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Chapter 11

AC Power Analysis

 Power Triangle

 Reactive Power

 Complex Power

 Power Factor

 Apparent Power

Lecture Outline

I rms =

1
T

I rms

Vm
=
2
i 2 dt general definition of rms values

V rms

average power

P = Vrms I rms cos


Im
=
2

average power

P = 12 V m I m cos

Where, for
sinusoids

instantaneous power

p (t ) = v (t ) i (t )

(in terms of rms values)

i (t ) = I m cos( t )

v ( t ) = V m cos t

Summary of Power Expressions

+ Power absorbed = Power supplied

Following the passive sign convention (Fig 1.8, page 11)


- When the current enters through the +ve terminal, p = + vi
- When the current enters through the -ve terminal, p = vi

RecapsAverage Power: Example 2

average power (Unit: W)

P = 240 10 .6 cos 30 = 2.203 kW

S = 2544 VA
= 2.544 kVA
I rms = 10.6 A

i (t ) = 15 cos( 50 t 30 )

The average power is:

S = Vrms I rms

Vrms = 240 V

v(t ) = 339.4 cos 50t

Apparent power is the obvious /crude / apparent value of the power


supplied.

In ac applications, the voltage and current supplied are normally


quoted in rms form. The phase difference is not always quoted.

S = Vrms I rms apparent power (Unit: VA)

P = V rms I rms cos

Apparent Power

- phase difference between


voltage and current

pf = cos 30 = 0.87

- power factor angle

power factor (unitless)

average power (Unit: W)

pf is described as the phase relationship between the voltage and


current or the cosine of the phase angle between voltage and current

i (t ) = 15 cos( 50 t 30 )

v(t ) = 339.4 cos 50t

P
pf = = cos
S

P = Vrms I rms cos

Power Factor

i.e. pf can also be defined as the cosine of


the angle of load impedance.

and = v i

and I m = I rms 2

but Vm = Vrms 2

e.g. An ac motor might have a pf of 0.75.


Another motor might be wired so that its pf is 0.6.
A heater can have a pf of 1.0.

Power is normally supplied at an ac voltage of constant phase.


A load with a specified impedance will take a certain pf value.

pf is a characteristic of a load impedance.

Vrms
Z=

I rms

V Vm v
Z= =
I
I m i

Power Factor of a Load Impedance

inductive load; lagging pf; I lags V

0.77

-90o

capacitive load; leading pf; I leads V

1 - purely resistive load, I in phase with V

0.94

pf
0

-40o

0o

20o

90o

Power Factor of a Load Impedance


(cont.)

Calculate the average power delivered by the source.

Calculate the power factor of the load in the circuit.

Power Factor: Example

pf of load Z = cos (-13.2o) = 0.97

1 1
1
4 j2
= +
=
Z1 4 j 2 j8

Calculate pf of load
Combining the
parallel impedances

Z = 6 + Z1 = 6.8 + j1.6 = 7 13.2

j8 4 + j 2
Z1 =

= 0.8 + j1.6
4 j2 4 + j2

Z1

Power Factor: Example (cont.)

I rms

= (30)(4.29)(0.97)
=125W

P = Vrms I rms cos

Vrms
30 0
=
=
= 4.29 13 .2
Z
7 13 .2

pf = 0.97

Z = 6.8 + j1.6 = 7 13.2

Calculate P

Power Factor: Example (cont.)

where

I = I m i

V = Vm v

I* = I m i

Complex Power (VA) is the product of the rms voltage


phasor and the complex conjugate of the rms current phasor

S = VrmsI*rms

S = 12 V I *

Unlike previous definitions of power, complex power


is described as a phasor, a complex quantity.

A useful definition for power because it contains all


information on the power absorbed by a load.

Complex Power

apparent power is the


magnitude of complex power

reactive power (Unit VAR)

average power (or real power)


(Unit: W)

S = Vrms I rms = S

Q = Vrms I rms sin

P = Vrms I rms cos

S = Vrms I rms
= V rms I rms cos + jV rms I rms sin
= P + jQ
complex power (Unit: VA)

Complex Power & Reactive Power

transferred between the


source and the load

power delivered to and


consumed by the load

If one load has a higher pf (and thus smaller ) , it will draw less
current Irms and the reactive power, Q , is less. Smaller current
imply smaller power losses in power distribution and less
demanding performance requirement on the equipment.

P = Vrms I rms cos = Vrms I rms pf

Two loads, of different circuitry, consume similar amount of power


and they are connected to similar voltage supply.

Q represents the power

P represents the actual

S = P + jQ

Significance of power factor and


reactive power

Reactive power is a concept used by engineers to describe


the loss of power in a system arising from the production of
electric and magnetic fields. Although reactive loads such
as inductors and capacitors dissipate no power, they drop
voltage and draw current, which creates the impression
that they actually do. This imaginary power or phantom
power is called reactive power.
Reactive power is significant because it must be provided
and maintained to insure continuous, steady voltage on
transmission networks. Reactive power thus is produced
for maintenance of the system and not for end-use
consumption.

Reactive Power, Q

Power losses incurred in transmission from heat and


electromagnetic emissions are included in the total reactive
power requirement as are the needs of power hungry
devices, such as electric motors, electromagnetic
generators, and alternators.
Reactive power is supplied for many purposes by
condensers, capacitors, and similar devices, which can
react to changes in current flow by releasing energy to
normalize the flow.
If elements of the power grid cannot get the reactive power
they need from nearby sources, they will pull it across
transmission lines and destabilize the grid. In this way,
poor management of reactive power can cause major
blackouts.

Reactive Power, Q (cont.)

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