Unit 2

Three Phase Circuits


Power in a Balanced System

Phase & Line Voltages and Line Currents

Balanced Y-Y Connections

Lecture Outline

ic (t ) = I M cos( t 240)

ib (t ) = I M cos( t 120)

ia (t ) = I M cos( t )

vcn (t ) = VM cos( t 240) = VM cos( t + 120)

vbn (t ) = VM cos( t 120)

van (t ) = VM cos( t )

voltages

same magnitude

120 deg phase shift

Three generators produce

Balanced three phase system

RecapsThree Phase Circuit

Three-phase system with

a balanced y-connected
source and a balanced yconnected load

Balanced

* Unbalanced y-connected
load

Unbalanced

Y-Y Connections

Cont

Normally

Z l << Z L

Z S << Z L

ZY = Z S + Z l + Z L

thus:

ZY Z L

RecapsApproximating Impedance
in a 3-Phase System

Vcn

Van
Vbn

Ic

Vbc

Ib

Vab

Ia

Vca

Van + Vbn + Vcn = 0

Balanced system

Vcn = VP 240

Vbn = VP 120

Van = VP

Line-to-neutral voltages
(Phase voltages)

The Phase Voltages, Vp

Vcn

Van
Vbn

Ic

Vbc

Ib

Vab

Ia

Vca

Vca = Vcn Van = 3V p 210

Vbc = Vbn Vcn = 3V p 90

Similarly

= V p 3 30

1
3

= V p 1 + + j

2
2

= V p 0 V p 120

V ab = V an + V nb = V an V bn

Line-to-line voltages, from

the nabn loop

The Line Voltages, VL

Vector diagram

Vca

Vbn

Vcn

Three Phase Circuit

Vbc

120

30

Van

-Vbn

Vab

Thus

Ia + Ib + Ic = 0

Thus
VnN = Z n I n = 0

I n = -(Ia + I b + I c ) = 0

Vcn Van 240

Ic =
=
= I a 240
ZY
ZY

Vbn Van 120

Ib =
=
= I a 120
ZY
ZY

Van
,
ZY

Applying KVL to each phase:

Ia =

( =the phase currents )

The Lines Currents

Three wire system

Can
be
reduced
to

Four wire system

Three Phase Circuit

(For balanced connection)

Van
Ia =
ZY

Single-phase analysis yields;

I b = I a 120 I c = I a 240

Then, use phase sequence to obtain:

per phase basis

Alternative way of analyzing a

balanced Y-Y system

Example
Calculate the line currents in
the three-wire Y-Y system

= 16.15521.8

Z Y = (5 j 2) + (10 + j8)

Calculate the line currents in

the three-wire Y-Y system

I c = I a 240 = 6.81 261.8 = 6.8198.2A

I b = I a 120 = 6.81 141.8A

Van
1100
Ia =
=
= 6.81 21.8A
ZY 16.15521.8

Replace with its single equivalent

circuit:

Example

Three phase power

measurement for a balanced
system

ia (t ) + ib (t ) + ic (t ) = 0

ST = S A + S B + S C = 3 S p = 3Vp I p = 3 I p Z p

Total complex power

Q = 3Q p = 3V p I p sin = 3VL I Lsin

Similarly, total reactive power

P = Pa + Pb + Pc = 3 Pp = 3V p I p cos = 3VL I Lcos

Total average power (real power)

p(t ) = pa (t ) + pb (t ) + pc (t ) = 3V p I p cos( )

Instantaneous Power

v an (t ) + vbn (t ) + vcn (t ) = 0

Balanced system

Three Phase Circuit

Example
Determine the total
average power, reactive
power and complex power
at the source and load

I p = 6.81 21.8A

Vp = 1100V

Determine the total

average power, reactive
power and complex power
at the source and load

Real power supplied = 2087 W

Reactive power = 834.6 VAR

= 224721.8 = (2087 + j834.6)VA

S s = 3Vp I * p = 3(1100)(6.8121.8)

Thus, at the source (following the passive sign convention);

Replace with its single equivalent

circuit:

Example

I p = 6.81 21.8A

Vp = 1100V

Determine the total

average power, reactive
power and complex power
at the source and load

Reactive power = 1113 VAR

= 178238.66 = (1392 + j1113)VA

Real power absorbed = 1392 W

S L = 3Vp I p = 3 I p Z p = 3(6.81) 2 (12.8138.66)

And at the load;

Replace with its single equivalent

circuit:

Example

S L = (1392 + j1113)VA

At the load;

S s = (2087 + j834.6)VA

At the source;

Conservation of power: Ss + SL + Sl = 0

S l = 3 I p Z l = 3(6.81) 2 (5.385 21.8) = (749.21 21.8)

= (695.6 j 278.4)VA

Prove:

The difference between Ss and SL is absorbed by the line

impedance (5 j2) = (695.6 j278.4) VA (Power loss)

Ip

Replace with its single equivalent

circuit:

Example

345kV_Switch.mpeg

500kV_Switch.mpeg

http://205.243.100.155/frames/longarc.htm

three phase vertical break disconnect switch attempting to de-energize

an unloaded section of transmission line
the switch was part of an experimental design and is no longer in service
Air break disconnect switches are not intended to actively switch load
current
the arcing is due to the attempted interruption of comparatively low
reactive (capacitive or "charging") currents drawn by the open
transmission line.
even with the reduced current, the disconnect switch was not always
capable of opening the circuit.
at the very end of the clip, a brief phase-to-phase power arc causes the
upstream line interrupters to open, finally extinguishing the arcs.

Three-Phase Disconnect Switch

Video presentation