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CNC Applications
Lesson Outcomes
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
Understand the concept of Computer Numerical
Control System and its applications
Understand the fundamental components of an
CNC system
Understand aspects of CNC motion control
Understand aspects of CNC codes
Understand the advantages and disadvantages of
CNC control systems
CNC Lathe
CNC Milling
CNC Machining Ctr
CNC Turning Center
CNC Wire-cut
CNC EDM
CNC Grinder
CNC Laser-cut
CNC Water-jet
CNC Punch & Blanking
CNC Drilling & Boring
CNC Codes
CNC Code (forms the
program of instructions)
Types of CNC Code:
Sequence/block number (N
Code)
Preparatory Codes (G
Codes)
Miscellaneous Codes (M
Codes)
Feed and Speed Codes
Tools Codes
Source: MTAB
CNC Codes
Sequence/Block
number (N
Codes)
Describes the
block of codes in
a program
Source: MTAB
CNC Codes
Source: MTAB
CNC Codes
Preparatory Codes (G Codes)
G00 Rapid Traverse of fast Traverse
A G00 causes the tool to move to the specified
position at maximum speed.
(for non-cutting movements)
Example: G00 X20 Y30 Z1
Here the tool is moved to X 20mm, Y 30mm, and
Z 1mm (for metric system)
CNC Codes
Preparatory Codes (G Codes)
G01 Linear Interpolation
A G01 causes linear motion to the given
position.
Example: G01 X20 Y30 F45
Here the tool is moved to X 20mm, Y 30mm
CNC Codes
Preparatory Codes (G Codes)
G02 Clockwise Circular Interpolation
Arcs can be specified by either radius or by centre.
Example: G02 X30 Y20 R15
In this example the tool is moved to X 30mm and Y
20mm. The arc has a radius of 15mm.
I and J specifies the arc centre relative to the arc
start. If the value-+ is 0 then it need not be specified.
Example: G02 X30 Y20 I15 J0
CNC Codes
Preparatory Codes (G Codes)
G03 Counter-Clockwise Circular Interpolation
G03 causes counter-clockwise circular motion
Similar to G02
CNC Codes
Preparatory Codes (G Codes)
G20 Imperial Units
All future instruction parameters will be taken
as imperial values.
CNC Codes
Preparatory Codes (G Codes)
G21 Metric Units
All Future instruction parameters will be taken
as metric values.
CNC Codes
Preparatory Codes (G Codes)
G28 Automatic Zero Return
Send spindle to home position
Usually used for tool change or setting up for a
new program
Milling:
Lathe:
N020 G28 U0 W0
CNC Codes
Preparatory Codes (G Codes)
G40 Cancel cutter compensation
G41 and G42 are used to locate the tool on
either left or right side of the profile
G40 is used to cancel this tool compensation
CNC Codes
Preparatory Codes (G Codes)
G90 Absolute Movement
All future movements will be absolute until
overridden by a G91 instruction
Example: G90
G01 X30 Y0
The new position becomes X30 Y0
CNC Codes
Preparatory Codes (G Codes)
G91 Incremental Movement
All future movements will be incremental until
overridden by a G90 instruction.
Example: G90
G01 X15
G91
G01 X2
The position becomes X17
CNC Codes
Preparatory Codes (G Codes)
G92 Programming of the coordinate system
Defines a coordinate system
Example: G00 X30.0 Y40.0
G92 X0.0 Y0.0
Converts the position that was X30 Y40 to X0
Y0
CNC Codes
Miscellaneous Codes (M Codes)
Relevant M Codes:
M03
M05
M06
CNC Codes
Miscellaneous Codes (M Codes)
Relevant M Codes:
M03 Start Spindle
An M03 instruction starts forward spindle motion.
Example: M03 S2200
The spindle should be switched on before any
movement below the component surface.
CNC Codes
Miscellaneous Codes (M Codes)
Relevant M Codes:
M05 Stop Spindle
An M05 instruction stops spindle rotation.
M05 is issued before a tool change, and at the
end of a program.
CNC Codes
Miscellaneous Codes (M Codes)
Relevant M Codes:
M06 Change Tool
The M06 instruction causes the a change to a
different tool. The tool changing operation should be
done in the home position only.
Example: M06 T1
Changes to the tool in turret 1
CNC Codes
Miscellaneous Codes (M Codes)
Relevant M Codes:
M30 End of Program
Rewind program and reset memory
CNC Codes
Feed and Speed Codes
Feed code (F code)
Specifies the tool motion feed rate
Unit can be in mm/min, in/min, mm/rev or in/rev
Example: F50
CNC Codes
Tool code (T code)
Refers to a location on tool turret
Example: M06 T1
Source: MTAB
B
A
Source: MTAB
Z1
Source: MTAB
CNC Codes:
Summary of relevant codes
G00 Rapid Traverse of fast Traverse
G01 Linear Interpolation
G02 Clockwise Circular Interpolation
G03 Counter-Clockwise Circular
Interpolation
G20 Imperial Units
G21 Metric Units
G28 Automatic Zero Return
G40 Cancel cutter compensation
G71 Rough out profile by turning
G70 Finishing Cycle
G90 Absolute Movement
G91 Incremental Movement
G92 Programming of the coordinate system
Disadvantages of CNC
Control Systems
1. Higher cost of initial investment
2. Higher maintenance cost
3. Requires part programming (conventional
machining does not require any
programming)
Summary