Professional Documents
Culture Documents
V. K. Dwivedi
DGM
Trans & Core Network
BRBRAITT
For circulation to Trainees only
Agenda
Introduction
Brief of IPv4
Subnetting
VLSM
CIDR
NAT
Limitation of IPv4
IPv6
Enabling Technologies
Business Value
Wonders we can do with IPv6
Govt. Initiatives
Conclusion
For circulation to Trainees only
ROLE OF IP ADDRESS
WHO ?
WHERE ?
HOW ?
Used
to
Decisions
support
Routing
IP Address Schemes
IPV4 Address
(Present)
IPV6 Address
(Future)
About IP addresses
A finite common resource
Managed in the common interest
Critical to maintenance of global Internet
Standards
Allocation
Allocation
Assignment
End
user
Country Code
Addresses(million)
Per Capita
United States
US
1474.319
5.297
China
CN
194.425
0.152
Japan
JP
153.327
1.210
European Union
EU
114.103
Germany
DE
85.300
1.038
Canada
CA
76.197
2.446
South Korea
KR
72.239
1.542
United Kingdom
GB
70.795
1.187
France
FR
68.385
1.155
Australia
AU
37.378
1.979
Italy
IT
32.344
0.561
Brazil
BR
29.755
0.175
Russian Federation
RU
24.919
0.170
Taiwan
TW
24.681
1.109
Netherlands
NL
21.249
1.339
Sweden
SE
18.998
2.144
India
IN
18.312
0.018
10
11
12
IPv6 Capabilities
Global Reachability and
Scalability
Large Address
Space 128 bit
Simplified
Header Format
Maintaining
Quality of Service
Neighbour
Discovery
Serverless
Autoconfiguration
Plug and Play
Support
Built in security
mandatory IP Sec
Improved Support for
Mobile IP& Mobile Computing
13
Brief Overview of IP
Addresses
14
Why IP Address?
IPv4 was created to link networks by a unique address so
that no other detail was needed. In order to achieve this,
three requirements were implemented for IP to work.
1. The computer in the network of networks must be
uniquely identified.
2. All computers on the network must be able to send and
receive data in a specific format.
3. The computer must have the capability to transmit data
to other computers without having any specific
information except for their network addresses
For circulation to Trainees only
15
16
Hierarchical addressing
17
18
Class-B:
Class-C:
Class-D:
For Multicast
Class-E:
For Research
19
10
110
1110
1111
Host Address
20
8 Bits
8 Bits
8 Bits
00000000
01111111
0-127
10000000
10111111
128-191
11000000
11011111
192-223
11100000
11101111
224-239
11110000
11111111
240-255
21
100%
B-25%
10111111
191
192
1100000
0
11011111
C-12.5%
D-6.25%
E-6.25%
223
0
1
0
A-50%
1
0
1
224
11100000
0
239
11101111
240
255
11110000 11111111
00000000
0
22
Networks Vs Hosts
In
Classless
environment
232=4,294,967,296 Hosts
we
can
Class
Networks
Hosts/Network
126
16,777,214
16384
65354
2,097,152
254
have
23
Sub netting
Chopping up of a network into a number of smaller
networks is called subnetting.
Allows to assign some of the bits, normally used by the
host portion of the address, to the network portion of
the address.
The format of subnetted IP address would be <network
number, subnet number, host number>
24
202.195.32.0
27 =
=
128
= 26 = 64
= 24 = 16
= 24 = 16
= 23 = 8
= 22 = 4
= 22 = 4
= 22 = 4
A (50
Hosts)
E (100
Link-3
Hosts)
S0
E0
S0 Link-2 S1
E0
E1 S1
Link-1
S0
B
(13Hosts)
E0
C (14
Hosts)
E1
D (6 osts)
25
= 27 = 128
= 26 = 64
= 24 = 16
= 24 = 16
= 23 = 8
= 22 = 4
= 22 = 4
= 22 = 4
202.195.32.0 0000000
202.195.32.10 000000
202.195.32.1100 0000
202.195.32.1101 0000
202.195.32.11100 000
202.195.32.111010 00
202.195.32.111011 00
202.195.32.111100 00
A
0
C
B
0 0 1
1
1
0
01 1
0
010
10
26
CIDR
Classless Inter Domain Routing
Initially IP addresses were arbitrarily handed out
without regard to geographic location and were
overtaxing the Internet routing tables.
Supports route aggregation
A single routing table entry can represent
the address space of perhaps thousands of
traditional classful routes.
This allows a single routing table entry to
specify how to route traffic to many
individual network addresses.
For circulation to Trainees only
27
CIDR
Also known by the name Supernetting
Helps in reducing number of route table entries
192.60.128.0/24
192.60.1000 0000 .0
192.60.129.0/24
192.60.1000 0001 .0
192.60.130.0/24
192.60.1000 0010 .0
192.60.131.0/24
192.60.1000 0011 .0
28
Without CIDR
NAP
198.32.1.0
198.32.2.0
198.32.3.0
198.0.0.0 through
198.255.255.0
ISP3
198.32.0.0 through
198.32.255.0
ISP1
198.32.1.0 198.32.2.0
198.32.1.0
198.32.3.0
198.32.2.0
198.33.1.0
198.33.1.0
198.33.0.0 through
198.33.255.0
ISP2
198.32.3.0
For internal
circulation
For circulation
to Trainees
only of
BSNL only
198.33.1.0
29
With CIDR
NAP
198.0.0.0/8
198.0.0.0/8
ISP3
198.32.0.0/16
198.33.0.0/16
ISP2
198.32.0.0/16
ISP1
198.32.1.0 198.32.2.0
198.33.0.0/16
198.32.3.0
For internal
circulation
For circulation
to Trainees
only of
BSNL only
198.33.1.0
30
CIDR
With the remaining Class-C addresses the whole world
For internal
circulation
For circulation
to Trainees
only of
BSNL only
31
For internal
circulation
For circulation
to Trainees
only of
BSNL only
32
addresses.
These addresses are defined in RFC 1918
For internal
circulation
For circulation
to Trainees
only of
BSNL only
33
NAT
Private addressing
Public IP Addressing
Address translation
34
Problems of IPv4
Addressing problem
Routing Crisis
End to End problem
Security
Mobility
Performance
Cost
35
Address Crisis
36
Routing Crisis
37
38
Mobility
39
Security Problem
40
IPv6 Features
1. Larger address space
2. Global reachability
3. Flexibility
4. Auto-configuration
5. Aggregation
6. Multi-homing
7. Efficient Routing
8. Scalability
9. Easy Mobility
10.Better security
For circulation to Trainees only
41
Enabling
Technologies
42
Drivers-Mobile IP
Wireless networking has grown from a LAN extension
application to regional and long-haul services in areas
where it is impractical or undesirable to implement
wired infrastructure.
43
Drivers-Mobile IP
Mobile nodes must be
able to move from
router to router without
losing end-to-end
connection
Home address:
Maintains connectivity
Care-of address:
Maintains route-ability
Mobile IP will require
millions or billions of
care-of addresses
For circulation to Trainees only
44
45
46
47
48
49
Enabling Technologies
4G wireless networks such as Long Term Evolution (LTE)
will substantially increase the capacity and access speeds
of wireless mobile networks. LTE offers baseline uplink
speeds of 50Mbps and downlink speeds of 100Mbps and
50
Enabling Technologies
Deployment of IPv6 in the backbone networks of major
telecommunications
carriers
is
prerequisite
to
51
Enabling Technologies
Radio frequency identification (RFID) are implantation of
miniaturized ICs that are capable of transmitting radio
frequency signals into various objects (humans, products,
animals, etc.).
assets,
in
service
stations
(e.g.,
retail
stores
and
52
Enabling Technologies
Integrated logistics and advanced supply chain systems
involve automated techniques for managing the flow of
resources and information across space and time from
points of origin to points of consumption. Advances in
IPv6 internet.
Advances in Artificial Intelligence, combined with
miniaturization, allow the inculcation of basic intelligence
into a variety of objects.
For circulation to Trainees only
53
Enabling Technologies
Global Positioning System (GPS) provides precise timing
and
positioning
services
to
users
worldwide
on
54
Enabling Technologies
Nanotechnology
represents
an
extreme
form
of
intended purpose.
For circulation to Trainees only
55
Enabling Technologies
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is a framework
developed by 3GPP for delivering IP multimedia services
and is expected to form a foundation for fixed-mobile
convergence.
56
Business Value
IPv6 provides business value in numerous ways.
57
Business Value
Investment protection: Because IPv6 is the technology
mobile workforce.
For circulation to Trainees only
58
Business Value
The abundance of IPv6 addresses allows the assignment of
globally-unique IP addresses to objects within the enterprise
environment, removes the need for private addressing, and
consequently eliminates the capital and operating costs
associated with deploying and maintaining Network Address
59
Business Value
Greater flexibility and simplicity in IPv6- Some large
enterprises use the same private IPv4 address blocks in
different segments of the business (either through historical
lapses or M&A transactions), resulting in conflicting address
60
Business Value
Intrinsic security stems from incorporation of the IP security
protocol suite into the IPv6 architecture.
Global greening and IT efficiency improvements can be
61
Business Value
Enhanced customer quality of experience can be realized by
driving automation into every aspect of the enterprise
environment using connected smart objects with distinctive
IPv6 addresses.
62
Business Value
Internet of Things: One of the most important value
propositions of IPv6 is its role in facilitating the emergence
of a network interconnecting common objects equipped with
embedded miniaturized intelligence modules.
63
Business Value
Unbounded market space: Telecommunications networks originated as a
means to support communications between humans situated in different
locations. Subsequently, with the advent of the Internet, human-tomachine communications (e.g., web browsing and e-commerce) became
common place. When IPv6 is fully deployed, prevalence of traffic in
communication networks will involve machine-to-machine transactions
without human intervention.
This evolution will be a significant paradigm shift in the telecom sector
and will create ripple effects on other industry segments. Because the
number of objects that can be connected to the network is unlimited,
this advancement will create unbounded market spaces for products and
services that support machine-to-machine interaction.
For circulation to Trainees only
64
WONDERS WE CAN DO
WITH IPV6 !!
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66
67
68
70
Public Switching
Telephone
Network (PSTN)
Dispatch
Officers (DO)
Doctor
Ambulances
nearest to caller
Located &
guided
to destination
Doctor at
Contact
Center &
Nurse in
Ambulance coordinate
over phone
about
patient care
71
71
IPv6 Backbone
Dial
108
3G
WiMax
Ambulances located at strategic places in districts
Bio-Sensors
Seamless Video-Conference
IPv6 based Real-time Vital signs data
Automatic Vehicular Location System
Benefits IPv6 Rural Emergency Healthcare scenario
transfer
Real Time Patient Vital sign information collected by Bio Sensors Blood pressure, ECG,
Temperature .. Etc,
Patients condition is seen in real time Video by Doctor - More effective diagnosis & advice
D.O. locates nearest Ambulance - using GPS Driver reaches destination faster via GPS
72
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Hospitals
73
74
PHC
IPv6
Network
IPv6
Network
URBAN
HOSPITAL
PHC
For circulation to Trainees only
PHC
75
Rural Patient
76
Immediate
Feedback
3
Patient Monitoring Team
Data
Transmitted to
the Medical
Server
IPv6
Analyzed Data
Transmitted to Nurse /
Doctor for advice
Health Care Provider
77
Distance Education
78
79
Distance Education
Universalization
of Education
Extending Quality
Education
to
Remote and Rural
Areas
IPV
6
Partially mitigate
non availability of
good teachers in
sufficient numbers
80
81
82
Supplied
Shortage %
2005-06
93255
81792
12.3%
2006-07
100715
86818
13.8%
2007-08
108866
90793
16.6%
2008-09
109809
96685
12%
83
Todays Scenario
Electricity grid is DUMB"
Workers have to walk from house to house to read the electricity meter
Utilities have no clue of power outage until customers call to complain.
Tomorrows Scenario ?
The electricity grid is SMART enough for
Flexible metering
IPv6
84
Smartgrid Schematic
85
86
Business Analysis
Energy Management
Services
Demand Side
management
Distribution automation
Remote equipment
Monitoring
Telecommunications
87
IPv6 in Transportation
88
89
89
90
91
IPv6 in Railways
Connectivity
Addressability
92
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& Superior
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98
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Advantages of NCW
Power is increasingly derived
from
information
sharing,
information access and speed
Networked forces can be
smaller in size
When one unit gets into trouble
other units can quickly come to its
aid
Difficult for enemy to attack a
spread out formation
Fewer troops, lesser equipment
cheaper warfare
Sensor based networks on-site
analysis of intelligence data
obtained through sensors
quicker decision making in the
battlefield
100
Weapons
IPv6 based
Intelligent
information
Network
Net
Ready
Nodes
Communication
Platform
Net
Ready
Nodes
Forces
Net
Ready
Nodes
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101
Green World
Conserving energy and alleviating traffic
congestion have long been goals of
government. But in recent years, living and
working green has taken on new importance.
Building IPv6-based sensor and control
networks will provide as much as 30 percent
greater efficiency in managing and operating
buildings.
The use of IPv6 to support teleworking and
secure remote access will enable agency
officials to travel less and work from home or
close-in telework centers
For circulation to Trainees only
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105
on
the
tourism
industry,
rendering
real-time
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108
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Initiatives by Government
Various issues on IPv6 were deliberated
at different levels in DoT, Department of
Information Technology (DIT), Telecom
Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) and
other Stakeholders during previous years
based on which Telecom Commission in
2009 took certain decisions for IPv6
related activities in India
For circulation to Trainees only
110
111
112
Oversight Committee
Secretary(T),
Chairman
Member(T),
Vice Chairman
Advisor(T)
DoT
Sr.DDG, TEC
Senior
Officers of
DoT/DIT/TEC
DDG( NT ),
Convener
113
Advisor(T)/Member(T)
Chairman
Sr.DDG, TEC
Vice Chairman
Senior Officers of
DoT/ DIT/TEC
DDG( NT ),
Convener
114
No. of
Members
21
66
20
22
SIFY
TEC, Juniper
11
DIT
Tech Mahindra
ISPAI
13
16
18
1.
2.
3.
4..
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Lead Service
Provider /
Organization
Training and Awareness WG
BSNL
IPv6 Network Implementation
TEC
WG
Standards and Specifications
TEC
WG
India6 Network WG
Tata Comm
DoT
115
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117
118
IPv6.
Guidance on solving problems related to implementation of IPv6
Members will be drawn from nodal officers in various government
departments for active participation
Networks
For circulation to Trainees only
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120
121
State/PSU
Himachal Pradesh
Karnataka
Gujarat
Tripura
Tamilnadu, SBI,IRDA,BESCOM
Discussions in progress
122
Challenges
May require investment to transition to IPv6
Existence of techniques to address IPv4 limitations
Potential security and privacy issues with removal of NATs
May entail changes to existing business models
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Conclusion
The transition to IPv6 could be viewed as an
extremely technical even esoteric exercise.
But the advanced IPv6 applications developed and
deployed in the next 30 years will yield real-world
benefits.
They include better access to telemedicine,
increased readiness to respond in emergency
situations and more efficient supply chain
management, to name a few.
With IPv6, government can improve the quality of
public services via enhanced security, mobility,
access to information and ability to collaborate.
For circulation to Trainees only
124
Conclusion
IPv6 evolution will take place over time, and both
technologies will likely coexist for years.
IPv6 will offer service providers an opportunity to
tailor offerings to customers, launch innovative
services, and generate new revenues.
By capitalizing on IPv6s improved security, QoS
options, mobility, autoconfiguration, and peer-topeer capability, service providers can create a
powerful suite of next-generation Internet services
and stimulate new revenues.
125
Conclusion
The growing worldwide demand for IP
addresses are due to the increase in mobile
devices; the growth of broadband access; the
convergence of voice, data, and video; the
proliferation of potential IP-enabled devices;
and the burgeoning popularity of VoIP.
IPv6 is reality of converged world.
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127