Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2009-2010
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discussed the research methodology, project design, project development,
operation and testing procedures and also the evaluating procedures that will be used for this
research.
Research Method
This research will be using the ACI Mix Design Standard for normal concrete in
computing the design mix: volume of water, the weight of cement, sand and gravel, and the
ASTM standards for the physical and mechanical testing of fine and coarse aggregates.
Experimental method will be used in this study to investigate and evaluate the effect of
natural fibers when added to normal concrete in different percentage. There will be a series of
trials that will be conducted in this research. If the first trial failed to attain the objective of this
research, another trial will be conducted until the objectives were attained. Every trial will have
the same design mix as computed based on the ACI standards, the fiber-cement ratio; which is
the independent variable in this research will be the one that will be evaluated.
This research attributed the change in workability, consistency and compressive strength
to the effect of the fiber- cement ratio in the concrete mixture in different percentage.
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The figure below shows the flowchart done to arrange and explain all the main activities which
will be carried out all throughout the research.
DECIDE TOPIC AND
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
LITERATURE REVIEW
RESEARCH
PRESENTATION
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2009-2010
Type of construction
Reinforced foundation walls and footings
Plain footings, caissons and substructure walls
Beams and reinforced walls
Building columns
Pavements and slabs
Mass concrete
Slump
(mm)
25-75
25-75
25-100
25-100
25-75
25-50
(inches)
1-3
1-3
1-4
1-4
1-3
1-2
*Slump may be increased when chemical admixtures are used, provided that the admixture-treated concrete has the
same or lower water-cement or water-cementitious material ratio and does not exhibit segregation potential or
excessive bleeding.
2009-2010
Large nominal maximum sizes of well graded aggregates have less voids than smaller
sizes. Hence, concretes with the larger-sized aggregates require less mortar per unit volume of
concrete. Generally, the nominal maximum size of aggregate should be the largest that is
economically available and consistent with dimensions of the structure. In no event should the
nominal maximum size exceed one-fifth of the narrowest dimension between sides of forms,
one-third the depth of slabs, nor three-fourths of the minimum clear spacing between individual
reinforcing bars, bundles of bars, or pretensioning strands. These limitations are sometimes
waived if workability and methods of consolidation are such that the concrete can be placed
without honeycomb or void. In areas congested with reinforcing steel, post-tension ducts or
conduits, the proportioner should select a nominal maximum size of the aggregate so concrete
can be placed without excessive segregation, pockets, or voids. When high strength concrete is
desired, best results may be obtained with reduced nominal maximum sizes of aggregate since
these produce higher strengths at a given water-cement ratio.
In this research, the maximum size of the aggregates will be , approximately 19mm in
diameter.
The quantity of water per unit volume of concrete required to produce a given slump is
dependent on: the nominal maximum size, particle shape, and grading of the aggregates.
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(0.375i
n.)
12.5mm
19mm
25mm
37.5mm
50mm
75mm
100mm
(0.5in.)
(0.75in.)
(1in.)
(1.5in.)
(2in.)
(3in.)
(4in.)
154
130
113
Non-Air-Entrained PCC
199
190
179
166
25-50
207
(1-2)
75-100
(350)
228
(335)
216
(315)
205
(300)
193
(275)
181
(260)
169
(220)
145
(190)
124
(3-4)
150-175
(385)
243
(365)
288
(340)
216
(325)
202
(300)
190
(285)
178
(245)
160
(210)
(6-7)
Typical entrapped
(410)
3
(385)
(360)
(340)
(315)
(300)
(270)
2.5
1.5
0.5
0.3
0.2
148
142
122
107
air (percent)
Air-Entrained PCC
175
168
160
25-50
181
(1-2)
75-100
(305)
202
(295)
193
(280)
184
(270)
175
(250)
165
(240)
157
(205)
133
(180)
119
(3-4)
150-175
(340)
243
(325)
228
(305)
216
(295)
202
(275)
190
(265)
178
(225)
160
(200)
(6-7)
(410)
(300)
(270)
Mild Exposure
Moderate
4.5
(385)
(360)
(340)
(315)
Recommended Air Content (percent)
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
6.0
5.5
Exposure
Severe exposure
7.5
7.0
Selection of water-cement ratio
5.0
4.5
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
6.0
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
Non-Air-Entrained
Air-Entrained
41.4 (6000)
34.5 (5000)
27.6 (4000)
20.7 (3000)
0.41
0.48
0.57
0.68
0.40
0.48
0.59
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0.74
Cement content
The cement content will be computed based on the below formula:
Aggregate Size
9.5mm(0.375inches)
12.5mm(0.5inches)
19mm(0.75inches)
25mm(1inches)
37.5mm(1.5inches)
50mm(2inches)
3.00
0.40
0.53
0.60
0.65
0.69
0.72
2200
2230
2275
2290
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2410
2445
2490
2530
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2350
2345
2405
2435
Percentage by weight
62.561
19.757
5.591
3.393
1.233
2.382
0.078
0.019
2.144
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Water
In the production of concrete, water plays an important role. The water that will be used
should not contain any substance that might affect the hydration of cement and affect the
durability of concrete. Generally, drinking water from the tap will be used for the concrete mix.
Fine and Coarse aggregates
The aggregate component of a concrete mix occupies 60 to 80 percent of the volume of
concrete, and heir characteristics influence the properties of concrete. The coarse aggregates that
will be used have an approximately 19mm in size. The gravel is then first passed through sieves
to get the desired maximum 19-mm diameter gravel. Fine aggregates commonly known as sand
should comply the requirements of the American Concrete institute (ACI) mix design method.
The sand and gravel are kept in the laboratory to dry before being used.
(a) Abaca
(c) Pineapple
2009-2010
Test Specimens
The cement composites for testing will be prepared in the form of cylinders with
dimensions of 150mm in diameter and 300mm high for compression test. 27 specimens will be
made and tested for the first trial mix.
Table 3.2: distribution of specimens for first trial
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For the second trial batch mix, the fiber content will be 0.10% and 0.15%, there will be a
total of 27 specimens, these will be distributed as follows:
Table 3.3: distribution of specimens for second trial
Slump Test
A slump test is performed on all batches to measure the workability of the fresh concrete
in accordance with ASTM C 143-78 (slump test of Portland cement concrete). This test is used to
monitor the consistency of the mixture from batch to batch.
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Compressive strength
Where:
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