MAXIMIZING ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL

PERFORMANCE OF EXISTING COAL-FIRED ASSETS

Authors: Pat BARTLEY, Alstom
Jean-Claude FOUCHER, Alstom
Rolf HESTERMANN, Alstom
Bob HILTON, Alstom
Bill KEEGAN, Alstom
Don STEPHEN, Alstom

Abstract
In a time where the margin between available electrical supply versus demand is shrinking,
many utilities are faced with the difficult task of how best to address this problem. One option
is to take the greenfield approach by installing new generating capacity that takes
advantage of the latest advances in high efficiency, environmentally friendly coal firing
technologies. This, however, can be a costly process that can take several years before the
plant is in operation.
In recent years, Alstom has come to realize that existing coal-fired assets have in many cases
hidden capacity. This largely results from the conservative nature of their design, but also from
advances in technology. By taking advantage of these hidden reserves, a unit can often
obtain a notable increase in output. In cases where new air pollution control equipment is
being installed, parasitic power losses can be offset so that the impact on net generating
output is minimized.
Alstoms Optimized Plant Retrofit (OPR) process is a proven method to enhance unit output
that has been successfully implemented in the marketplace. OPRs are supported by Alstoms
comprehensive portfolio of available technologies and a proven capability to integrate
retrofit opportunities that encompass innovative solutions for a variety of plant components
such as coal mills, boiler, air pollution control equipment, turbogenerator, etc.
To exploit the full potential of existing equipment, it is not adequate to optimize components
on an individual basis. Rather, it is necessary to take a systemic and holistic approach and
look at the complex interaction between key components and assess how best to integrate
the disparate potentials into a coherent synergistic and integrated solution. This is of specific
importance with regard to CO2 emissions where total plant performance is the determining
factor. By teaming with utility representatives, Alstoms technical experts can collectively
identify one or more solutions for enhancing net output, with a return on investment that is
significantly better than greenfield construction.
This paper introduces the OPR concept in detail on all potential aspects: boiler,
turbogenerator, emission control equipment, site construction, etc. Case studies are
p001293.doc


presented and future perspectives offered, in particular in view of retrofitting existing assets
towards a CO2-ready status.

p001293.doc

Maximizing Economic and Environmental

Performance of Existing Coal-Fired Assets
3

1 - Introduction
Various drivers are now pushing the
power generation industry to
improve performance of the coalfired power generation assets.
The primary driver in todays market
place results from the increasingly
competitive power generation
market : maximize revenues while
minimizing costs: this leads to
improvement of heat
rate/efficiency/output.
Another route to maximize
revenues is to adapt base loaddesigned power station to load
follow, thus taking advantage of
"golden hours" operation, without
suffering the cost of operating the
installation at partial loads for
which they were not initially
optimized.
The second driver is maximizing the
potential of existing assets through

identification and matching of the

maximum capability of the boiler
and turbogenerator combined
with ensuring that the balance of
plant systems and equipment have
sufficient capability to support the
boiler turbine island output
capability.
The third driver is related to
emissions. For example, the
addition of back-end flue gas
treatment systems will increase the
parasitic power losses in the plant.
It may be possible to offset these
parasitic power losses through
identification and optimization of
the boiler turbogenerator island.
Another emission-related driver is
the emergence of the CO2constrained economy, where
avoided CO2 emissions can be

used for trading within the frame of

emission trading schemes such as.
in Europe. This is only the beginning
of a major shift in power
generation. For example, for a 400
MWe coal fired power station, a 3%
efficiency improvement avoids
approximately 250 000 tonnes of
CO2 emission per year.
The authors' company having
boiler, turbine, pollution control
equipment and balance of plant
expertise, have actively developed
such integrated optimization
processes over the past years.
This paper comprehensively details
the process followed in developing
integrated projects starting with the
thermal optimization.

2 - Thermal Optimization Process

General
Methodology
There are various approaches to
assess an existing power station,
and identify ways of improvement.
Thanks to its capabilities covering
the full range of power station

equipment from the fuel system to

the generator, Alstom has
developed tools for the
development of such activities
aiming at optimizing the plant:
Alstoms ECORAM tool (ECOnomic
Reliability, Availability and
Maintainability) focuses on RAM
aspects to maximize overall plant
economics, while Alstoms concept

The ECORAM concept

Balance of plant
Turbine / generator
Boiler
Electrical
Environmental

Power input increase

Design
More flexible operation
Operation Goal Increase of availability
Maintenance
Reduction of maintenance cost
Less emissions

- systematic investigation of the plant p001293.doc

of Optimized Plant Retrofit (OPR)

aims at maximizing the
performance of existing plants,
either in terms of power output or
heat rate.
An ECORAM analysis, jointly
performed with the Customer,
identifies potential improvement for
operation and maintenance of the
power station. It is a total plant
evaluation package combining
technical and economical
evaluation of operational and
maintenance costs and evaluation
of potential reductions.
This is done by analyzing the whole
power plant by design, operation
and maintenance. The results can

Maximizing Economic and Environmental

Performance of Existing Coal-Fired Assets
4
be new investment plans and/or
retrofit programs for the plant. For
example, an ECORAM investigation
complemented the Optimized
Plant Retrofit optimization work at
ARNOT Power Station in the
Republic of South Africa.

Thermal Optimization
Process
The Thermal Optimization Process
illustrated below is a key
element of any effort aiming at
maximizing performance and can
be implemented without a full
ECORAM Evaluation if some of the
key drivers for thermal optimization
of the power plant are already
identified.

Design
original
turbine heat
balance

Design Boiler
geometry and
equipment

Test Data as per turbine and

boiler requirements

Optimization
criteria &
constraints:
steam flow
Q fired
Emissions
Others

Proposed turbine design

Proposed boiler perf.
Modifications.

Customer input

Generator &
transformer
information

Balance of plant
information

Preliminary Assessment Followed by

Joint project review
Turbine elastic (variable swallowing capacity)
boiler surfaces not fixed

General
Considerations
The Alstom proprietary Turbine
Cycle Program (ALPRO) enables
thermodynamic performance
prediction and analysis of any
steam turbine cycle. The core of
the system is a robust simultaneous
solver for non-linear equations that,
in combination with generic
interfaces for data exchange,
provides an open tool meeting
current and future needs.
The ALPRO program includes
calculation elements for steam
turbines, condensers, feed-heaters,
motors, pumps, generators and
other cycle components. Using a
graphical user interface the various

Turbine specs :
inlet flow, temp, press
Ffwt
Reheat P
Boiler specs :
SH/ RH surfaces
Design tilts
SH/ RH sprays
RH press. drop

Turbine & boiler

geometry fixed
Off-design operation :
Mill configuration
Heaters out of service
Boiler fouling
Condenser pressure
changes
Part load operation

The Iterative Thermal Optimizing Process

This optimization process is a
cooperative and jointly performed
effort with the Customer. The
thermal optimization process
covers the turbine, the boiler and
the balance of plant, each of
those being addressed hereafter in
detail.

p001293.doc

calculation elements can be

connected in any required
configuration and customized to
allow accurate modeling of any
steam turbine cycle.
A special strength of the ALPRO
system lies in its design and offdesign management capabilities.
An ALPRO model can be created
in design mode and calibrated

to accurately reflect either the

original design performance of an
existing cycle or, more usefully, the
performance of an existing cycle
as determined from recent test
data.
Such a model can then be run in
off design mode to predict how
the cycle will perform under
different operating conditions
and/or with some components
(e.g. steam turbines) replaced by
modern retrofitted components.
Using the ALPRO system in this
manner permits rapid optimization
of an overall cycle retrofit proposal.

Turbine retrofit
High Pressure Turbine
The main driver for retrofitting the
HP turbine is to increase the
efficiency of the section in order to
increase overall power output. This
improvement may also be
combined with an increase in main
steam flow to achieve a more
significant increase in overall power
output. Other aspects of retrofitting
HP turbine cylinders might be to
eliminate the risk of Solid Particle
Erosion by applying state-of-the-art
blading technology or to change
the mode of operation by going
from partial arc to full arc.
The latter is especially of interest for
plants that are base loaded. By
changing from partial to full arc an
additional benefit in heat rate on
the order of 0.1 to 0.2% can be
achieved. For most of the suitable
units, this conversion can be done
without any costly investments if
done at the time of the retrofit.
Conversion to full arc operation
might also be of interest for cycling
units if the unit can be operated in
a sliding pressure mode and the
load range is above approximately
85% of Maximum Continuous Rating
(MCR).

Maximizing Economic and Environmental

Performance of Existing Coal-Fired Assets
5
When increasing steam flow the redesign of the flow-passing capacity
of the HP turbine in conjunction
with a careful boiler analysis can
also be used to minimize carry-over
and thus improve the performance
and reliability of the plant. The
matching of turbine throttle
pressure and boiler superheater
output pressure with the new steam
flow conditions may also result in
benefits such as avoiding safety
valve problems and system
pressure drop issues.
Also, whether the pressure is still
within acceptable limits at the
crossover from the Intermediate
Pressure (IP) to Low Pressure (LP)
turbine or at the extraction pipes
and the feedwater heaters needs
to be evaluated.
The impacts of increased steam
flow and/or changes in main
steam, cold reheat or hot reheat
steam pressures on the high energy
piping systems also need to be
considered to ensure that critical
design temperatures or pressures
are not exceeded.
Consequence on boiler reheater
operation.
Reheat temperature is a very
important condition both from a
heat rate and power
consideration. It is worth
mentioning that a reduction in hot
reheat temperature affects power
considerably more than the same
reduction in main steam
temperature.
Increasing the HP cylinder
efficiency result in a decrease of
the exhaust temperature (cold
reheat). The reduction is obviously
dependant on the efficiency levels
both before and after the retrofit
but is generally in the region 8C to
11C (15 to 20 F). It is assumed
that in most retrofit applications the
hot reheat temperature will be
maintained at design levels, which
requires extra heat to be added
p001293.doc

into the reheater. It is this additional

heat added (in the region of 3-4%
over the existing reheater duty)
that contributes to the power
advantage given by HP retrofitting.
The overall turbine heat rate is also
improved due to the higher HP
section efficiency but the heat rate
improvement is usually limited to
about 60% of power increase.
The reduction of internal turbine
leakages, particularly in the case of
combined HP-IP turbines
contributes significantly to the
overall benefit of retrofitting. The
reduction of leakages is possible by
improving and simplifying both the
steam path and inlet
arrangements. This generally leads
to an increase in reheater flow thus
increasing the extra reheater
thermal duty still further. In some
cases the reheater flow has been
increased by 2%.
If reheater spray water is currently
being used then the amount of
spray required, assuming no other
operational or plant changes, will
reduce. The reduction in reheat
spray water will reduce power but
does improve the heat rate.
The reduced cold reheat
temperature has a small second
order effect on the quantity of
extraction steam taken for
feedwater heating from this point.
Due to the reduction in
temperature, the extraction steam
quantity increases slightly which
leads to a slight corresponding
reduction in cold reheat pressure
and final feedwater temperature (if
the highest pressure heater is fed
from cold reheat).
In any case, a comprehensive
boiler analysis is required in order to
quantify the extent of necessary
changes. In many situations, the
analysis highlights other areas of
deficiency or shows modifications
to other areas that may help
reheater performance. In the case
of a plant operating with reheat

sprays, it is not unusual for the spray

quantity to be reduced in order to
maintain hot reheat temperature
after retrofitting the HP turbine.
The effect on the turbine cycle of
reheater sprays taken from the
boiler feed pump discharge is to
increase the flow through the IP
and LP turbines with the main
steam flow remaining unaffected.
The increase in power is achieved
at a worse heat rate and boiler
firing is increased when compared
to a plant designed for zero spray.
Nevertheless plant owners often
are worried about reducing the
spray quantity due to the
associated reduction in power.

Intermediate Pressure
Turbine
When compared against the
economics of modifying the HP
turbine, an IP turbine retrofit is
usually not as attractive with
respect to the ratio of investment
versus power gain. However,
recent activity indicates that
modification of the IP turbine is
being considered more often.
An important option when
modifying the IP is the flow passing
capacity. An increase in the flow
passing capacity will for example,
reduce the IP inlet pressure and
therefore the HP exhaust pressure.
In the case where the final
feedwater heating is being tapped
from cold reheat, the final
feedwater temperature can be
adjusted. Changes in the final
feedwater temperature affect the
heat input to the boiler and
significantly affect the power and
heat rate gain of the turbine cycle.
The design of the IP turbine can
therefore be used to optimize the
cycle for either power or for heat
rate.

Maximizing Economic and Environmental

Performance of Existing Coal-Fired Assets
6

Low Pressure Turbine

size of the valves will have to be

altered.

Modern LP turbine retrofit designs

offer significant efficiency
improvements versus existing
designs due to the application of
state-of-the-art Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling in
blade design. These models take
into account the complex, threedimensional behavior of the steam
flow. Longer blades (up to 114 mm
(45 inches) in 60 Hz, corresponding
to 137 mm (54 inches) in 50 Hz
designs reduce leaving losses,
further improving efficiency. LP
turbines provide a significant
portion of the overall power
generated typically about 45%
for a 500 MWe unit in U.S.A.
installations. Therefore, small
efficiency increases give significant
overall improvements.

Similar comments apply to safety

valves located on the waterwall
outlet boiler throttle links and
superheater outlet headers or links
on supercritical pressure combined
circulation boilers. Note that if the
new operating pressure of any
safety valve is within 3% of the
closure pressure of that valve, then
excessive valve leakage and
maintenance can occur. To
eliminate this condition, the boiler
superheater or reheater sections, or
the steam leads can be
redesigned to reduce steam side
pressure drop. The best solution
however, is to design the HP turbine
for a lower throttle pressure.

Boiler retrofit
Alstom has extensive experience in
retrofitting/upgrading boilers of any
technology, whether or not
supplied by said company. Such
retrofits cover output improvement,
fuel flexibility, capacity to load
swings, environmental compliance,
etc.

General Considerations
The following is a list of
considerations needing attention
for increasing boiler capacity:
The steam drum safety valves on a
natural or controlled circulation
boiler, the superheater outlet
header or links, and the reheater
inlet and outlet links must all be
checked for relieving capacity and
operating pressure based on
design code. If the relieving
capacity is exceeded, larger size
valve internals may be required. If
larger valve internals cannot be
installed, then the number or the

p001293.doc

The system pressure of the boiler

turbine complex needs to be
checked if steam flow exceeds
original boiler MCR. This check is
necessary to verify that the
increased steam flow and resultant
increase in system pressure drop
does not result in the drum
operating pressure approaching
the lift pressure of the low set drum
safety valve prior to the lift pressure
of the low set Superheater Heat
exchanger (SH) safety valve. The
SH safety valves should always be
set to lift prior to the drum safety
valves lifting and close after the
drum safety valves close to prevent
potential SH tube overheating due
to lack of cooling flow. The same
check is needed on the Reheater
Heat Exchanger (RH) steam system
safety valves.
Water circulation: An assessment is
needed of the ability of drum type
boilers to operate with adequate
safety margin at the increased
flow. The Circulation Ratio (CR),
defined as the mass flow ratio of
the circulation fluid to steam
leaving the circuit, and the
circulation mass flow rate are the
two important parameters used to
measure the waterwall circulation
safety margin. A certain minimum

CR value should be maintained in

order for a waterwall circuit to
operate in a safe zone for a given
drum pressure and circuit fluid mass
velocity (flow rate per unit area). Of
course, this condition is very boiler
specific and is not always a main
concern.
Water purity: The water purity and
carry over is an important
consideration from both a boiler
and turbine viewpoint. If the drum
pressure is lowered, the carry over is
generally reduced. In rare cases
modifications to drum internals may
be required.
Increased firing: The issues
associated with increased firing
cover boiler furnace, pressure parts,
burners, pulverizers, air supply,
emissions, etc. Evaluating the firing
increases in incremental amounts
and reviewing the margins in each
of the associated equipment will
allow an assessment to be made of
the extent and cost of
modifications necessary to reach a
particular flow. An important
performance goal for the boiler is
the maintaining of main steam and
reheat steam temperatures after
the retrofit.
In certain boiler specific cases, the
issues of boiler efficiency, flue gas
temperature control and firing rate
issues may collectively point out a
need for review of the thermal
performance of the economizer. In
several cases it has been found
that upgrading the economizer is a
viable solution for (i) maintaining
exit flue gas conditions for flue gas
cleaning equipment, (ii) lowering
boiler heat input (Qfired) rates to
acceptable levels, or (iii) increasing
project justification via
improvements in boiler efficiency.
Economizer upgrades have also
been found to lower system flue
gas pressure drop and thus result in
plant power savings adding to the
project justification.

Maximizing Economic and Environmental

Performance of Existing Coal-Fired Assets
7

Advanced Boiler
Simulation Software
One of the key tools used in boiler
retrofit activities is a dedicated
advanced simulation software
known as the Reheat Boiler
Performance Program (RHBP).
This Alstom proprietary tool predicts
overall boiler performance, as well
as the performance of selected
boiler components. Heat balances
are performed around the boiler
envelope and individual
components, in order to generate
the information that is required for
detailed component evaluation.
The computer program is structured
in a modular fashion and performs
these calculations in a
predetermined sequence.
The calculations begin with boiler
efficiency, general data, and net
heat input modules, which are
dependent on the fuel analysis,
design or field test data, and the
turbine heat balance information.
The calculations then continue in
the same sequence as the flue gas
through the boiler. Furnace
performance is calculated first, and
is then followed by an analysis of
the convection pass components.
The final module is the air preheater
module. The program is divided
into nine modules that are
computed in the following
sequence:
The Efficiency Module calculates
the boiler losses and efficiency at a
given operating condition. The
main input values are fuel analysis,
air preheater exit gas temperature,
air and fuel temperatures, and
excess air levels.
The General Data Module
calculates the total heat absorbed
by the steam, the total fuel fired by
the boiler, and establishes the air
and gas flow requirements for a
given operating condition. The
main input values are the
p001293.doc

superheater and reheater steam

flows, superheater and reheater
outlet steam temperature and
pressures, economizer inlet water
temperature and pressure,
reheater inlet steam temperature
and pressure, and the required
information from the previous
modules.
The Pulverizer Performance Module
calculates the thermal
performance and grinding
capacity of the mills. Input values
for this module are the number,
size, and type of mills in service.
Additional data includes the
available hot air temperature, mill
outlet temperature, coal
grindability, and coal particle
fineness, and additional
information from previous modules.
The Net Heat Input Module
calculates the total amount of
energy present in the furnace from
fuel, heated secondary air, and
heated primary air (if used). In
addition, this module accounts for
energy losses due to carbon,
radiation from the boiler casing
and furnace bottom, and the
latent heat of vaporization of
moisture from the fuel and from the
moisture that is formed by the
combustion of hydrogen in the fuel.
The main input values are the
secondary airflow and
temperature, primary airflow and
temperature, and required
information from previous modules.
The Furnace Outlet Temperature
Module calculates the furnace
outlet gas temperature and the
furnace outlet direct radiation, at
the horizontal plane located at the
elevation of the bottom of the
platen superheater. This calculation
is based upon Alstom boiler design
standards, developed empirically
from test data. When unit specific
test data is being analyzed, this
module is used primarily for
comparison of actual furnace
performance with design furnace
performance. Input values for this

module consist of furnace

geometry and dimensions, number
and location of burners in service,
burner tilt angle, and the required
information from previous modules.
The Upper Furnace Module is used
only for conventional panel and
pendant type units. This module
calculates a heat balance in the
upper furnace portion of the boiler,
from the horizontal outlet located
at the arch, to the vertical outlet
plane prior to the first vertical
convective section. This module
also calculates the direct radiation
distribution to the vertical output
plane, sidewalls, and waterwalls.
Input values for this module consist
of upper furnace geometry and
dimensions, and required
information from previous modules.
The Direct Radiation Distribution
Module uses the direct radiation
calculated at the furnace
horizontal outlet plane (at the
elevation of the bottom of the
platen superheater) to calculate
the amount of radiation that is
absorbed by subsequent
convective sections. Input values
for this module are the tube and
assembly geometry (tube spacing
and number of tubes across each
assembly), for each section that
can absorb direct radiation.
Required information from previous
modules is also included in this
module.
The Steam Generator Module is the
largest and most complex module
in the Reheat Boiler program. This
module calculates the heat
balances for all of the convective
sections in the boiler, beginning at
the final superheater gas inlet, and
ending at the economizer gas
outlet. The convective sections of
the boiler are arranged according
to the way the gas flows through
the boiler. Boiler banks, and split (or
dual) backpass arrangements can
also be solved. All boiler heat
absorbing sections are also linked
together in the computer program,

Maximizing Economic and Environmental

Performance of Existing Coal-Fired Assets
8
in order that the fluid flow
sequence correctly accounts for all
of the superheater, reheater and
economizer sections.
This Steam Generator Module
determines the heat transfer
characteristics for each convective
section. This includes the adjusted
heat transfer rates, intermediate
gas and fluid temperatures, and
either the furnace outlet gas
temperature at the horizontal
furnace outlet plane (if analyzing
test data), or the economizer outlet
gas temperature (if design data is
used). Input values include tube
outside diameters, tube and
assembly spacing, free gas area,
known or desired fluid
temperatures, inlet and outlet fluid
pressures, gas touched surface gas
and fluid flows, and required
information from previous modules.
The Air Preheater Module is used to
analyze the performance of
rotating Ljungstrom regenerative
type air preheaters, and can also
analyze tubular type air preheaters.
Input values include air preheater
component dimensions, material
specifications, and required
information from previous modules.

Test Data Used with the

Reheat Boiler
Performance program
(RHBP)
The RHBP is an important tool used
to evaluate the present and future
operating conditions of the boiler. It
can be used to model both Alstom
and non-Alstom boilers as well.
When steam turbine modifications
are being considered, the effects
on the boiler operation must be
accurately modeled so that the full
benefit of the steam turbine
changes can be realized. To
accomplish this, current plant and
boiler operating data is needed to
properly calibrate the RHBP. Note
that all intermediate steam and
p001293.doc

water temperatures are an

essential part of this calibration
process.
Once the RHBP is calibrated, the
new steam turbine conditions can
be input and the redesign process
of the boiler can begin. Of course,
this is an iterative process with the
steam turbine designer. Together
with the customers objectives, the
plant performance can be
optimized. In the balance of this
paper, when boiler resurfacing or
performance predictions are
mentioned, the Reheat Boiler
Program is the main tool used to
develop the proper solution to the
boiler island.

Emissions Control Systems

Considerations
Several major inputs are critical to
the modeling and design of air
pollution control systems. For
scrubber projects, which are the
environmental retrofits typically
having the largest plant impact,
these factors are described below:
Integrating the boiler-turbine
retrofit with possible post
combustion environmental
control projects may also
necessitate further in-depth
assessment of boiler
performance with an objective
of modifying the flue gas
boundary conditions exiting the
boiler to optimize the
performance of the flue gas
emissions control systems.
In many cases it has been found
that boiler modifications are
needed to provide the flue gas
temperature required by a
Selective Catalytic [NOx]
Reduction system (SCR) to
properly operate and achieve
required NOx emissions
performance. A similar situation
could occur with a Flue Gas
Desulphurization system (FGD),

Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) or

bag house where the flue gas
inlet conditions need to be
modified to ensure compliance
with emissions requirements.
Fuel firing rate directly affects
the size of all equipment through
its impact on total gas volume
and pollutant concentration.
Coal sulfur content directly
affects the sizing of the reagent
addition system, whether a lime
injection system found
predominantly in dry scrubbing,
or a limestone preparation
system utilized in wet scrubbing
systems.
Coal heating value has some
impact on equipment size.
SO2 removal efficiency - affects
lime or limestone preparation
system size in a similar way as
coal sulfur content.
Gas flow rate a major factor in
determining absorber sizing, as
this equipment is designed based
upon volumetric considerations.
This impact includes sizing of
collection devices (ESPs or fabric
filters). It has a lesser impact on
reagent preparation systems and
for dry scrubbers, atomizer size.
Gas temperature impacts
atomizer size for dry scrubber.
Increases water use for wet
scrubber.
Excess air or air heater leakage
increases gas flow rate with
impact described above.
Similarly, SCR systems are also
impacted by changes in flue gas
boundary condition changes at
the economizer flue gas outlet.
SCR systems also have strict flue
gas temperature ranges in which
they operate that must be
considered whenever boiler
changes are made.
Optimization of the boiler
turbine performance with the flue
gas emissions control system

Maximizing Economic and Environmental

Performance of Existing Coal-Fired Assets
9
requirements and performance is
a key consideration that Alstoms
Thermal Evaluation Process
addresses.

Boiler-Turbine
Interfaces
The boiler-turbine interfaces of
specific concern are main steam
pressure, temperature and flow,
cold reheat temperature and
pressure, and final feedwater
temperature.

Selection of Turbine Inlet

Conditions
Generally speaking, most
optimization efforts try to maintain
the original design steam
temperature due to the high cost
associated with either its increase
or decrease. For the most part, the
majority of turbine retrofits are
designed for the original design
temperature.
At a constant flow at MCR,
reducing the pressure causes a loss
of cycle efficiency and power. In
the case of a 600 MWe unit,
designing for a pressure of 165.5
Mpa g (2400 psig) versus a pressure
of 173.7 Mpa g (2520 psig) will result
in a reduction of about 3 MWe
while maintaining a constant final
feedwater temperature.

Considerations for
Increasing Main Steam
Flow
A major consideration at the time
of retrofitting is whether or not to
increase the main steam flow for
the unit. Where environmental
issues can be addressed, plant
owners will usually attempt to
increase the main steam flow as
much as possible.

p001293.doc

A HP turbine retrofit project is often

viewed as attractive for power
increases of about 2% - 3% that are
a result of efficiency gains.
However, it is often possible to gain
a few extra percent flow without
incurring any significant additional
cost, which can greatly boost the
return on investment.
With respect to pressure, there are
many cases where units are unable
to operate at the MCR boiler flow,
which usually corresponds to a 5%
over pressure condition. Limitations
may be related to safety valve
operation, concerns over steam
purity or a conservative operating
procedure.
Increasing the main steam flow to
the original boiler design MCR and
beyond needs to be considered
carefully and the potential impacts
to the boiler, turbine, generator
and balance of plant evaluated. A
logical starting point is to review the
current operating flow and if below
design, investigate ways to restore
it. In some cases fuel changes to
lower rank fuels, have reduced the
output to below original design.
If the main steam flow is to be
increased beyond the original
rating, the approach should focus
on incremental increases and at
which point a particular item of
plant will become the limiting
factor. It therefore involves the
identification of major components
and balance of plant items, the
relationship between maximum
component output and the main
steam flow (which can be
accepted with current equipment),
and finally the modifications
needed to increase the duty.

pressure and temperatures. Cost

benefit must be carefully weighed
as the impact downstream the
boiler affects the main piping from
the boiler to the HP turbine, and
the HP turbine itself, at least.

Generator and
Balance of Plant
The following is a short list of the
more important Balance of Plant
items that may need consideration.
Generator : In analyzing the effect
of increased steam flow on the
generator, initial considerations
should be for operation at an
increased power factor or
increased hydrogen pressure. As
the power further increases,
cooling modifications may need to
be considered and in some
circumstances the generator may
need to be rewound.
The boiler feed pump turbine,
particularly if supplied with
extraction steam and exhausting to
the feedwater heaters (rather than
to the condenser) will need to be
analyzed for operation at higher
main steam flows. In addition to the
extra feedwater flow, the pressure
drops in the feedwater heating
system, the boiler and from boiler to
turbine may all increase. Very
often, the output of the boiler feed
pump turbine can be increased by
resizing of the inlet nozzles.

Improvement of steam
cycle efficiency

The pressure increases in nonretrofit turbine cylinders and

corresponding increases in the
extraction pressure will increase the
feedwater heater shell pressure. It
may be necessary to modify the
turbine stages to reduce the
extraction pressures if the rated
levels are exceeded.

This is another route to investigate

as far as the turbine is tolerant to
significant increases in live steam

The following table shows the

effects of other options that can be
followed. The main steam flow and

Maximizing Economic and Environmental

Performance of Existing Coal-Fired Assets
10
inlet conditions are kept constant

for all options.

Current

Option A

Option B

Cold reheat temperature

302C (575F)

294C (562F)

294C (561F)

Hot reheat temperature

540C (1004F)

540C (1004F)

540C (1004F)

Reheater Spray mass flow

45.6 t/hr
(100,000 lb/hr)

45.6 t/hr
(100,000 lb/hr)

25.6 t/hr
(56,350 lb/hr)

Boiler Total Heat input (Q fired) MWth

1889

1903

1891

Power Output MWe

806

821

817

8440 kJ/kWh
(7,999 Btu/kWh)

8345 kJ/kWh
(7,910 Btu/kWh)

8333 kJ/kWh
(7,898 Btu/kWh)

Base line

69 000 t/yr

78 000 t/yr

Turbine Heat Rate

CO2 avoided (evaluation, baseline 806
MWe output, assuming 100% availability)

Table 1: Impact of modifications of reheater surface and reheater spray flows on power output and heat rate.
For Option A, reheater surface has
been increased to
accommodate the extra duty on
the reheater such that the hot
reheat temperature is maintained
without reducing the level of
spray water. The increase in
power to 821 MWe (+1.86%) and
the reduction in heat rate (-1.11%)
is a result of increasing the
efficiency of the HP turbine. Note
that the Boiler Total boiler heat
input (Qfired) has increased to
1903 MWth (+0.75%) and thus
emissions will change accordingly.
With Option B, the hot reheat
temperature is maintained by
reducing the reheater sprays (i.e.,
no reheater surface modifications
are made). The power output of
817 MWe, achieved with the
lower RH spray flow, is below that
of Case A, but still is significantly
higher than existing. Since the
heat input is essentially the same
as existing, the heat rate
decreased to 8333 kJ/kWh (7,898
Btu/kWh) (-1.26%).
Option B thus gives the choice of
improving heat rate as a result of
both improved turbine efficiency
and the cycle gain in reducing
the spray flow. If the Qfired was
p001293.doc

increased to that in Option A (by

increasing the main steam flow)
the power would increase to
about 822 MWe.
In general it is thus better to
modify the boiler or operation of
the boiler in order to maintain the
reheat temperature and minimize
the heat rate, and then increase
the main steam flow to regain the
power.
Final Feedwater Temperature
The final feedwater temperature
(or economizer inlet temperature)
is a function of the performance
of the highest pressure (top)
feedwater heater and its
operating pressure. The ability to
adjust the final feedwater
temperature is important as it
allows the turbine cycle to be
optimized still further for either
heat rate or power.
When the top feedwater heater is
being fed via extraction from the
HP turbine (Heating Above
Reheat Point), the design of the
retrofit HP turbine can
accommodate an extraction
point that can be moved a few

stages up or down the expansion.

In general, the extraction pipe
work and heater shell limits
increases in extraction pressure. In
the case of the top heater being
fed from the cold reheat,
changes can only be made if the
IP flow passing capacity is altered.
If the main steam flow is fixed, the
potential of reducing the final
feedwater temperature and
increasing the power is often very
attractive. A reduction of about
5F (approx. 3 C) will yield about
5 MWe on a 600 MWe unit. There
will be a corresponding decrease
in heat rate of about 0.1%.
If the boiler heat input Qfired is to
be kept constant, another
alternative is to increase the final
feedwater temperature to
improve cycle heat rate and then
to recover the power by
increasing the main steam flow.
Boiler efficiency is mainly
dependent on the gas outlet
temperature. Some gains can be
made on boiler efficiency by a
combination of adjustment of the
economizer inlet temperature and
economizer surface. These gains
can be used either to reduce fuel

Maximizing Economic and Environmental

Performance of Existing Coal-Fired Assets
11
costs or generate more power by
increasing the main steam flow at
the same constant fuel input.

Joint Project Design

Team Reviews
Alstom has in-house expertise to
optimize the performance of
boiler and turbines. This applies to
its own fleet as well as third party
equipment. Alstom has
successfully demonstrated its
capability over the course of
many projects executed to date.
The intent is to provide our
customers with the greatest return
on investment by looking at the
turbine-boiler complex as a
whole, taking carefully into
account the interaction between
both.
As part of the OPR approach, the
Customer is invited to participate
in a Joint Project Design Team
Review Meeting. During an OPR
phase of a project, Alstoms
steam turbine retrofit group works
together with the boiler retrofit
engineering personnel to establish
the new thermal specification for
the boiler-turbine complex.
This effort will be accomplished by
constructing mathematical
models of the boiler and turbine
using Alstoms proprietary
computer programs for turbine
and boiler design.
Once the turbine and boiler
models are constructed, current
and complete unit data that is
submitted by the Customer will be
reviewed for accuracy. Once the
data is determined to be
acceptable, it will be input into
the computer models to establish
a calibrated representation of the

current boiler-turbine thermal

performance. Once the
calibrated models are finalized,
an initial set of changes will be
input based upon the expected
HP turbine or HP/IP turbine section
redesign and improved
performance. This will establish
the baseline performance
upgrade that would be expected
from the boiler- turbine complex
after retrofit.

Changes in turbine cold reheat

steam pressure, temperature
and flow to the boiler

After establishing the expected

baseline conditions, the customer
will be invited to visit Alstom
offices to participate in a Joint
Project Design Team Review. The
Joint Project Design Team Review
is a key feature of the process that
Alstom is offering. It is also a
value added benefit that we
believe no other OEM can
currently offer.

Investigate differences in winter

& summer operation

The intent of this meeting is to

gather the key boiler, turbine and
customer project design
personnel in one location to
discuss and evaluate the
numerous potential future
operating conditions for the
boiler-steam turbine complex. This
evaluation process will provide
near real time predicted
performance results for the
suggested conditions that are
analyzed. Examples of the types
of operating conditions that can
be expected to be evaluated
are:

Consider impacts of potential

equipment modifications

Changes to feedwater flow,

temperature and pressure to
the boiler
Throttle steam temperature,
flow and pressure changes
Steam purity to the turbine
(discuss copper transport and
deposition issues)

Evaluate changes in boiler

steam extractions, blowdown,
sootblowing steam, SH & RH
desuperheating flows, etc.
Investigate impacts of sliding
pressure operation
Investigate feedwater heaters
out of service

Investigate impacts associated

with emissions control
modifications
Consider the effects of
changing coal quality
Consider operational changes
to key parameters such as
excess air & tilt position, etc.

The Joint Project Design Team

Review effort can also be
tailored to investigate specific
problems or topics of interest
that customers may have. It
can be employed to obtain an
understanding of how these
problems may impact the
steam turbine HP or HP/IP retrofit
project and/or how they an be
addressed in concert with the
turbine modification.
Once all team members have
agreed on which scenarios to
focus upon as a result of a Joint
Project Design Team Review
meeting, Alstom can then
execute a more detailed
engineering evaluation in order
to develop associated
modification requirements and
detailed cost estimates.

3 - Integrated Project Execution

p001293.doc

Maximizing Economic and Environmental

Performance of Existing Coal-Fired Assets
12
OPR projects are inherently
complex and consequently may
require significant coordination
between the Customer, the
equipment supplier, and the
installation contractor. Significant
advantages can be realized when
wrapping the total project scope
responsibility around a highly
competent single supplier such as
Alstom, in a full and comprehensive
turnkey scheme.
Consolidating defined project
scope responsibility around a single
supplier avoids the burden of
developing two (or more) separate
bid specification documents. It
eliminates the risk that scope
boundaries between separate
material and labor contractors
dont match. Depending upon the
level of complexity, it may reduce
or even eliminate the need for
outsourced engineering services
while minimizing the risks associated
with complex projects.
Additionally, a turnkey approach
will also reduce the need for
potential limited power company
resources.

Single Accountable
Supplier
Any and all issues between
material supplier and installation
contractor become invisible to the
Customer with turnkey projects.

Reduced Risk of Scope

Omission
Individual competitors carefully
analyze separate bid specifications
for material and installation in order
to develop the most competitive
price. Unless the specifications are
extremely comprehensive, some
scope detail assumptions typically
have to be made. If the selected
material and installation
contractors make assumptions
p001293.doc

about specific details that

contradict each other, scope
omission or even duplication can
occur. A turnkey bid specifications
promote suppliers to arrive at the
lowest combined price. Scope
omission/duplication no longer is a
risk for the Customer since it
becomes the single suppliers
responsibility.

least expensive type of major

project. This approach can
eliminate the need and/or reduce
the time required for third party bid
specification preparation, bid
issuance, proposal development,
bid evaluation and contract
negotiation. Competitively bid
turnkey projects are the next
quickest type of major project.

Design Opportunities for

Lowest Evaluated Cost

The reason is that the material

design/supply and construction
design teams work together from
the very beginning. Conversely,
projects requiring separate material
and labor bids typically require
more time because the
construction bids arent usually
possible before the material
supplier provides the initial design
information, sometimes well into the
material contract phase. Turnkey
project format is the preferred
method for fast track projects
where the minimum project
lifecycle from technical concept
through installation and final
customer acceptance is a key
driver or requirement.

Many times, unique material design

and supply configurations can be
identified that can reduce
installation duration. Opportunities
for reducing overall project risks
with an incremental addition or
variation to the material design or
manufacturing process are missed
when material suppliers compete
on a lowest delivered material
price basis.
Similarly, opportunities for the
introduction of labor saving design
changes based on input from the
installation contractor are missed
when the installation bid
preparation doesnt occur until
after the material design is fixed.
Also, working with a single material
and installation supplier may
provide an opportunity to consider
sensible decisions early in a project
about the integrated material &
installation design where
incremental and opposing cost
changes from material to
installation and vice versa can
result in outage duration changes
where the value of plant revenue
comes into play, enabling arrival at
the truly lowest overall evaluated
cost.

Reduced Project Lifecycle

A negotiated turnkey project is the
quickest to execute and potentially

Negotiated turnkey projects also

open the door to the use of some
advanced technologies to identify
opportunities for reducing outage
duration during the project
planning stage that simply arent
practical for inclusion in proposal
development activities for
competitively bid projects.
For example, Alstom uses when
applicable, computer animation
starting with scale CAD drawings to
help optimize construction
sequencing, determine and prove
optimum component or module
sizes, and even help train craft
personnel to better understand the
construction plan. This is
particularly useful in evaluating
construction rigging needs, as well
as planning when multiple labor
teams need to coordinate
separate construction activities in
close proximity to one another.

Maximizing Economic and Environmental

Performance of Existing Coal-Fired Assets
13

4 - Case Studies
Newton, U.S.A.
In November, 2002 AMEREN Corp.
commissioned Alstom to implement
a Boiler Engineering Study intended
to assess available actions that
could be implemented on Newton
No. 1 boiler to effect thermal
performance improvements while
firing 100 % USA Powder River Basin
(PRB) coal (one of world largest
coal deposit, named after the
crossing through Powder River).
Alstom conducted this study in
Spring, 2003 and identified several
actions that the Customer should
consider. These actions included
certain pressure part upgrades and
modifications to the existing
sootblowing system.
Subsequent to the execution of this
initial boiler study, the Customer
identified that upgrade of the HP/IP
turbine cylinders to current day
technology would result in a
significant economic payback and
benefit. Following discussions
between various Alstom and
AMEREN personnel it was quickly
realized that execution of a
combined boiler and turbine
evaluation to optimize overall plant
performance should reap
improved benefits that could not
be achieved independently.
The plant obtained current unit
operating data in November, 2003
and submitted this data to ALSTOM

p001293.doc

in early January, 2004. The overall

objective of the OPR effort was to
evaluate the Newton No. 1
performance with a high efficiency
Alstom HP/IP turbine retrofit and a
new economizer section of the
boiler. The impacts of boiler and
turbine boundary condition
changes as a result of these
modifications were assessed to
determine if heat rate and total
output megawatts could be
improved without exceeding
current plant emissions restrictions
or other limitations.
The results to date of the OPR
process indicate that the
November, 2003 operating data
characterized boiler and turbine
operating conditions and is of
sufficient accuracy to represent
typical unit operation. The current
operating data indicated that the
turbine was maintaining close to
original gross megawatt generation
but performance had deteriorated.
This was evidenced by increased
steam flow and lower feedwater
inlet temperature. The Joint Project
Design Team Review modeling
session showed that additional
Superheater and Reheater surface
would be required to achieve and
maintain original boiler design
outlet steam temperatures of
540C/540C (1004F/1004F) under
a range of operating conditions
with the new turbine cylinders and
economizer installed.

A range of boiler modification

options were evaluated during the
review process and AMEREN, with
input from all Joint Project Design
Review Team members, eventually
selected modifications to the Low
Temperature Superheater, Front
and Rear Reheater pendants and
the replacement of the
economizer to an in line spiral
finned design.
Installation of the new turbine
cylinders, coupled with the boiler
modifications, was predicted to
result in an increased generation of
approximately 40 MWe over base
line data conditions. This increase is
the result of revised steam flow to
the turbine, heat rate
improvements associated with the
new cylinders and revised
feedwater boundary conditions.
Table 2 below provides a summary
of performance changes
Alstoms steam turbine retrofit
group was responsible for the new
turbine HP and IP cylinders.
Alstoms boiler retrofits group was
responsible for the supply of a new
spiral finned, in line arrangement
economizer, as well as
modifications to the low
temperature superheat section
and modifications to the front &
rear pendant reheat sections of the
boiler. These modifications were
implemented in 2006.

Maximizing Economic and Environmental

Performance of Existing Coal-Fired Assets
14

Newton #1 record

Initial Conditions

2003 Operating Data

Predicted future operation

Main steam flow

1787 t/hr
(3,938,761 lb / hr)

1832 t/hr
(4,038,529 lb/ hr)

1905 t/hr
(4,200,000 lb/hr)

540C (1004F)

535.6 C (996F)

540C (1004F

540C 1000F

539C (1002F)

540C (1004F)

16.65 Mpa a (2415 psia)

254C (489.0F)
590
88,47*
8049 kJ/kWhr
(7629 Btu/kW-hr)

16.65 Mpa a (2415 psia)

247C (476.6F)
595
85.46 **

16.65 Mpa a (2415 psia)

252C (484.0F)
637
86.24**
8234 kJ/kWhr
(7804 Btu /kW-hr)

Superheater outlet
temperat.
Reheater outlet
temperature
Throttle pressure
Feedwater temperature
Gross generation MWe
Boiler efficiency %
Turbine Heat rate
All data values taken at
turbine or FW heater outlet
except boiler efficiency.

NA

* reflects boiler efficiency

firing Midwest bituminous coal

** firing Powder River Basin coal

Table 2 Comparison of Original Predicted Performance with Current Operating Results

and Future Predicted Performance with Upgrades & Modifications in place.

Labadie, U.S.A.
At AMEREN UEs Labadie Plant,
located just outside St. Louis,
Missouri, in the U.S.A., all four
tangentially fired units were
included in a long-term
commitment to upgrade the plant.
The units were originally placed in
commercial operation from 1971 to
1974. Each was designed to
produce 600 MWe firing a highenergetic Midwest bituminous coal.
Steam output from each unit was
supplied to a tandem compound
turbine with two double-flow LPs.
Starting in the mid 1980s AMEREN
UE Labadie Plant and Alstom
began a large-scale retrofit
program focused on improving the
plants operation. AMEREN UE and
Alstom worked together using a
systemic approach to identify key
component improvements.
Modifications ultimately included
overhauling coal mills, firing
systems, assorted pressure parts, air
heaters and steam turbines.
Alstoms ability to analyze the
entire plant was critical since the
effect of each change on the total
p001293.doc

plant had to be considered. Major

retrofits were initiated on all four
units beginning in 1988 and
continuing over the course of the
next 15 years. The year and scope
of each outage is detailed as
follows:
1988 Pulverizer vane wheel
replacement
1992 Low NOx firing system
installation
1993 Test-fire Powder River Basin
coal
1994 Install (a) high efficiency
pulverizer exhausters and (b) new
steam inerting system
1995 Fire 100 percent PRB coal
1996 Install additional
sootblowers
1997 Modify plant controls
1998 Aggressive NOx tuning
2001 Unit 2 outage,
economizer, air preheater, HP/IP
turbine replacement
2002 Unit 1 outage,
economizer, air preheater, HP/IP
turbine replacement; Unit 4

outage, economizer and air

preheater
2003; Unit 3 outage, economizer,
air preheater, HP/IP and LP
turbine retrofit; Unit 4 : HP/IP and
LP turbine retrofits
The results from the extended effort
were impressive. The modifications
improved overall plant
maintenance and reliability,
significantly decreased emissions
and provided and overall increase
in net output per unit of 40 to 45
MWe with essentially the same heat
input. Some details on the overall
improvements provided by the
modifications are as follows:
20% increase in pulverizer
capacity eliminated fuel input as
a unit load limitation
Steam inerting system improved
pulverizer safety with PRB coal
Firing system modifications
resulted in significant NOx
reduction. When combined with
operational tuning, the Labadie
units became the lowest non-SCR
NOx emitters in the United States
for three years in a row.

Maximizing Economic and Environmental

Performance of Existing Coal-Fired Assets
15
Superheater division panel
modifications eliminated gas flow
restrictions resulting in a 12 MWe
capacity increase. This action
also addressed the primary
source of boiler tube leaks and
thus significantly improved the

Labadie record

capacity and availability factors

on all four units.
New economizer and air heater
lowered gas temperature thus
improving ESP efficiency and
reducing opacity. Also reduced
gas path delta-P thus reducing
the fan horsepower requirement.
1977

Coal heating value

Lower auxiliary service power

resulted in a 3 to 6 MWe net
capacity increase.
New HP/IP turbine retrofit
improved machine efficiency
resulting in 25 to 27 MWe increase
in capacity.

1985

25,586 kJ/kg (11,000 Btu/lb)

Generation (MWhrs)
Coal Burned (tons)
Max. Unit Capacity (MWe)

12,200,000
5,250,000
580
0.3 kg/kJ
(0.7 lb/MBtu)
2.6 kg/kJ
6.0 lb/MBtu
75%
90,000
12

NOx
SOx
Operating Availability
Pulverizer Capacity t
Outage Interval, months

13,100,000
5,000,000
580
0.26 kg/kJ
(0.6 lb/MBtu)
2.06 kg/kJ
4.8 lb/MBtu
77%
90,000
18

2001
20,000 kJ/kg
(8600 Btu/lb)
16,700,000
9,500,000
630
0.05 kg/kJ
(0.115lb/MBtu)
0.22 kg/kJ
(0.52 lb/MBtu)
90%
120,000
36

Table 3: Labadie record : summary of unit performance.

Arnot, Republic of South Africa

RSA's booming economy and the
electrification of the townships
have meant that peak electrical
demand has been increasing at 3-5
per cent every year since 1999. It is
expected that the need for energy
will continue to grow at the same
pace and that South Africa may
run out of peak capacity next year
and base load capacity by 2010.
That is why the South African
electricity supply company,

p001293.doc

ESKOM, embarked upon a massive

program to expand its capacity.
ARNOT is a 6 x 350 MWe coal fired
power station that will be part of
this program
A key driver for the ARNOT OPR
project was the capacity increase
through a quick and competitive
method of upgrading the output to
400 MWe (per unit), combined with
an extension of plant life for
another 20 years.

The key success factors were the

ability to offer a credible optimized
integrated approach, to manage
interfaces efficiently and off-line
with the customer resulting in a
single contract administration. The
OPR project covers the boiler, the
HP, IP and LP turbines, the
condenser and other BOP
components.
ARNOT was awarded in 2006, and
completion of first unit is due
December, 2007.

Maximizing Economic and Environmental

Performance of Existing Coal-Fired Assets
16

5 - Conclusion
In recent years many utilities have
been struggling with the issue of
needing to increase generation
capacity while at the same
operating within more and more
stringent environmental permits.
Adding new generating units may
not be feasible due to real estate
availability, environmental issues,
lengthy permit procedures, political
issues and/or other issues.
In these cases retrofitting of power
stations offers a very attractive and
cost-effective method of increasing
plant output and reducing heat
rate. The fact that the installation
of a retrofit can often be done
within a normal outage is of
additional benefit. The full
utilization of the existing latent
capability of installed equipment
necessitates a system evaluation
approach to ensure all of the

potential impacts of such a

change are fully understood and
addressed.
The assessment of changes that
impact the flue gas boundary
conditions leaving the boiler has
become increasingly important as
utilities continue to be faced with
the requirements to meet ever
more stringent environmental
regulations regarding the emissions
of flue gas particulates, NOx, SOx
and other pollutants.
Alstoms experience indicates that
this can best be accomplished by
bringing together all the key
contributors involved in a retrofit
project. As part of its OPR
(Optimized Plant Retrofit)
approach, Alstom offers to its
customers the unique opportunity
to look at various scenarios, based

upon calibrated calculation

models, during one common
working session where all the
specialists from various disciplines
provide their input.
This procedure has proven to result
in retrofit solutions that give the
optimum return on investment to
our customers.
In addition, a CO2-constraint
economy is now emerging. CO2
capture technologies are currently
developed by Alstom and other
vendors and bring, to various
degrees, some penalty on the
overall system efficiency.
Therefore, it makes sense to bring
the underlying cycle to the best
performance. Optimized Plant
Retrofits are well adapted to this.

6 - References
[1] Condition Assessment and
Modernization of Large Utility
Boilers, A. Crosson, JC
Foucher, G. Camody, P.
Wooley, ALSTOM, CEPSI 2000
Conference, Manila, The
Philippines, October 2000
[2] Optimized Plant Retrofits, Don
Stephen BSc, in Proceedings
of IJPCC '01, 2001
International Joint Power
Generation Conference, June
4-7, 2001, New Orleans,
Louisiana, USA
[3] Rehabilitation of Old Power
Plants for Improved
Environmental Performance,
Reliability, Efficiency and Fuel
Flexibility, JC Foucher, J. Barth,
E. Pianini, ALSTOM, PowerGen

p001293.doc

Europe Exhibition, June 2002,

Milan, Italy
[4] Establishing Optimal Thermal
Conditions for Steam Power
Plant Retrofits, R. Hestermann,
D. Stephen, and P. Bartley, t
ALSTOM, Steam Turbine
Retrofit Conference, San
Francisco, U.S.A., 16-17th
September 2003
[5] Make Your Boilers
Environmental Friendly : A
Portfolio of Advanced
Technologies, Jean-Claude
Foucher, Alain Bill, ALSTOM,
19th Power System
Conference, Teheran, Iran,
Nov. 2004.
[6] Establishing Optimal Thermal
Conditions for AMEREN

Newton Steam Power Plant

Unit #1, Turbine and Boiler
retrofit; P. Bartley, (ALSTOM);
D. Boll, J. Marshall and P.
Morrell (AMEREN), Electric
Power 2005 Conference,
March, 4, 2005
[7] ALSTOM's Integrated Retrofit
Projects Concept, a solution
approach to renovation and
modernization, ALSTOM,
International conference &
Exposition on "Indian Power
Stations, Managing the Game
Changers", Delhi, India, 13-15
October 2005
[8] A Review of the State-of-theart and a View of the Future
for Combustion-Based Coal
Power Generation, S. Black, A.
Bill, J.L. Marion, G. Liljedahl,

Maximizing Economic and Environmental

Performance of Existing Coal-Fired Assets
17
ALSTOM, Institute of Clean Air
Companies Forum March 810, 2005, Baltimore, MD, USA
[9] Update on ALSTOM's Process
for Establishing Optimal
Thermal Conditions for Steam

p001293.doc

Power Plants Retrofits, P.

Bartley, R. Hestermann, D.
Stephen, ALSTOM, May 2006
[10] Integrated Environmental,
Boiler and Turbine Retrofit
Solutions, D. Stephen, P.

Bartley, M. Salerno, ALSTOM,

Steam Turbine Retrofit
Conference, May 2006,
Chicago, U.S.A.