Chapter 11

AC Power Analysis

S = S

pf = cos

S2 = V I 2 *

S1 = V I 1 *

S = S1 + S 2

Can obtain all answers by evaluating S

S = P + jQ

Z2 = 4045

Z1 = 60 30
Calculate S, P, Q and pf

V and I are in rms form

Complex Power: Example

S2 = V I1 *

S1 = V I1 *
= 12010 2 40
= 240 30
= 207.85 j120 VA

= 12010 335
= 36045
= 254.6 + j 254.6 VA

I 2 * = 335 A

V 12010
I2 =
=
= 3 35 A
Z2 4045

I1* = 2 40 A

V 12010
I1 =
=
= 240 A
Z1 60 30

Complex Power: Example (cont.)

pf = cos 16.2o = 0.96 lagging

S = 481.6 VA

P = 462.4 W
Q = 134.6 VAR

= 481.616.2 VA

= 462.4 + j134.6 VA

S = S1 + S 2

S2 = 254.6 + j 254.6 VA

S1 = 207.85 j120 VA

Complex Power: Example (cont.)

22
VAR

S = 50 + j 22

50 W

= V i

where

S = P + jQ = S

Power Triangle

S = Vrms I rms = S = P + jQ

Reactive power Q (VAR)

Complex power S (VA)

Apparent power S (VA)

Average power (real power) P (W)

Instantaneous power , p(t) (W)

Review of Power Definitions


Power Factor Correction

Lecture Outline

capacitor in parallel.

pf can be increased towards unity by adding a

Most loads are inductive, i.e. pf is lagging.

The process of increasing pf without altering the

voltage or current to the original load.

Power Factor Correction

no
change

pf

V P

S Q

1 2

Increasing pf causes
reduction in current drawn
to the circuit.

Effects of Power Factor Correction

pf

increase

smaller
current for
a certain
power
needs

to power companies
2

Lower
customer kVA
demand for
similar kW
power needs

Lower power
transmission
losses

Ploss = I Rcables

Benefits in Correcting pf

pf

increase

to power users

Smaller
current for
a certain
power
needs

Benefits in Correcting pf

Lower
installation
cost due to
lower kVA
needs

Lower charges
by power
companies

 1 2

QC = Q1 Q2 = P (tan 1 tan 2 )
V
V2
= VI C = V
=
= CV 2
XC 1
C
P (tan 1 tan 2 )
C=
2
Vrms

What is the capacitance required to improve

pf by reducing the phase lag from 1 to 2?

Capacitance Needed to Improve pf

Correction: Example

= 0.0307 F = 30.7 mF

P (tan 1 tan 2 ) 225 .9 10 3 (tan 31.8 tan 0)

C=
=
2
Vrms
2 60 110 2

Q1
140
P=
=
= 225 .9 kW
tan 1 tan 31.8

1 = cos 0.85 = 31 .8

Find the value of parallel capacitance needed to correct a

load of 140 kVAR at 0.85 lagging pf to unity pf. Assume
that the load is supplied by a 110-V rms, 60 Hz line.
pf2=1
pf1=0.85 lag
1
2 = cos 1 = 0
Q1=140 kVAR

pf

Copyright Azman Zainuddin 2006

i (t ) = I m cos( t )
instantaneous power
average power
reactive power
apparent power
power factor
complex power

v ( t ) = V m cos t
p (t ) = v (t ) i (t )

P = Vrms I rms cos

Q = Vrms I rms sin

S = Vrms I rms
pf = cos

S = P + jQ = S

Review of Power Definitions