Mata Kulia

Kode MK / Sks / Smtr

Program Studi

Dosen

Desain Instalasi Pengolah Air Limbah (IPAL)

1309701 / 4 sks / VII
Teknik Lingkungan
Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan
Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya [ITATS}
Taty Alfiah, ST.MT.

Diagram Alir IPAL

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Diagram alir pengolahan limbah, adalah gambaran dari urutan / tahapan pengolahan
limbah cair dalam suatu IPAL.
Secara garis umum, tahapan pengolahan limbah cair secara konventional adalah sebagai
berikut:
pengolahan pendahuluan / Preliminary Treatment (bila diperlukan, rancu dengan
pengolahan pertama)
pengolahan pertama / Primary treatment (pengolahan fisik, untuk mengilangkan
materi anorganik)
pengolahan sekunder / secondary treatment (merupakan pengolahan biologis,
memanfaatkan mikroorganisme. Bertujuan untuk menurunkan materi organic
dalam limbah cair.)
pengolahan lumpur / sludge treatment / solid handling (lumpur yang mengandung
banyak mikroorganisme, harus dimatikan sebelum dibuang)
pengolahan tersier / Tertiary and/or advanced wastewater treatment (apabila
masih diperlukan, untuk menurunkan konsentrasi kontaminan yang masih ada,
misal kadar Nitrat, Phosphat)
Bacaan tambahan
Conventional wastewater treatment consists of a combination of physical, chemical, and
biological processes and operations to remove solids, organic matter and, sometimes,
nutrients from wastewater. General terms used to describe different degrees of
treatment, in order of increasing treatment level, are preliminary, primary, secondary,
and tertiary and/or advanced wastewater treatment.

Preliminary Treatment

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During Preliminary Treatment, the incoming raw sewage, or influent, is strained to

removed all large objects that make their way into the sewer system. These objects can
be anything from rags and sticks to toys, cans and even snakes. Generally bar screens,
which come in a variety of shapes and sizes, are used to remove the items. The influent
flows across these screens, objects catch on the screens, are raised out of the water and
are then raked (either mechanically or manually) off the screens.
Another component of Preliminary Treatment is the grit channel where the velocity of the
incoming wastewater is carefully controlled to allow sand, grit, and stones to settle to the
bottom of the channel while keeping the majority of the suspended organic material in
the water column. The grit is removed from the channel, added to the larger objects
removed by the bar screens, and taken to the landfill for disposal.
Preliminary Treatment is vital for preventing damage to pumps and other equipment in
the remaining treatment stages.

Primary treatment
The objective of primary treatment is the removal of settleable organic and inorganic
solids by sedimentation, and the removal of materials that will float (scum) by skimming.
Approximately 25 to 50% of the incoming biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5), 50 to 70%
of the total suspended solids (SS), and 65% of the oil and grease are removed during
primary treatment. Some organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus, and heavy metals
associated with solids are also removed during primary sedimentation but colloidal and
dissolved constituents are not affected. The effluent from primary sedimentation units is
referred to as primary effluent.
Many plants have a sedimentation stage where the sewage is allowed to pass slowly
through large tanks, commonly called primary clarifiers or primary sedimentation tanks.
The tanks are large enough that sludge can settle and floating material such as grease and
oils can rise to the surface and be skimmed off. The main purpose of primary treatment
is to produce both a generally homogeneous liquid capable of being treated biologically
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and a sludge that can be separately treated or processed. Primary clarifiers are usually
equipped with mechanically driven scrapers that continually drive the collected sludge
towards a hopper in the base of the tank from where it can be pumped to further sludge
treatment stages. The clarified water flows on to the next step of treatment.

Secondary treatment
The objective of secondary treatment is the further treatment of the effluent from
primary treatment to remove the residual organics and suspended solids. In most cases,
secondary treatment follows primary treatment and involves the removal of
biodegradable dissolved and colloidal organic matter using aerobic biological treatment
processes. Aerobic biological treatment (see Box) is performed in the presence of oxygen
by aerobic microorganisms (principally bacteria) that metabolize the organic matter in the
wastewater, thereby producing more microorganisms and inorganic end-products
(principally CO2, NH3, and H2O). Several aerobic biological processes are used for
secondary treatment differing primarily in the manner in which oxygen is supplied to the
microorganisms and in the rate at which organisms metabolize the organic matter.
High-rate biological processes are characterized by relatively small reactor volumes and
high concentrations of microorganisms compared with low rate processes. Consequently,
the growth rate of new organisms is much greater in high-rate systems because of the
well controlled environment. The microorganisms must be separated from the treated
wastewater by sedimentation to produce clarified secondary effluent. The sedimentation
tanks used in secondary treatment, often referred to as secondary clarifiers, operate in
the same basic manner as the primary clarifiers described previously. The biological solids
removed during secondary sedimentation, called secondary or biological sludge, are
normally combined with primary sludge for sludge processing.
Secondary treatment processes can remove up to 90% of the organic matter in
wastewater by using biological treatment processes. The two most common
conventional methods used to achieve secondary treatment are attached growth
processes and suspended growth processes.
Attached Growth Processes In attached growth (or fixed film) precesses, bacteria,
algae, fungi and other microorganisms grow and multiply on the surface of stone
or plastic media, forming a microbial growth or slime layer (biomass) on the
media. Wastewater passes over the media along with air to provide oxygen, and
the bacteria consume most of the organic matter in the wastewater as food.
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Attached growth process units include trickling filters, biotowers, and rotating
biological contactors.
Suspended Growth Processes In suspended growth processes, the microbial
growth is suspended in an aerated water mixture where the air is pumped in, or
the water is agitated sufficiently to allow oxygen transfer. The suspended growth
process speeds up the work of aerobic bacteria and other microorganisms that
break down the organic matter in the sewage by providing a rich aerobic
environmnet where the microorganisms supsended in the wastewater can work
more efficiently. In the aeration tank, wastewater is vigorously mixed with air and
microorganisms acclimated to the wastewater in a suspension for several hours.
This allows the bacteria and other microorganisms to break down the organic
matter in the wastewater. Suspended growth process units include variations of
activated sludge, oxidation ditches and sequencing batch reactors.
After biological treatment, the water is pumped to secondary clarifiers where any leftover
solids and the microorganisms sink to the bottom. These solids are handled separately
from the supernatant which continues on to disinfection.

Solids Handling
Primary treatment and secondary biological processes concentrate waste organics into
a sludge. Methods for processing raw sludge include anaerobic digestion and mechanical
dewatering by either belt-filter pressing or centrifugation. Conventional methods of

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disposal are apllication as a fertilizer or soil conditioner on agricultural land, landfilling in a

dedicated disposal site, or codisposal with municipal solid waste
Tertiary and/or advanced treatment
Tertiary and/or advanced wastewater treatment is employed when specific wastewater
constituents which cannot be removed by secondary treatment must be removed. As
shown in Figure 3, individual treatment processes are necessary to remove nitrogen,
phosphorus, additional suspended solids, refractory organics, heavy metals and dissolved
solids. Because advanced treatment usually follows high-rate secondary treatment, it is
sometimes referred to as tertiary treatment. However, advanced treatment processes are
sometimes combined with primary or secondary treatment (e.g., chemical addition to
primary clarifiers or aeration basins to remove phosphorus) or used in place of secondary
treatment (e.g., overland flow treatment of primary effluent).

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Terdapat beberapa pertimbangan dalam menentukan diagram alir, diantaranya :

karakteristik limbah menentukan tingkat pengolahan limbah yang diperlukan
dengan memperhatikan sumber limbah
peraturan berlaku baik effluent standard maupun stream standard
owner/pemilik IPAL : perlu memperhatikan kemampuan biaya desain, konstruksi,
operasional dan pemeliharaan. Selian itu juga tenaga yang diperlukan untuk
mengoperasikan IPAL, baik operator maupun tenaga ahli
pemilihan proses pengolahan , meliputi pertimbangan teoritis, serta permasalhan
di lapangan
topografi, area tersedia : menentukan profil hidrolik. Diupayakan aliran secara
grafitasi, meminimalkan kebutuhan pompa yang akan menambah biaya. Selain itu,
luasan lahan sebaiknya memungkinkan bila suatu saat diperlukan pengembangan
IPAL. Tebutuhan area termasuk zona buffer, penyimpanan sementara lumpur yang
dihasilkan.
rencana disposal efluen maupun lumpur. Efluen IPAL akan dibuang dimana,
apakah dapat mengganggu ekosistem alami yang ada ? bagaimana kualitas dan
kuantitas lumpur yang dihasilkan. Bagaimana rencana pembuangan maupun
pemanfaatkannya menjadi pertimbangan.
aspek pembiayaan : sejak mulai konstruksi hingga OM, meliputi OM:tenaga, energi
bhn kimia. Oleh karena itu diperlukan perbandingan beberapa alternatif diagram
alir
kesesuaian fasilitas existing : sedapat mungkin pembangunan IPAL baru sesuai
dengan system pengelolaan limbah yang telah ada di sekitarnya.
aspek lingkungan, misalnya jarak dengan lingkungan terbangun sekitar, apakah
mengganggu. Mungkin diperlukan zona buffer, untuk mereduksi baud an bising,
memenuhi aspek estetika.

Contoh-contoh diagram alir pengolahan limbah cair secara konventional (standard)

adalah sebagai berikut :

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