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George W. Hanson
Citation: Journal of Applied Physics 103, 064302 (2008); doi: 10.1063/1.2891452
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2891452
View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jap/103/6?ver=pdfcov
Published by the AIP Publishing
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Received 3 August 2007; accepted 9 January 2008; published online 18 March 2008
An exact solution is obtained for the electromagnetic field due to an electric current in the presence
of a surface conductivity model of graphene. The graphene is represented by an infinitesimally thin,
local, and isotropic two-sided conductivity surface. The field is obtained in terms of dyadic Greens
functions represented as Sommerfeld integrals. The solution of plane wave reflection and
transmission is presented, and surface wave propagation along graphene is studied via the poles of
the Sommerfeld integrals. For isolated graphene characterized by complex surface conductivity
= + j, a proper transverse-electric surface wave exists if and only if 0 associated with
interband conductivity, and a proper transverse-magnetic surface wave exists for 0 associated
with intraband conductivity. By tuning the chemical potential at infrared frequencies, the sign of
can be varied, allowing for some control over surface wave properties. 2008 American Institute
of Physics. DOI: 10.1063/1.2891452
I. INTRODUCTION
0021-8979/2008/1036/064302/8/$23.00
103, 064302-1
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064302-2
George W. Hanson
intra, c,,T
=j
e 2k BT
c
+ 2 lnec/kBT + 1 .
j2 kBT
2
inter, c,,0
2c j2
je2
ln
,
4
2c + j2
=
inter
e2
= min = 6.085 105 S,
2h
and inter
0 for c 0.
The conductivity of graphene has been considered in several
recent works,1118 and here we use the expression resulting
from the Kubo formula,19
, c,,T
=
je2 j2
1
2
j22
f d f d
f d f d
d ,
j22 4/2
where e is the charge of an electron, = h / 2 is the reduced Plancks constant, f d = ec/kBT + 11 is the
Fermi-Dirac distribution, and kB is Boltzmanns constant. We
assume that no external magnetic field is present, and so the
local conductivity is isotropic i.e., there is no Hall conductivity. The first term in Eq. 1 is due to intraband contributions, and the second term to interband contributions.
For an isolated graphene sheet the chemical potential c
is determined by the carrier density ns,
ns =
2vF2
f d f d + 2cd,
Hnr = jn nr,
where kn = nn and nr are the wavenumber and electric Hertzian potential in region n, respectively. Assuming
that the current source is in region 1, then
1r = 1pr + s1r
=
g 1pr,r + g s1r,r
2r = s2r =
g s2r,r
J1r
d ,
j 1
J1r
d ,
j 1
1
ejk1R
= I
4R
2
ep1yy
H2
0 k
k dk ,
4p1
10
where
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064302-3
George W. Hanson
p2n = k2 k2n,
= x x2 + z z2 ,
Rt =
R = r r = y y 2 + 2 ,
11
Rc =
s
y E1 E2 = Jm
,
12
s
V / m are electric and magnetic
where Jse A / m and Jm
surface currents on the boundary. For a local model of
graphene in the absence of a magnetic field and associated
Hall effect conductivity, is a scalar. Therefore,10
13
s
x,y = 0,z = Ezx,y = 0,z,
Je,z
14
s
x,y = 0,z = 0,
Jm
15
s
Je,x
x,y
= x,z,
17
18
1, = N2M 22, ,
19
1
j
20
2,
1, 2
1
= k11,
y
y
j
21
2,x 2,z
1,y 2,y
+
= 1 N2M 2
,
y
y
x
z
22
g s1r,r = y y gsnr,r + y x
s
+ y z
g r,r + x x
x
z c
+ z z gst r,r,
23
= t , n , c, with
1
2
p1y+y
H2
0 ke
k dk ,
4p1
24
N2 p1 p2 +
N2 p1 + p2 +
p1 p2
j 1
p1 p2
j 1
2p1 N2M 2 1 +
NEk,
,
ZEk,
p2 M 2
j 1
H E
Z Z
25
26
27
28
1 + Rt
2p1
2 2 = 2 H,
NM
NZ
29
Tn =
p11 Rn 2p1
= E,
p2
Z
30
16
11,y 22,y =
Rn =
M 2 p1 p2 j2 NHk,
,
=
M 2 p1 + p2 + j2 ZHk,
Tc =
2p1 N2M 2 1 +
p1
j 1
2 H E
NZ Z
31
As in the case of a simple dielectric interface, the denominators ZH,Ek , = 0 implicate pole singularities in the spectral
plane associated with surface wave phenomena. Furthermore, both wave parameters pn = k2 k2n, n = 1, 2, lead to
branch points at k = kn, and thus the k-plane is a foursheeted Riemann surface. The standard hyperbolic branch
cuts24 that separate the one proper sheet where Repn 0,
such that the radiation condition as y is satisfied and
the three improper sheets where Repn 0 are the same as
in the absence of surface conductivity .
In addition to representing the exact field from a given
current, several interesting electromagnetic aspects of
graphene can be obtained from the above relations.
C. Plane wave reflection and transmission coefficients
Normal incidence plane wave reflection and transmission coefficients can be obtained from the previous formulation by setting k = 0 in Eqs. 25 and 29. To see this, consider the current
J1r =
j4r0
r r0,
1
32
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064302-4
George W. Hanson
2 1 1 2
,
2 + 1 + 1 2
33
22
,
T = 1 + Rt =
2 + 1 + 1 2
34
0
2
,
+ 20
T=
1 + 2
0
35
36
p1 p2
= 0.
Z k, = N p1 + p2 +
j 1
E
37
k = k0
r1r1
A0k2Rn p y
e 1
41
y
0
2
x
z
+ z
H2k0
0
0 0
k21 + p21H2
0 k0
kk21 k2
where Rn = NE / ZE / k, H2
0 = H0 / , and 0
2
2
p1y
= x + z . The term e
leads to exponential decay away
from the graphene surface on the proper sheet Repn
0 , n = 1 , 2. The surface wave mode may or may not lie
on the proper Riemann sheet, depending on the value of
surface conductivity, as described below. In general, only
modes on the proper sheet directly result in physical wave
phenomena, although leaky modes on the improper sheet can
be used to approximate parts of the spectrum in restricted
spatial regions, and to explain certain radiation phenomena.26
rr1
41
r1 r2r + 220r2
2 0 r
38
r r
0 r
2
39
1
M 20r2 0r22 M 4 1r1r1 r2r22 .
M 12
4
k = k0
E10 =
40
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064302-5
p0 =
George W. Hanson
j0
0
= j
,
2
2
42
TM waves are governed by the dispersion 37. For general material parameters this relation is more complicated
than for the TE case, and so here we concentrate on an isolated graphene surface r1 = r2 = r1 = r2 = 1. Then, p0 =
j20 / and
k = k0
2
0
43
j20 20
=
+ j,
44
2
TM
=
,
0,
0.
45
46
FIG. 2. Color online Complex conductivity, TM surface-wave wavenumber, and attenuation length for c = 0 at 300 K in the microwave through
far-infrared frequency range = 15.2 GHz to 15.2 THz.
III. RESULTS
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064302-6
George W. Hanson
tenuation length are shown as a function of chemical potential at = 6.58 eV. Because of the simple form for the TM
surface-wave wavenumber 43, the wavenumber and attenuation length merely follow the conductivity profile.
However, at infrared frequencies moderate changes in
the chemical potential can significantly alter graphenes conductivity and, significantly, change the sign of its imaginary
part. Figure 5 shows the various components of the graphene
conductivity at = 0.263 eV = 400 THz, and in Fig. 6
the total conductivity intraband plus interband is shown.
From Eq. 4, at T = = 0 an abrupt change in inter occurs
when 2c = , which in this case is c = 0.132 eV, denoted by the vertical dashed lines in the figures. Since the
associated Fermi temperature is several thousand K, the T
= 0 behavior qualitatively remains the same at 300 K, although the discontinuity is softened due to the higher temperature. It can be seen that for c less than approximately
0.13 eV, inter
dominates over intra
and 0, so that only
a proper TE surface wave mode exists. Outside of this range,
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George W. Hanson
IV. CONCLUSIONS
2
0
kTM = k0
0
2
kTE = k0
jk0
2
,
0
k0 1
1 0
2 2
47
48
An exact solution has been obtained for the electromagnetic field due to an electric current near a surface conductivity model of graphene. Dyadic Greens functions have
been presented in terms of Sommerfeld integrals, plane wave
reflection and transmission coefficients have been provided,
and surface wave propagation on graphene has been discussed in the microwave and infrared regimes. The relative
importance of intraband and interband contributions for surface wave propagation has been emphasized.
1
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George W. Hanson
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