modes: Mechanical downtilt and electrical downtilt
Impact of Downtilt on Coverage
Beam Downtilt
n
The purpose of the downtilt technology is to tilt the main beam to

reduce the radiation level to the adjacent coverage cells. In the case,
though the frequency level at the edge of the cell is reduced, the
interference level is much lower than the frequency level.
No downtilt
Electrical
downtilt
Mechanical
downtilt
Principle of Electrical Downtilt
Phase Shifter
Electrical Downtilt and Mechanical Downtilt
F/R Ratio
In the antenna pattern, the ratio of max. value of front and back
lobes is called front/back ratio . The F/R ratio of the outdoor
NodeB antenna is preferably generally larger than 25dB.
Rear power
Front power
Input Impedance of Antenna
The ratio of the signal voltage and the signal current of the
antenna and the feeder connection points, or the two ends of
the feeding points, is called impedance of antenna.
Input impedance has resistance component and reactance

component. For any antenna, we make adjustment through the
antenna impedance. Within the required work frequency range,
the real part of impedance is very small and imaginary part is
very close to 50 W, so that the antenna impedance is Zin = Rin
= 50 W. This is necessary to ensure the impedance of antenna
and that of feeder to be well matched.
VSWR
The generation of VSWR : As the incident wave power is transmitted

to the antenna input end and is not completely absorbed (radiation.
Reflection wave is generated and stacked to generate VSWR.
The value of VSWR is between 1 and infinite. VSWR is 1, indicating

full match. VSWR is infinite, indicating full reflection and full mismatch.
Forward: 10W
50 ohms
Backward: 0.5W
80
ohms
9.5 W
VSWR
Reflection coefficient :
|G|=|(Za-Zo)/(Za+Zo)|
Za: Input impedance
Zo: Antenna standard input impedance
VSWR=(1+|G|)/(1-|G|).
RL=-20lg|G|,
eg:
if VSWR=1.5:1, then RL=-13.98dB.
Side Lobe Suppression and Null Fill-in
Side Lobe Suppression and Null Fill-in
Content
Parameters Related to Antenna Model Selection
In selecting antennae, a large number of antennae is

involved.
Such parameters as radiation pattern, gain, horizontal

lobe width, vertical lobe width, and downtilt mode are
selected according to the terrain, ground objects, height
of NodeB, and coverage radius in the coverage.
The selection of other parameters is relatively simple and

done according to the designed system.
Polarization Mode (1)
n
n
NodeB antenna adopts linear polarization mode.

In particular, single-polarization antenna adopts vertical
linear polarization, whereas dual-polarization antenna
adopts 45 dual-linear polarization.
Polarization Mode (2)
In downtown of cities, the number of

NodeB is large, and the coverage radius of
each NodeB is small. It is suggested to
adopt dual-polarization antenna.
In suburb and countryside, the number of

NodeB is small and the coverage radius is
large relatively. Space diversity can be
adopted to enhance the receiving effect of
the NodeB. The single-polarization
antenna can be adopted.
Antenna Radiation Direction
For an omni antenna, the radiation intensity in

all directions on the same horizontal plane is
equal in theory. It is applicable to the omni cell.
The selection of omni antenna to achieve
large-scope coverage in the countryside is
economical
The directional antenna enables the direction

of the radiation of the antenna in the horizontal
plane. It is applicable for the coverage of
sector cell. Directional antenna can be
selected for downtown and suburb of cities.
Horizontal Lobe Width
The horizontal lobe width of the omni antenna is all 360.
In the cases of 20 and 30 widths, the gain is high. They are

applied for the coverage of the narrow land stripes or express
highways.
In the case of 65 width, it is applied mostly in the typical threesector NodeB configuration in the densely populated city areas.
In the case of 95 width, it is applied mostly in the typical threesector NodeB configuration in the suburban areas.
In the case of 105 width, it is applied mostly in the typical threesector NodeB configuration in the sparsely populated areas.
Downtown of cities
Suggestions for different scenarios:

n
Downtown of cities
The S111 NodeB in downtown of cities generally adopts
antennae with 65 horizontal lob width and 7 to 10
vertical lobe width, with the gain of the antennae ranging
within 15 to 18 dBi. For the S110 or directional singlesector station, the antennae with 65 , 90 or wider
horizontal lobe width. The selection is based on the actual
situation. The selection of vertical lobe and gain is the
same as the S111 station. For omni station, antennae with
small gain and electronic downtilt are selected.
Suburb and countryside
Suburb and countryside

Directional antennae adopt antennae with 90 horizontal
lobe width and 5 to 7 vertical lobe width, with the gain

ranging within 15 to 18 dBi. Omni antennae adopts
antennae with 5 to 7 vertical lobe width, with the gain
ranging within 9 to 12 dBi.
Water surface
Water surface (large lake and sea surface), gobi, and desert
Directional antenna: If the coverage is relatively open and wide,
antennae with 90 or 105 horizontal lobe width and 5 to 7 , with

the gain ranging within 14 to 18dBi ,vertical lobe width can be
selected. If the coverage distance is long but the width is narrow
(e.g., lake and terrain factors), the 65 narrow beamwidth antenna
can be selected.
Omni antenna: The antennae with 5 to 7 vertical lobe width and
gain ranging within 9 to 12dBi can be selected

Narrow land strips

n
Narrow land strips (such as highway and railway)

Antennae for highway and railway are selected according to
the coverage line distance and shape of the highway and

railway concerned.
If the line is relatively straightforward, high-gain antennae
with 20 to 30 horizontal lobe width and 5 to 7 vertical lobe

width can be selected.
If the line is a curve in a large amplitude, antennae with 65,
90, or even larger horizontal lobe width, and with 5 to 7

vertical lobe width can be selected.
Complicated terrain with

a large fall
Areas of a complicated terrain with a large fall
In the actual networking planning, there may be a scenario that

features a large fall. In that case, antennae with 10 to 18
vertical lobe width can be selected according to the actual
situation. In another case, the area that needs a large coverage
is higher than the mount height of the antennae. The antennae
with 18 to 30 vertical lobe width can be selected according to
the actual situation.
Downtilt Mode of Antennae (1)

Antenna downtilt modes fall into mechanical downtilt and electrical downtilt.
Electrical downtilt can be further divided into fixed electrical downtilt and
adjustable electrical downtilt.
n
In the case of mechanical downtilt antenna, it is tilted when they are installed.
The price is low. It is mostly applied in the scenario with the downtilt angle
smaller than 10.
In the case of electrical downtilt antenna, the price is relatively high, yet with a
larger downtilt range (larger than 10. When the downtilt angle is wide, the
antenna pattern shows no obvious distortion, and the back lobe of the antenna
will also be downtilted at the same time.
In particular, the fixed electrical downtilt antenna with a small angle plus the
mechanical downtilt scheme has advantages in performance and cost, which is
the mainstream option of downtilt.
Downtilt Mode of Antennae (2)
The application of electrical downtilt antenna includes the following

scenarios:
In the case of city sites with specially small coverage radius, large downtilt
angle is needed to reduce the interference with the adjacent cells.

In the case of high sites, to reduce the interference with the adjacent cells
and the problem of light shadow, it is better to select the first upper side
lobe suppression and the first null fill-in, with large-angle electrical downtilt
or adjustable electrical downtilt antenna.
In the case of sites higher than the surroundings (e.g., mountain top and
riverside), electrical downtilt antenna can be selected.

Omni antenna cannot be mechanically downtilted. High omni NodeB should
select the electrical downtilt antenna with different angles according to the
different situations.
Down tilt angle of Antennae (1)

In downtown area
n
a: mechanical down tilt ; H: effective height;
L: cell radius; b :Vertical Lobe 3dB Width ;
ge: electrical down tilt;
a = arctg(H/L) + b/2 ge
Down tilt angle of Antennae (2)

n
In rural area
a: mechanical down tilt ; H: effective height;
L: cell radius; b :Vertical Lobe 3dB Width ;
ge: electrical down tilt;
a = arctg(H/L) ge
Examples of Antennae (1)
Type: Outdoor omni antenna

Antenna manufacturer: KATHREIN
Model: HXS-201-60-1.9-6-2GHz-60
Work frequency: 1920 MHz ~ 2170MHZ
Gain: 11.6 dBi
Horizontal 3dB beamwidth: 360
Polarization: Vertical
Angle: 0
Input impedance: 50 W
Dimensions: f60 1500mm
Weight: 3.8kg
Applicable scenario: Suburb and countryside
Type: Outdoor directional antenna

Antenna manufacturer: KATHREIN
Model: TDJS-2000-18-H65-3G
Gain: 18dBi
Polarization: 45 polarization
Angle: 0 ~ 15
Dimensions: 1300mm 160mm 75mm
Weight: 4.5kg
Applicable scenario: High-density downtown
and resident areas
Type: Indoor directional antenna

Antenna manufacturer: Mobile Antenna Technologies (Shenzhen)
Model: MB5F-70/40-9/6-W
Gain: 6 dBi
Polarization: Vertical
Angle: 0
Dimensions: 240 220 65mm
Weight: 1.5kg
Applicable scenario: Interior of buildings
Beautified antennae
Electrical down tilt antennae
Indoor antennae
Leaky cable

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WCDMA Antenna Principle and Model

At the end of this course, you will be able to:

Principles of Antenna (1)

into radio wave and transmits it into the air

Principles of Antenna (2)

When the length of the conductive wire increases to a degree

Principles of Antenna (3)

A dipole with the two rods of the same length is called

Outer View of Antenna (1)

--- Outdoor NodeB patch directional antenna

Outer View of Antenna (2)

--- Indoor antenna

Indoor wall-mount antenna

For example, 1 symmetrical dipole

Antenna array of 4 symmetrical dipoles

GAIN= 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBd

The definition of the gain of an antenna is related to the 1/2

Difference of dBd and dBi

Gain of an antenna compared with a

Antenna Direction (1)

The antenna direction refers to the capability of radiating

For the receiving antenna, pattern means the receiving

The characteristic curve of antenna direction is usually

Pattern is employed to describe the capability of

Antenna Pattern (2)

Horizontal Lobe 3dB Width

Vertical Lobe 3dB Width

Work Frequency Range of Antenna

In disregard of transmitting or receiving antenna, it always

At 850MHz, the 1/2

The dual-polarization consists of two antennae with orthogonal poles

Tilt (+/- 45)

Antenna Beam Downtilt

Applied to suppress coverage and reduce crossmodulation

Two modes: Mechanical downtilt and electrical downtilt

Impact of Downtilt on Coverage

The purpose of the downtilt technology is to tilt the main beam to

Principle of Electrical Downtilt

Electrical Downtilt and Mechanical Downtilt

Input Impedance of Antenna

Input impedance has resistance component and reactance

The generation of VSWR : As the incident wave power is transmitted

The value of VSWR is between 1 and infinite. VSWR is 1, indicating

Side Lobe Suppression and Null Fill-in

Side Lobe Suppression and Null Fill-in

Model Selection of Antenna

Parameters Related to Antenna Model Selection

In selecting antennae, a large number of antennae is

Such parameters as radiation pattern, gain, horizontal

The selection of other parameters is relatively simple and

Model Selection of Antenna

Polarization Mode (1)

NodeB antenna adopts linear polarization mode.

Model Selection of Antenna

Polarization Mode (2)

In downtown of cities, the number of

In suburb and countryside, the number of

Model Selection of Antenna

Antenna Radiation Direction

For an omni antenna, the radiation intensity in

The directional antenna enables the direction

Model Selection of Antenna

Horizontal Lobe Width

The horizontal lobe width of the omni antenna is all 360.