Unit 2

Single-Phase Circuits

Sinusoids
Phasors
Phasors Math Operations
Time & Phasor Domain Transformations

Introduction to:

Lecture Outlines

Angular frequency

Argument
T

Vm:

T=

2
T

1
T

2
Cyclic Frequency, f =

Period , T =

= 2f

Vm v(t) V m

v(t) = Vm sin t

Amplitude

Sinusoidal Voltage

Sinusoids

Vm:

Angular frequency

Argument

2
T

1
T

2
Cyclic Frequency, f =

Period , T =

= 2f

T=

Vm v(t) V m

v(t) = Vm sin t +

Amplitude

Sinusoidal Voltage

Sinusoids

&

v2 (t ) = Vm 2 sin (t )

v1 and v2 might have different amplitudes

v1 and v2 are in phase

v1 (t ) = V m1 sin ( t )

When two sinusoids of the same

frequency are compared, they might be
in phase or out-of-phase

Comparing Sinusoids

v1 (t ) = Vm sin t
&

v1 lags v2 by

v2 leads v1 by

v2 (t ) = Vm sin (t + )

Out-of-phase Sinusoids

Comparing Sinusoids

 For practical reasons that we will find out later, it will be

convenient if the sinusoids in many different forms are
expressed in positive cosine terms
The most useful equations are
- cos t = cos (t - 180o)
m sin t = cos (t 90o)
Examples:
12 sin ( t 10o) = 12 cos (t 10o 90o)
= 12 cos (t 100o)
- 4 sin (377t + 25o) = 4 cos (377t + 25o +90o)
= 4 cos (377t +115o )
- 10 cos( t + 50o) = 10 cos ( t + 50o -180o)
= 10 cos ( t -130o )

Sinusoid Transformations

 (a) cos (t - 90o) = + sin t

(b) sin (t 180o) = - sin t
The most useful equations
are
- cos t = cos (t - 180o)
m sin t = cos (t 90o)

Sinusoid Transformation using

Graphical Approach

B
C = A + B , = tan
A

where

C cos (
t - )

can be expressed as

A cos t + B sin t

Can represent an expression

containing sine and cosine of
similar frequency and phase

Graphical Representation
of Cosine & Sine

sin t

-12

cos t

= 53.1o

12
= tan
9
= tan 1 1.333

= 225
= 15

9 cos t - 12 sin t = 15 cos (

t + 53.1o)

9 cos t - 12 sin t

C = 9 2 + 12 2 = 81 + 144

Graphical Representation
of Cosine & Sine: Example

This indicates that the phase angle between

the two signals is 20 and that v1 lags v2.

v2 = 60 cos(t 10)

v1 = 20 sin(t + 60)
= 20 cos(t + 60 90)
= 20 cos(t 30)

Given v1 = 20 sin(t + 60) and v2 = 60 cos(t - 10),

determine the phase angle between the two sinusoids
and which one lags the other.

Example

real

imaginary

phasors, because its more convenient to deal with as

compared to sine and cosine functions

This method was introduced by Charles Steinmetz in
1893

This method involves manipulating complex numbers

A complex number is normally expressed in this form:
z = x + j y, where j = 1

Sinusoids can easily be expressed in terms of

Phasor

(Rectangular Form)
(Polar Form)
(Exponential Form)

z = x + jy
z = r
z = r e j

number z,

3 common ways to express the complex

Forms of Complex Numbers

, = tan

y
x

z=x+jy = r = r (cos + j sin )

x = r cos , y = r sin

And, if we know r and ,

r= x + y

find r and

From the triangle, we can easily

Rectangular to
Polar Transformation

z1 z 2 = x1 x2 + j ( y1 y2 )

Substraction:

Easier to perform additions and substractions of

complex numbers in rectangular form

z1 + z 2 = x1 + x2 + j ( y1 + y2 )

z 2 = x2 + jy2 = r2 2

Addition:

z1 = x1 + jy1 = r11

Given 2 complex number, z1 and z2

Complex number: Addition &

Subtraction

z1 r1
= (1 2 )
z 2 r2

z1 z 2 = r1 r2 (1 + 2 )

z 2 = x2 + jy2 = r2 2

Easier to perform multiplications and divisions of

complex numbers in polar form

Division:

Multiplication:

z1 = x1 + jy1 = r11

Given 2 complex number, z1 and z2

& Division

Complex number: Multiplication

Complex conjugate:

Square root:

Reciprocal:

z* = x jy = r = re

z = r ( / 2)

1
=j
j

z = x + jy = r

1 1
= ( )
z r

Given a complex number

Other Math Operations

E.g.

Where;

sin = Im(e j )

cos = Re(e j )

= cos j sin

Where;

V = Vme

v ( t ) = Re( V e j t )
j

j ( t + )

= Vm

v(t ) = Vm cos(t + ) = Re(Vm e

Exponential Form

V is thus phasor representation of the sinusoid v(t)

v(t ) = Vm cos(t + ) V = Vm

v(t ) = Re(Ve jt )

Phasor Representation

I = I m

Current in
Phasor form

V = Vm

Voltage in
Phasor form

Phasor Diagram

V
v dt
j

dv
j V
dt

Derivative & Integral

V = Vm
V = 6 40

I = 5.3817.4

v (t ) = V m cos( t + )

v (t ) = 6 cos( 50 t 40 )

i (t ) = 5 .38 cos( 12 .4t + 17 .4 )

- Note that frequency () does not appear in the phasors

- is must be constant in phasor analysis
- If the signals are of different , phasors cannot be used
- The time function must be expressed in +ve cosine form
before transformation.

Phasor Domain

Time Domain

Time & Phasor Domains

V is the frequency representation

v(t) is time dependent while V is not

v(t) is always real with no complex terms
while V is generally complex

v(t) is the instantaneous representation while

Differences between
Time & Phasors Domains

= 5 cos( 6 t 20 90 )
= 5 cos( 6 t 110 ) 5 110

4 30

= 3.22 56.97 3.22 cos(6t 56.97)

= 4 cos(30) + j 4 sin(30) + 5 cos(110) + j5 sin(110)

= 3.46 + j 2 1.71 j 4.70
= 1.75 j 2.70

i1 (t ) + i2 (t ) = 430 + 5 110

i 2 ( t ) = 5 sin( 6 t 20 )

i1 (t ) = 4 cos( 6t + 30 )

i2 (t ) = 5 sin( 6 t 20 )

Add i1 and i2 where i1 (t ) = 4 cos( 6 t + 30 )

Example: Summing Phasors

1
=j
j

=2

I = 4 . 64 143 . 2 i ( t ) = 4 . 64 cos( 2 t + 143 . 2 )

50 75
50 75
I=
=
= 4 .64 143 . 2
4 j1 0
10 .77 68 .2

I(4 j4 j 6 ) = 50 75

8I
4I +
3 j I = 50 75
j
4I
4I +
j 6 I = 50 75
j

di
4i + 8 i dt 3 = 50 cos( 2t + 75 )
dt

Phasors to solve Differential

Equations